scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Curcumin Terhadap Perbaikan Fungsi Hepar Tikus Putih (Rattus Novergicus) yang diinduksi Parasetamol Dosis Tinggi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Yolanda Esperanza ◽  
Sulistiana Prabowo ◽  
Fitri Handajani
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
White Rats ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Treat Liver Disease ◽  
Alt Activity

Paracetamol has analgesic properties comparable to NSAIDs, but paracetamol have minimal side effects. Paracetamol is metabolized via sulfation and glucuronidation conjugation which is then excreted in the urine. A small part of the paracetamol has been changed to NAPQI. NAPQI will be detoxified by gluthathione. In high doses, there in an increase in NAPQI and a decrease in glutathione levels that results in oxidative stress and liver cell necrosis. Curcumin is often used as a traditional medicine to treat liver disease where it contains phenolic groups capable to scavenge free radicals. Curcumin extract can improve cellular responses to oxidative stress such as increasing the expression of Nrf2, SOD, and gluthathione. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of curcumin on the improvement of liver function in white rats (Rattus novergicus) induced by high dose  paracetamol. The design of this research was a descriptive research using literature studies from at least 15 international journals indexed by Scimago or national journals indexed by Sinta published in 2015-2020. Based on the journals used in this research, giving curcumin at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW/day for 2 weeks was effective in significantly increasing gluthathione levels in rats receiving high dose paracetamol. Giving curcumin at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW/day for 7 days can reduce AST and ALT activity in rats receiving high dose paracetamol, but the dose of curcumin that was more effective in reducing AST and ALT activity was 200 mg/kg BW/day for 2 weeks. This is because of curcumin which functions as a hepatoprotector that bind directly to the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, thereby reducing the use of glutathione and quench free radicals, so that oxidative stress in the liver decreased and gluthathione levels increased, AST and ALT activity decreased.

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamic Effects of Standard versus High Caffeine Doses in the Developing Brain of Neonatal Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3473
Author(s):  
Kutilda Soontarapornchai ◽  
Charles L. Cai ◽  
Taimur Ahmad ◽  
Jacob V. Aranda ◽  
Ivan Hand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Caffeine Citrate ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Brain Width

(1) Background: Caffeine citrate, at standard doses, is effective for reducing the incidence of apnea of prematurity (AOP) and may confer neuroprotection and decrease neonatal morbidities in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) requiring oxygen therapy. We tested the hypothesis that high-dose caffeine (HiC) has no adverse effects on the neonatal brain. (2) Methods: Newborn rat pups were randomized to room air (RA), hyperoxia (Hx) or neonatal intermittent hypoxia (IH), from birth (P0) to P14 during which they received intraperitoneal injections of LoC (20 mg/kg on P0; 5 mg/kg/day on P1-P14), HiC (80 mg/kg; 20 mg/kg), or equivalent volume saline. Blood gases, histopathology, myelin and neuronal integrity, and adenosine receptor reactivity were assessed. (3) Results: Caffeine treatment in Hx influenced blood gases more than treatment in neonatal IH. Exposure to neonatal IH resulted in hemorrhage and higher brain width, particularly in layer 2 of the cerebral cortex. Both caffeine doses increased brain width in RA, but layer 2 was increased only with HiC. HiC decreased oxidative stress more effectively than LoC, and both doses reduced apoptosis biomarkers. In RA, both caffeine doses improved myelination, but the effect was abolished in Hx and neonatal IH. Similarly, both doses inhibited adenosine 1A receptor in all oxygen environments, but adenosine 2A receptor was inhibited only in RA and Hx. (4) Conclusions: Caffeine, even at high doses, when administered in normoxia, can confer neuroprotection, evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress, hypermyelination, and increased Golgi bodies. However, varying oxygen environments, such as Hx or neonatal IH, may alter and modify pharmacodynamic actions of caffeine and may even override the benefits caffeine.

scholarly journals Two Faces of Arbutine in Hepatocelluler Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells: Anticarcinogenic Effect in LD50 Dose and Protective Effect Against Cisplatin Toxication Through its Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity in LD0 Dose  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Hazman ◽  
Hatice Evin ◽  
Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt ◽  
İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Whitening Agent ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Active Substances

