scholarly journals Weeds and weed flora as the basis for phytosanitary zoning (a review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
N. N. Luneva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Disturbed Habitats

The concept of “the weed flora” is still associated with weedy plants within agricultural phytocenoses, despite the fact that its association with a wider range of secondary habitat types with disturbed vegetation and soil cover was discussed as early as in the first half of the last century. The study of this characteristic feature of weeds has been continued at the present time, which is reflected in the very concept of “the weed” adopted by the state standards. The structure of the weed flora includes groups of weedy plant species within both naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats, so such notions as “the segetal flora” or “synanthropic flora” do not fully reflect the composition of the weed flora. The formation of the weed flora was historically linked with the emergence and development of cultivated plants. A regional weed flora is composed of weed plant species, for which this or that region is suitable in terms of growing conditions. In the context of agriculture and plant protection, the elementary weed flora is the flora of an agricultural landscape or an agricultural ecosystem, as its component. Phytosanitary zoning for a set of weed species confined to a specific territory is carried out at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels. The criterion for identifying the levels of phytosanitary zoning is the weed flora of different territorial levels.

scholarly journals Analysis of grassland associations of Stara Planina mountain

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 451-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Tomic ◽  
Z. Bijelic ◽  
V. Krnjaja
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Natural Grasslands

Production of organic, biologically valuable food is a trend in the World today, and in our country it can be successfully realized in production of meat and milk from small ruminants, sheep and goats in hilly-mountainous region. Namely, grasslands in these regions are well preserved from the utilization of mineral fertilizers and chemical preparations for plant protection, therefore production of healthy food is still possible with minimum investments. The quality of plant mass is very important, i.e. presence of high quality plant species in the grassland, as well as possibility for increase of their percentage in the grassland. For this purpose, research was carried out and plant associations most present on Stara Planina Mountain on altitude of 650 to 1200 m were analyzed from the aspect of phytocenology. On these locations recordings were made and samples were taken for analysis in the period 2002-2005 and in year 2008. Total of 8 associations were analyzed, and two of them Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. and Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljevic 1956. occurred repeatedly on several location and different time interval of analysis. Beside mentioned two associations the following were also analyzed: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Randj. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojic 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre- Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaz.1978 on 17 locations. Number of species in analyzed associations was from 34 to 77. Beside number of plant species also their share categorized in categories of high qualiity grasses, high quality leguminous plants and useful species from other families, as well as harmful i.e. weed species. Main quality parameters were established in samples from all associations. Objective of analyses of natural grasslands was to establish share of high quality plant species, which is reflected directly through production and quality of plant mass grazed by small ruminants, sheep and goats.

scholarly journals Weeds of cereal stubble-fields on various soils in the Kielce region. P. 1. Podzolic and brown soils developed from sands and loams

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Franciszek Pawłowski ◽  
Maria Jędruszczak ◽  
Mieczysław Bojarczyk ◽  
Jan Majda
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Maps ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Investigation Process

Occupying cereal stubble-fields weed flora is the most characteristic of the environmental (especially soil) conditions. Because of its developing and accomplishing the reproductive stages there it can threatens cultivated plants. They are considered to complete the seed store in a soil by 393 min per ha. The results presented in the paper concern the species composition, number and constancy (S) and indice of coverage (D) of the cereal stubble-field weed species on various soils in the Kielce region (the central part of Poland). The report was based upon 885 phytosociological records collected in the 268 stands. The records were carried out after the crop harvest, in the latter part of September, in 1976-1980. Soil were chosen on the base of soil maps. The analyse of soil samples, taken at the investigation process, were done in order to confirm the soil quality. The worked out material was divided into three parts. The first part, including 369 phytosociological records collected in the 112 stands (in 90 localities) concerns stubble-field weeds on podzolic and brown soils developed from sands (loose, weakly loamy and loamy) and loams (light and medium). It was found that these soils were grown by 108 (loamy sands) to 132 (weakly loamy sands) weed species. Among them 66 species were common for all of the soils. Species composition was not differentiated by the soil type (brown, podzolic) within kind of the. soil (sand or loams). Among soil examined, the brown loams was the most abundant with species of high constancy degree (30 species) but brown loose sands and podzolic loamy sands was the poorest one with (16 species).

Influence of NPK fertilization on weed flora in maize field

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Lehoczky ◽  
M. Kamuti ◽  
N. Mazsu ◽  
J. Tamás ◽  
D. Sáringer-Kenyeres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Plant nutrition is one of the most important intensification factors of crop production. The utilization of nutrients, however, may be modified by a number of production factors, including weed presence. Thus, the knowledge of occurring weed species, their abundance, nutrient and water uptake is extremely important to establish an appropriate basis for the evaluation of their risks or negative effects on crops. That is why investigations were carried out in a long-term fertilization experiment on the influence of different nutrient supplies (Ø, PK, NK, NPK) on weed flora in maize field.The weed surveys recorded similar diversity on the experimental area: the species of A. artemisiifolia, S. halepense and D. stramonium were dominant, but C. album and C. hybridum were also common. These species and H. annuus were the most abundant weeds.Based on the totalized and average data of all treatments, density followed the same tendency in the experimental years. It was the highest in the PK treated and untreated plots, and significantly exceeded the values of NK fertilized areas. Presumably the better N availability promoted the development of nitrophilic weeds, while the mortality of other small species increased.Winter wheat and maize forecrops had no visible influence on the diversity and the intensity of weediness. On the contrary, there were consistent differences in the density of certain weed species in accordance to the applied nutrients. A. artemisiifolia was present in the largest number in the untreated control and PK fertilized plots. The density of S. halepense and H. annuus was also significantly higher in the control areas. The number of their individuals was smaller in those plots where N containing fertilizers were used. Contrary to them, the density of D. stramonium, C. album and C. hybridum was the highest in the NPK treatments.

