scholarly journals Dynamics of the spirit possession phenomenon in Eastern Tanzania

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Marja-Liisa Swantz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
General Question ◽  
National Society ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The People ◽  
Social And Economic Development

The discussion on the spirit possession phenomenon is related in this study to the more general question of the role of religious institutions as part in the development process of a people living in a limited geographical area of a wider national society. It is assumed that religion, like culture in general, has its specific institutional forms as result of the historical development of a society, but at the same time religion is a force shaping that history. People's cultural resources influence their social and economic development and form a potential creative element in it'. Some of the questions to be asked are: "How are specific religious practices related to the dynamics of change in the societies in question? What is the social and religious context in which the spirit possession phenomenon occurs in them? What social and economic relations get their expression in them? To what extent is spirit possession in this case a means of exerting values and creatively overcoming a crisis or conflict which the changing social and economic relations impose on the people? The established spirit possession cults are here seen as the institutional forms of religious experience. At the same time it becomes evident that there is institutionalization in process as well as deinstitutionalization of spirit possession where it occurs outside established institutional forms. Institution is taken as a socially shared form of behaviour the significance of which is commonly recognized by those who share it. By the term spirit possession cult is meant a ritual form of spirit possession of a group which is loosely organized and without strict membership. The context of the study is four ethnic groups in Eastern Tanzania, near the coast of the Indian Ocean. The general theme of the project is The Role of Culture in the Restructuring of Tanzanian Rural Areas. The restructuring refers to a villagisation programme carried out in the whole country. People are being moved from their scattered homesteads to new villages and old villages are enlarged by incorporating several villages into one. People are going through a process of fundamental social change.

scholarly journals Information Asymmetry and Trust: A Framework for Studying Microfinance in India

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Sriram
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Informal Networks ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Financial Transactions

In recent times, microfinance has emerged as a major innovation in the rural financial marketplace. Microfinance largely addresses the issue of access to financial services. In trying to understand the innovation of microfinance and how it has proved to be effective, the author looks at certain design features of microfinance. He first starts by identifying the need for financial service institutions which is basically to bridge the gap between the need for financial services across time, geographies, and risk profiles. In providing services that bridge this gap, formal institutions have limited access to authentic information both in terms of transaction history and expected behaviour and, therefore, resort to seeking excessive information thereby adding to the transaction costs. The innovation in microfinance has been largely to bridge this gap through a series of trustbased surrogates that take the transaction-related risks to the people who have the information — the community through measures of social collateral. In this paper, the author attempts to examine the trajectory of institutional intermediation in the rural areas, particularly with the poor and how it has evolved over a period of time. It identifies a systematic breach of trust as one of the major problems with the institutional interventions in the area of providing financial services to the poor and argues that microfinance uses trust as an effective mechanism to address one of the issues of imperfect information in financial transactions. The paper also distinguishes between the different models of microfinance and identifies which of these models use trust in a positivist frame and as a coercive mechanism. The specific objectives of the paper are to: Superimpose the role of trust in various types of exchanges and see how it impacts the effectiveness of repeated transactions. While greater access to information fosters trust and thus helps social networks to reduce transaction costs, there could be limits to which exchanges could solely depend on networks and trust. Look at the frontiers where mutual trust cannot work as a surrogate for lower appraisal costs. Use an example in the Canadian context and see how an entity that started on the basis of social networks and trust had to morph into using the techniques used by other formal nonneighbourhood institutions as it grew in size and went beyond a threshold. Using the Canadian example, the author argues that as the transactions get sophisticated, it is possible to achieve what informal networks have achieved through the creative use of information technology. While we find that the role of trust both in the positivist and the coercive frame does provide some interesting insights into how exchanges with the poor could be managed, there still could be breaches in the assumptions. This paper identifies the conditions under which the breaches could possibly happen and also speculates on the effect of such breaches.

scholarly journals Role of the Elected Panchayat Samity Members in National Health and Family Welfare Programs: A Case Study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Barman
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
National Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Tier System ◽  
Agrarian Communities ◽  
Block Level

The geographical area of this study is West Bengal - a constituent state (province) of India. The state government policy aims at administrative decentralization through Panchayats (or Village Councils) in rural areas. It is a 3-tier system, comprising a Gram Panchayat in every village, Panchayat Samity (block level), and Zilla Parishad (district level). Focusing mainly on Panchayat Samity members, the study explores the knowledge, attitudes, participation, and involvement of the Panchayat Samity members in National Health and Family Welfare Programs. The categories of respondents are the Health Committee members of Panchayat Samity, and health personnel of Block Primary Health Center and Rural Hospital. With a positive frame of mind, they are found to be involved in promoting awareness about health and family planning, and in providing child immunization and other health measures to predominantly agrarian communities.