Abstract Arbutine is one of the active substances used as a skin whitening agent in cosmetic products. Possible effects of arbutine on hepatocelluler carcinoma (HepG2) cells and cisplatin toxication in HepG2 cells were investigated in this study. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation levels were determined in experimental groups established for the purpose above. It was determined that when low dose of α-arbutine (in LD0 dose) was administered to HepG2 cells alone, it had no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects and no effects on inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation. However, when low dose of arbutine was used with cisplatin, it was observed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity levels increased as a result of cisplatin toxicity, but caspase 3 levels were not affected by this situation. As a result of high dose (in LD50 dose) of α-arbutine administration to HepG2 cells, it was determined that it would have anticarcinogenic effects by increasing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis and by suppressing proliferation. In the presented study it was determined that as well as α-arbutine had an anticarcinogenic effect on HepG2 cells in high doses, it might be protective to reduce the side effects caused by low dose (LD0 dose) of cisplatin treatment. In addition, it was concluded that α/β-arbutine-including cosmetic products were safe for cancer patients because α/β-arbutine had no effect on proliferation in HepG2 cells. In order to present the activity of arbutine isoforms more clearly it is recommended that studies should be conducted using healthy and different cell lines.

scholarly journals The Effect of High Dose Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on Proinflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
MD Ayu Mira Cyntia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
High Doses

Background: COVID-19 is a new pandemic that has claimed many lives in many countries. This pandemic was caused by the SARSCoV2. Until now, there is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine against Covid-19 for potential therapy in humans. This virus can cause cytokine storms which can worsen symptoms in sufferers due to an imbalance between increased oxidant production and available antioxidants. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that protects the body from various bad effects of free radicals. At high concentrations vitamin C plays an important role in immunomodulation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high doses of vitamin C on levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Covid-19. Method: This research type is literature study. The population in this study were journals about Covid-19, vitamin C, antioxidants and free radicals, inflammatory reactions due to viral infections with samples taken from indexed journals published from 2015 to 2020. There are also clinical trials of high doses of vitamin C against inflammation in Covid-19 from these journals. Results: The results of the study in a clinical trial conducted on 54 patients enrolled in 3 hospitals given a 1: 1 ratio for high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) or placebo administration. The HDIVC group received 12 g of vitamin C / 50 ml every 12 hours for 7 days at a rate of 12 ml / hour, and the placebo group received bacteriostatic water for injection in the same way. HDIVC administration showed a reduction in inflammatory markers compared to placebo. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study shows that high doses of vitamin C play a role in reducing levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

scholarly journals Two Faces of Arbutine in Hepatocelluler Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells: Anticarcinogenic Effect in LD50 Dose and Protective Effect Against Cisplatin Toxication Through its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in LD0 Dose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Hazman ◽  
Hatice Evin ◽  
Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt ◽  
İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Whitening Agent ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Active Substances

Abstract Arbutine is one of the active substances used as a skin whitening agent in cosmetic products. Possible effects of arbutine on hepatocelluler carcinoma (HepG2) cells and cisplatin toxication in HepG2 cells were investigated in this study. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation levels were determined in experimental groups established for the purpose above. It was determined that when low dose of α-arbutine (in LD0 dose) was administered to HepG2 cells alone, it had no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects and no effects on inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation. However, when low dose of arbutine was used with cisplatin, it was observed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity levels increased as a result of cisplatin toxicity, but caspase 3 levels were not affected by this situation. As a result of high dose (in LD50 dose) of α-arbutine administration to HepG2 cells, it was determined that it would have anticarcinogenic effects by increasing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis and by suppressing proliferation. In the presented study it was determined that as well as α-arbutine had an anticarcinogenic effect on HepG2 cells in high doses, it might be protective to reduce the side effects caused by low dose (LD0 dose) of cisplatin treatment. In addition, it was concluded that α/β-arbutine-including cosmetic products were safe for cancer patients because α/β-arbutine had no effect on proliferation in HepG2 cells. In order to present the activity of arbutine isoforms more clearly it is recommended that studies should be conducted using healthy and different cell lines.

scholarly journals Teratogenic effects of imidacloprid in rats: mechanistic role of oxidative stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Nermeen Borai El-Borai ◽  
Seham Said Hadad ◽  
Hanem Kamal Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Fetal Malformations ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent

