scholarly journals Analysis of Promising Approaches to COVID-19 Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
G. G. Onishchenko ◽  
T. E. Sizikova ◽  
V. N. Lebedev ◽  
S. V. Borisevich
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Adenovirus Vector ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020. This is clearly not enough for the formation of herd immunity, which will prevent repeated outbreaks of the disease. Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, therefore specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it. Vaccination is the most effective approach to prevention of epidemic outbreaks. The aim of the study was to analyse promising approaches to the development of vaccines against novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries. It analyses the pros and cons of different platforms for vaccine development (attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines). The paper presents a potential design of novel vaccines. It was concluded that COVID-19 vaccines might be developed both for immunising high-risk groups and for mass immunisation. An optimal solution for the second task would be to develop human or monkey adenovirus vector-based vaccines whose mass production has already been unveiled.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Coronavirus Vaccine Development Updates

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Shan Zhao ◽  
Junxian Ou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Wendong Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Peptide Vaccine ◽  
Adenovirus Vector ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Nucleic Acid Vaccines ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Genus

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, and has been pandemic since March 2020 and led to many fatalities. Vaccines represent the most efficient means to control and stop the pandemic of COVID-19. However, currently there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine approved to use worldwide except for two human adenovirus vector vaccines, three inactivated vaccines, and one peptide vaccine for early or limited use in China and Russia. Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are in urgent need. Researchers around the world are developing 213 COVID-19 candidate vaccines, among which 44 are in human trials. In this review, we summarize and analyze vaccine progress against SARS-CoV, Middle-East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. As SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV share the common genus, Betacoronavirus, this review of the major research progress will provide a reference and new insights into the COVID-19 vaccine design and development.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Insights, Prospects and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Jainish Patel ◽  
Prittesh Patel ◽  
Victor Akinmuyiwa
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Positive Results

This paper explores the trends, issues and challenges confronting the successful vaccine development for the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Right from the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic, no drugs or vaccine has been developed nor approved for treating those down with COVID-19. This year, the scientific community and the vaccine industry have been asked to respond urgently to SARS-COVID-2 pandemic. Presently numerous vaccine development platforms are under process and DNA- and RNA-based platforms showing great potential followed by recombinant-subunit vaccines. Through explorative research, it was established that companies involved in COVID-19 vaccine development are facing big challenges in the scientific, economic and logistical perspectives. Amongst these challenges are distrust, misinformation, and about understanding the immune system interaction with the vaccine being developed, as well as with the pathogen itself. Adjudged as insurmountable may be too early a conclusion. The race is on and progresses are being made. Proper understanding of trends, metrics and dynamics revolving around COVID-19 vaccine development is crucial in expanding possibilities for positive results from ongoing vaccine research. In this review, we spotlight on the most recent developments in COVID-19 vaccine, including top 10 early candidates that may hit the market in next few months.

Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2: from virology to vaccine clinical trials

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimia Kardani ◽  
Azam Bolhassani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Adenovirus Vector ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Way

Abstract:: An urgent vaccine development is required against the recent pandemic of a novel coronavirus. Currently, there is no approved vaccine against COVID-19. Vaccination is proved to be the most beneficial way to protect human from infections. Up to now, several vaccine candidates have been conducted to different phases of clinical trials, and more vaccine candidates are on the way to enter the trials. Different vaccine types have developed including inactivated virus vaccines, subunit-based vaccines, adenovirus-vector vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, DC-based vaccines, and mRNA-based vaccines. The mRNA- 1273 was the first vaccine candidate that started evaluating in clinical trial. Also, AZD1222 is the first vaccine candidate that started phase II/III of clinical trials. Both of these vaccine candidates were considered as the promising vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to overview and share various strategies to develop efficient therapeutic and preventive vaccines based on the origin, biology, structure, and immune-evasion of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Covid-19 vaccination: The pros and cons

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 015-022
Author(s):  
Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi ◽  
Wonyinbarakemi Ladi Berefagha ◽  
Ebifanimi Okara
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Global Coordination

The advent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also known as COVID-19 disease and the dynamics of its rapid spread around the globe are unprecedented. Different preventive efforts have been undertaken in response to this global health challenge, amongst them, vaccine development, distribution and dispensation is at the forefront. Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system against infectious pathogens; hence, they are one of the greatest medical accomplishments and a cornerstone of public health. There is a strong consensus globally that COVID-19 vaccine is likely the most effective approach to sustainably controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. An unprecedented research effort and global coordination has resulted in a rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we review the various types, Pros (status of different COVID-19 vaccines, their utility in COVID-19 control and as a tool of herd immunity or protection) and Cons (various side effects, leaky vaccination and vaccine hesitancy) of COVID-19 vaccines. Despite all cons it is believed that vaccination will certainly help in building up of herd protection against COVID-19 disease, which could allow lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing to be relaxed globally.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of existing platforms for the development of vaccines against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
G. G. Onishchenko ◽  
T. E. Sizikova ◽  
V. N. Lebedev ◽  
S. V. Borisevich
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