scholarly journals The Conquest of the New World: The Conflict of Civilizations - The conflict of Rationalities

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Marina Burgete Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
New World ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Mexican Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Intellectual Traditions ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Different Types

The article examines the conquest of the New World in the focus of interaction of different types of thinking in the clash and conflict of two civilizations, which develop in different ways and which are at different levels of social and economic development. The result of this clash was the destruction of the material, spiritual and intellectual traditions of indigenous cultures that existed on the American continent. The conquest of America is one of the most revealing examples of the clash of civilizations, analyzing which, with particular clarity, one can observe contradictions between different types of world perception. The answer to questions about what kind of knowledge Nahua-speaking people possessed, what role knowledge played in their society, who was the creator, carrier and translator of knowledge about the world, reveals one of the main reasons that led to a rapid and irretrievable destruction of culture of “metaphors and numbers.” The author reveals the role of Catholic monks in preserving the spiritual, scientific and philosophical heritage of the Mexican culture, thanks to which we have the opportunity to touch the thought of the Nahua people, existing not in the form of traditional texts but in the form of an oral tradition, which accompanied visual images of graphic semantic writing. It shows how important the system of education and upbringing in the society of pre-Columbian Mexico was, how it solved the tasks of preparing young people for the performance of social functions. The destruction, as a result of the con- quest, of the system that regulated the daily life of each person and determined the ultimate destiny of the people in the shortest possible time led to the death of the entire civilization.

Women Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
Badal Chandra Das ◽  
Sebak Kumar Jana
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The People ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Development Support ◽  
Unemployed Youth

Rural development implies both the economic betterment of the people living in rural areas as well as bringing out holistic development. Accordingly, government has made paradigm shift from individual-centric rural development support to creation of gainful self-employment as well as wage employment among rural masses. Entrepreneurship, in this direction, has become an important consideration. Economic growth of a region largely depends on the involvement of poor and marginal sections into the process of entrepreneurship development. Globally, a large number of unemployed youth and women are becoming self-employed through entrepreneurship and creating employment opportunities for others. Researchers have worked on women's empowerment, economic development, and their role on micro-credit movement. The work on role of women in sustainable development is very limited. This chapter has tried to analyse issues related to women entrepreneurships in light of sustainable rural development in India to meet the research gap in the current context of Indian rural economy.

Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1533-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

scholarly journals The Role of Union Digital Centres in Reducing Social Inequalities in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Minhajul Abedin ◽  
Muhammad Ferdaus ◽  
A.M.M. Mubassher Shah ◽  
Md Abu Sayem
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
The People

Union Digital Centers have been inaugurated to accomplish the vision ‘Digital Bangladesh’ to empower rural people by providing digital services. The study attempts to assess the role of union digital centers in reducing social inequality. It also tries to identify the barriers in providing digital services to the local disadvantaged people. In this purpose, the study exerted a cross-sectional mixed-method approach. Data were collected from 399 service receivers of UDC through questionnaire survey, 16 KIIs and 5 FGDs. From principal component and correlation analysis, it is found that the grassroots people’s easy accessibility, citizen’s empowerment by minimizing information gap, quality service delivery at affordable price and time-cost-visit reduction play a significant role in reducing social inequality in rural areas. These factors are positively correlated with the effective service delivery of UDCs to reduce social inequality. Lack of awareness, conflict of job responsibility with UP secretaries and weak network connection are the major barriers in providing effective services of UDCs. Still UDCs bring a new dimension in the public service delivery system which empowers the people and reduce social inequalities in rural areas. 

GENESIS OF SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS ABOUT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF RISKS IN CONSTRUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Ihor Nikolayevich Vlasenko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Global And Local