Extensive use of imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide in the agro-vet practices leads to continuous animal and human exposure. Exposure of pregnant dams to such insecticides results in fetal malformations. In the light of this, the present study was designed to investigate the teratogenic effects of two different doses of IMI and the possible mechanistic role of oxidative stress. Fifteen pregnant females were randomly divided into three equal groups and orally treated daily during organogenesis period (6-15th GD), control (distilled water), LD-IMI (45 mg/kg) and HD-IMI (90 mg/kg). All pregnant dams were exposed to caesarean section on GD 20. Exposure to IMI induced significant increase in the percentage of resorptions at high-dose with significant reduction of fetal and placental weights in a dose-dependent manner. External fetal morphological abnormalities were recorded only at high-dose while several visceral abnormalities were observed in fetuses at low- and high-doses. Significant increases in the percentages of fetal skeletal malformations were recorded only in the high-dose group. Significant changes in MDA, GSH levels and CAT activity with insignificant change in the level of H2O2 were recorded only in placentae of LD-IMI group. However, all these parameters recorded significant changes in serum of dams, placentae and liver of fetuses at high-dose. In conclusion, exposure of pregnant rats to IMI, particularly at higher-dose, during the period of organogenesis induced fetal teratogenic effects that may be related to its maternal and fetal oxidative damaging impacts.   

scholarly journals Investigation of the possible protective effect of Smilax fluminensis steud. leaf in mice subjected to oxidative stress by paracetamol

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37070
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Simões da Cunha ◽  
Larissa Scremin Ferreira ◽  
Ana Júlia Pasuch Gluzezak ◽  
Edith Eunice Arthur Petrica ◽  
Adilson Paulo Sinhorin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Plasma Analysis ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Doses

Paracetamol (PCM) is a drug widely used by the population as an antipyretic and analgesic. If administered in high doses it can cause liver damage, leading to hepatoxicity. The genus Smilax, found in temperate and tropical regions, is traditionally used by the population through the extract of leaves and roots for several conditions, such as in the treatment of syphilis, diabetes, asthma and as a diuretic action. Through this, Smilax fluminensis leaf extracts were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative stress induced by a high dose of PCM in mice that received the drug and after receiving treatment with crude extract and fractions. Plasma analysis was performed using as partate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol, in addition to biochemical techniques such as catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (ASA), substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and carbonylated proteins (CARBONYL) of liver, brain and kidneys. Fraction 1 of the extract was the most promising, decreasing the plasma levels of AST and ALT, the levels of CAT and GST of the liver, together with GSH and in the renal and brain tissue there was a decrease in carbonylated proteins (PCM + F1 versus PCM ). Besides, fraction 1 proved to be hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic. It is concluded that fraction 1 of Smilax fluminensis leaves has good antioxidant activity in the face of the damage caused by the high dose of paracetamol.  

scholarly journals Morphological features of animal organs after introduction of new ALX-5 % protein-salt solution

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
B.O. Kondratskyi ◽  
D.L. Kachmaryk ◽  
O.M. Panas ◽  
M.Y. Vynarchyk ◽  
O.G. Braginets
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
White Male ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
High Doses

Objective. To investigate the morphological features of the internal organs of experimental animals and identify potential target organs with the introduction of ultra-high doses of the drug ALX-5 % and the drug with double the concentration of components ALX-2N. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on outbred white male mice and outbred white male rats. Animals were administered ALX-5 % and ALX-2N solution. ALX-5 % protein-saline solution contains: donor albumin (5 %) pentatomic alcohol xylitol (5 %), alkalizing components – sodium lactate (1.9 %) and sodium bicarbonate (0.01 %), as well as sodium chloride (0.8 %), potassium chloride (0.03 %), calcium chloride (0.01 %). Theoretical osmolarity – 990 mOsm/l, pH – 6.2-7.4. The drug with double the concentration of ALX-2N contains all these components in double the concentration (osmolarity of the solution – 1980 mOsm/l). ALX-5 % was administered intraperitoneally multiple times at a dose of 174 ml/kg for mice and 90 ml/kg for rats. These doses are conditionally toxic, as these doses are the maximum that animals have been able to administer. Further increase in the volume of infusion solution was not allowed due to possible excessive hypervolemic effect. The ALX-2N solution was administered at a dose of 50 ml/kg. At the end of the experiment, histological preparations were prepared from the internal organs of animals, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue and studied under a light microscope. Results and discussion. It was found that when white mice and white rats were injected with the native protein-salt preparation ALX-5 % (osmolarity of the solution – 990 mOsm/l) in ultra-high doses (174 ml/kg for mice and 90 ml/kg for rats) the main target organs were the brain and lungs. Changes in other organs (kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, heart) are uncritical. With the introduction of concentrated drug ALX-2N (osmolarity of the solution – 1980 mOsm/l) at a dose of 50 ml/kg in addition to pronounced changes in the lungs and brain, dystrophic changes of heart and liver cells are observed. In all the study groups of animals accumulation of glycogen was observed, which is obviously due to administration of the high dose polyhydric alcohols xylitol and sodium lactate, a significant part of which is metabolized in the liver. Conclusions. According to the results of a comprehensive study of pharmaco-toxicological properties, it was found that the multicomponent protein-salt solution ALX-5 % may be suitable for further clinical study.