The main triggers of new infectious diseases, including those with pandemic potential, are: spontaneous emergence of infectious strains which are more virulent for humans and contribute to transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, environmental changes, social and economic factors, increased contact rates between different regions. A successful pandemic response requires mass immunisation against a specific disease, aimed at the development of herd immunity which is based on the concept of indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a part of it. A well-grounded choice of the vaccine platform is central to dealing with this problem. The aim of the study was to compare characteristics of vaccine platforms (attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant vector, DNA, and RNA vaccines) intended for mass immunisation against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential. The study focused on the members of Poxviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae families as potential pathogens. The vaccine platforms were compared in terms of the following parameters: capability of producing a robust immune response; protective efficacy; time required for vaccine development and testing; ability to produce vaccine in volumes required for mass immunisation; potential obstacles associated with the intended use of the vaccine. It is expected that in the next few decades DNA and RNA vaccine platforms will be most widely used for development of products against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential, regardless of taxonomic groups of pathogens.

scholarly journals Understanding and Dealing the SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Updated Concise Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Md Jamal Hossain ◽  
Md Ruhul Kuddus ◽  
Mohammad A Rashid ◽  
Md Zakir Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Century ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Viral infection has made the world to pass through the most critical time of the current century. In December 2019, the Wuhan city of China faced a novel etiological viral agent with atypical secondary pneumonia. The unique virus was severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. According to the worldometer data, as of December 24, 2020, the world lost more than 1.74 million lives and infected more than 79.3 million people with the novel coronavirus-2. As there is no approved drug to combat the disease or vaccine against the virus, the infection continuously triumphed over the current medical system. The epidemiological analysis showed that geriatric patients are generally the most susceptible to the viral infection, and pediatric patients exhibited milder complications. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 displayed that the most frequent symptoms are dry cough, fever, dyspnea, and sputum production. Herd immunity is a tested strategy that could moderate viral transmission in developing countries. In this study, authors abridged the epidemiological outcomes, clinical features, and pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The article also focused on vaccine development, herd immunity, and the most promising repurposed therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 with their clinical trial updates. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 61-75, 2021

Can Mandated BCG Vaccine Promote herd Immunity against Novel Coronavirus? A Potential Solution at Hand to Tackle Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Ashok Arasu ◽  
Pavithra Balakrishnan ◽  
Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy ◽  
Thiagarajan Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community, thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in highly populous countries.

SARS-CoV-2 Biology Insights, Part IV.Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) and the tricky “Herd Immunity”: narrative review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lafon-Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
System P

BACKGROUND It is common knowledge that vaccination has improved our life quality and expectancy since it succeeded in achieving almost eradication of several diseases including chickenpox (varicella), diphtheria, hepatitis A and B, measles, meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, polio, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis) Vaccination success is based on vaccine induction of neutralizing antibodies that help fight the infection (e.g. by a virus), preventing the disease. Conversely, Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of a viral infection occurs when anti-viral antibodies facilitate viral entry into host cells and enhance viral infection in these cells. ADE has been previously studied in Dengue and HIV viruses and explains why a second infection with Dengue can be lethal. As already reviewed in Part I and Part II, SARS-Cov-2 shares with HIV not only 4 sequences in the Spike protein but also the capacity to attack the immune system. OBJECTIVE As HIV presents ADE, we wondered whether this was also the case regarding SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A literature review was done through Google. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 presents ADE. As SARS, which does not have the 4 HIV-like inserts, has the same property, ADE would not be driven by the HIV-like spike sequences. CONCLUSIONS ADE can explain the failure of herd immunity-based strategies and will also probably hamper anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. As reviewed in Part I, there fortunately are promising therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, which should be further developed. In the meantime, complementary countermeasures to protect mainly the youth from this infection are presented to be discussed in Part V Viewpoint.

scholarly journals Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Raquel Cid ◽  
Jorge Bolívar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.

scholarly journals Are We Paving the Way to Dig Out of the “Pandemic Hole”? A Narrative Review on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: From Animal Models to Human Immunization

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Tardiolo ◽  
Pina Brianti ◽  
Daniela Sapienza ◽  
Pia dell’Utri ◽  
Viviane Di Dio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Social Upheaval

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pathogen agent causing the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). This novel virus originated the most challenging pandemic in this century, causing economic and social upheaval internationally. The extreme infectiousness and high mortality rates incentivized the development of vaccines to control this pandemic to prevent further morbidity and mortality. This international scenario led academic scientists, industries, and governments to work and collaborate strongly to make a portfolio of vaccines available at an unprecedented pace. Indeed, the robust collaboration between public systems and private companies led to resolutive actions for accelerating therapeutic interventions and vaccines mechanism. These strategies contributed to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccines as quickly and efficiently as possible. Preclinical research employed animal models to develop vaccines that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. A spectrum of vaccines is worldwide under investigation in various preclinical and clinical studies to develop both individual protection and safe development of population-level herd immunity. Companies employed and developed different technological approaches for vaccines production, including inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, as well as acid nucleic-based vaccines. In this view, the present narrative review provides an overview of current vaccination strategies, taking into account both preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans. Furthermore, to better understand immunization, animal models on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis are also briefly discussed.

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