he article presents the characteristic of the scientific genesis of public risk management in construction in Ukraine, in global and local dimen- sions. The essence of the working organization of risk management in the con- struction and operation of buildings, taking into account the transformational processes in society, is disclosed. On the basis of the analysis of risks in construc- tion and taking into account the current realities, scientifically grounded ap- proaches to the formation of the risk system in the construction and operation of facilities in the system of public administration. It is noted that the risks and crisis phenomena in the construction complex gave a powerful impetus to un- derstanding the causes of the problems of decentralization and finding mecha- nisms for their elimination, in general. The trilateral mission of the state in the conditions of decentralization is the regulation of the macroeconomic role of the construction complex, the mechanism of economic relations of its participants, and ensuring the effectiveness of design decisions in the construction sector, by extending their competences on prevention and risk reduction in the construction industry by the local self-government bodies. To form a state decentraliza- tion policy for construction is required on the basis of knowledge of objective regional macro- and microeconomic investment-construction processes in ci- ties, economic mechanism and indicators of development of investment-build- ing complex and dynamics of social and economic development of regions. The mechanism of the construction complex needs to be improved, using new sources and forms of financing, achieving the balance of the goals of decentralization and its financial support. In addition, taking into account the European integration course of the announced reforms, the European understanding of the essence of risk management in construction during decentralization becomes of paramount importance. Therefore, further research requires the study of the experience of European countries in the implementation of risk management processes in con- struction during the decentralization of power and the analysis of foreign systems of management mechanisms, in the context of their implementation in the na- tional practice of public administration.

Impact of an Outbreak of Dengue Fever: A Case Study from Rural Puerto Rico

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This study documents the impact of an outbreak of dengue fever for the people who experienced the disease in Lares, a rural municipality in Puerto Rico. Symptomatology presented by reported cases of the fever corresponds to the clinical picture of the mild form of the dengue virus. The study utilizes a combined quantitative/qualitative methodological approach. The findings indicate that social status is a significant factor in terms of who is affected by the dengue fever. The impact of the outbreak was greater for poor communities in the urban and semi-rural areas, particularly for women who described themselves as housewives and mothers, and their children. Social expectations and the family's demands for these women to fulfill the role of caretaker superseded their own sick role. In addition, they experienced the greatest loss of time as a consequence of the outbreak. The main effect of the outbreak on work activities not traditionally remunerated with money, such as housework, was the inability of adult females in the household to perform their routine activities to maintain family life. Moreover, the monetary costs of health care absorbed a significant percentage of the household weekly income. The impact on psychological well-being was related to the stress produced by the clinical, social, and economic consequences of the outbreak for women. Implications of salient results for dengue fever prevention and control, as well as for the field of applied medical anthropology are discussed.

scholarly journals Role of Microfinance and Microcredit in Transforming the Rural India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4266-4268
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Water Education ◽  
The People ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Money Transfer ◽  
The Impact

Growth of a nation does not refer to the development of infrastructure, innovations and technology. In fact it is truly associated with the development of all citizens in terms of their standard of living. A country travels in development path if all the people are caught up in the process of growth and enjoy quality of living by accessing to basic facilities of life such as food, clothing, housing, health, clean water, education, employment and good natural and social environment. It all happens when economy is sound and have consistent growth rate. In our country the economic growth rate is directly depends on the development of rural areas as it is the backbone to the economy. Providing financial support to rural people is a Hercules task as they do not maintain any formal and necessary documents, failing which banks or any other financial institutions do not grant even a single penny. In this connection, Microfinance and Microcredit institutions helps the people in rural areas with a variety of services with minimal documentation. It includes loan, savings, credit, money transfer, insurance, pension and other financial innovations etc. In this research an attempt is made to ascertain new approaches to measure the impact of microfinance and microcredit in the development of rural areas.

scholarly journals Ulama Birokrat: Kiprah Abuya TB. Abdul Halim Kadu Peusing dalam Memperjuangkan Banten

Tsaqofah ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Immamah ◽  
H. S. Suhaedi ◽  
Erdi Rudjikartawi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Moral Formation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

The role of ulama is very important for the community in protecting the interests of the community. Ulama occupy an important position in the moral formation of society, even during the colonial period. Ulama leadership in the world of politics was very influential in the struggle against Dutch colonialism in Banten. The position of the ulama is inseparable from the prevailing tradition in the santri community, especially in rural areas which assume that in religion someone must follow what has been passed down by the ulama. Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim was a very charismatic cleric and his influence was very large for the people of Pandeglang. He was born around 1889 in Kadu Peusing Village, Kabayan Village, Pandeglang Subdistrict, Pandeglang Regency. The struggle of Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim started since he built Islamic boarding schools, Abuya thoughts Tb. Abdul Halim was very influenced by Sheikh Nawawi Tanara because Abuya Tb.Abdul Halim had studied with Sheikh Nawawi Tanara. The spirit of his struggle was poured out by participating in religious meetings, practicing his knowledge and supporting organizations such as Masyumi and NU. In 1945 Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim appeared in the struggle against the Dutch colonial until he was appointed Regent in Pandeglang in 1945-1947.

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