scholarly journals Effects of Solo Garlic Extract in Decreasing Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels due to E-Cigarette Exposure

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Aliefia Meta Duwairoh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Normal State ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Rats

The popularity of E-Cigarette has increased significantly over the last decade, and has potential to replace tobacco cigarettes. Aerosol which is produced by E-Cigarette, contains reactive carbonyl and free radicals, inducing oxidative stress and causing inflammation, proliferation, and cell damage. This oxidative stress can be seen through the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the body, and reduced by antioxidant activity in Solo Garlic extract. The aim of this study is analyzing the differences of MDA levels in four treatment groups. 28 white rats were divided into four groups and three of them were exposured by E-Cigarette. This study showed that the highest MDA levels was found in the group which was exposured by E-Cigarette without solo garlic extract (7,179 nmol/ml). MDA levels can be reduced by antioxidant activity shown in the group which was exposured by E-Cigarette and solo garlic extract dose 0,05 gram/day (the smallest dose), amount 3,715 nmol/ml. The average of MDA levels in group which was given by the smallest dose of solo garlic extract, is lower than the control group. So, it can be concluded that using solo garlic extract less than 0,05 gram/day can restore MDA levels to a normal state (4,210 nmol/ml).

The Influence of Serotonin on Clot Retraction and the Thrombelastogram

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 111-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Deutsch ◽  
K Martiny
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Essential Value ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Free Plasma

Summary1. Normal platelets are necessary for induction of normal clot retraction.2. Serotonin does not induce retraction in human platelet-free plasma-clots or enhance clot firmness as measured in the coagulogram.3. Serotonin does not improve clot retraction or firmness in plasma clots with sub-optimal platelet counts.4. Methylserotonin inhibits clot retraction of platelet-rich plasma to a certain extent in moderate doses, whereas, high doses are ineffective. BOL 148 has a similar, but less significant action. There is a possibility that these effects are specific antiserotonin-effects.5. LSD 25 was ineffective in all concentrations used.6. Largactil and reserpin inhibit retraction in high doses. There seems to be a non specific effect caused by the high dose.7. Reserpine does not release a retraction-inducing agent from the platelets, which could be detected in the centrifuged platelet-free plasma used for the incubation.8. Serotonin does not replace the retraction-cofactor of Hartert, or the dialyzable factor of Lüscher in synthetic clotting substrates.9. Serotonin is of no essential value in inducing normal retraction of human plasma clots.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN FRAKSI N-HEKSAN DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) DENGAN METODE DPPH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-257
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatimah ◽  
◽  
Reksi Sundu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Ic50 Value

Free radicals and reactive species are widely believed to contribute to the development of several diseases by causing oxidative stress and eventually oxidative. Vernonia amygdalina (Astereacea) is a small shrub or tree between 1 and 5m high growing throughout tropical Africa. Plants are generally known as bitter leaves is well cultivated and is a general market for merchandise in several countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of hexane fraction from ethanol extract od Frican leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). The method used in this study was the DPPH (1,1-Diphenil-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method. The result of phytochemical screening showed that ethanolic extract of African leaves contained a composition of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the extract of n-hexane fraction was classified as very weak with an IC50 value of 317.98 ppm.

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