scholarly journals Solid Dispersions of Anthelmintics and Plant Protection Preparations

Solids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
Salavat S. Khalikov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Poorly Soluble

Because of the rapid development of nanotechnologies, materials, in particular, solid dispersions (SDs), which are actively introduced into the life of modern man, have been obtained. Special progress in this area is observed in industry and medicine. The use of SDs in agriculture is lagging far behind, despite the growing number of scientific papers on this topic. At the same time, the prospects for the introduction of SDs in the agro-industrial complex are obvious. The review presents the results of research on the development of innovative preparations based on SD to protect plants from diseases and pests of cultivated plants, as well as parasiticides to protect animal health based on modern achievements of nanotechnology. One of these technologies is the methods of mechanochemistry, which improve the properties of poorly soluble biologically active substances by their joint mechanical treatment with water-soluble polymers and auxiliary substances.

Field Margin Weed-Species Diversity in Relation to Landscape Attributes and Adjacent Land Use

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Edward C. Luschei ◽  
Mark A. Fanning
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Field Margin ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Modeling Strategy

The importance of managing weeds in seminatural habitats that are adjacent to farm fields is unclear. Weedy-margin vegetation may harbor pests or pathogens and may ALSo serve as source populations for ongoing immigration of weeds into the field. It is ALSo possible, however, that margin vegetation provides habitat for organisms that consume weed seeds or suppress the likelihood of pest or pathogen outbreak. We examined the nature of margin habitat using spatial-scaling of Weed-Species richness as an ecological assay. In 2003, we recorded the occurrence of weedy species along the perimeters of 63 fields in Wisconsin. The fields were distributed within six counties that differed in topography, geological history, local climate, and soil type and which spanned the range of variability in the agricultural landscape. We identified seven habitats that differed in geology and land use. The relationship between species richness and margin class was estimated using an analog of the power law. Additionally, we investigated broadscale correlates of habitat heterogeneity at the field level, using a modeling strategy that included additional explanatory factors logically connected to plant diversity. Using a model-confrontation approach, the survey supported the inclusion of two topographical diversity indices, elevation gradient and a field-shape index, into our model. Our broadscale survey provides information on one of a suite of important considerations needed to make decisions about the importance of managing weeds in field margins.

scholarly journals Biopesticides the sustainable way of organic and healthy tomato production

Gradus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Endre Pölös ◽  
Csaba Szabó ◽  
András Palkovics ◽  
Fernanda Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Harmful Organisms

In our experiment, we used allelochemicals in vegetable production that can be incorporated in part or in whole into integrated pest management or in organic production. The plant extracts we used can be applied to the crop in the same way as conventional pesticides. Correlations can be found between the allelochemicals that we used in plant protection, the positive change in the average yield, the reduction of harmful organisms and the health status of the cultivated plants. Bioherbicide has been shown to be an effective weed control containing allelochemicals that inhibit photosynthesis.Extracts of extremely hot chili pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp.) varieties, aqueous solutions of essential oils of herbs and spices were used for plant protection in tomato plantations under open field conditions. The results show that chili pepper extract is a strong repellent, and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil solution has a repellent, fungicidal and bactericidal effect at the same time.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CHEMICALS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AGROCENOSIS OF SPRING BARLEY WITH PERENNIAL GRASSES

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Mariya Fesenko ◽  
Aleksandr Shpanev
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Ndvi Index ◽  
Plant Protection System

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of mineral fertilizers and plant protection system on the vegetation index NDVI and its seasonal dynamics in agrocenoses of spring barley with overseeding of perennial grasses in the North-West of Russia. The data obtained indicate that against the background of the deficiency of the main elements of mineral nutrition in the second half of the growing season of spring barley, a significant phytomass of perennial grasses is formed in the crop, which account for 36.7%. This leads to a smaller decrease in the NDVI index (by 0.06) than in the fertilized variants (0.20). The value of NDVI index reflects not only the state of cultivated plants and weed infestation of crops, but also the level of development of crops, growing under vegetation. The influence of mineral nutrition developed during the period of maximum values of the index, which were recorded 6-8 weeks from the sowing date and 26-30 weeks from the beginning of the year. Under the influence of average doses of fertilizers, the NDVI index increased by 0.09...0.2 (on average 0.13), under the influence of high doses – by 0.13...0.26 (on average 0.18). The influence of plant protection system was expressed by a decrease in the phytomass of weeds (by 49.4...68.9%), at the same time the mass of spring barley and perennial grasses increased (by 1.7...18.5% and by 11.7...43.5% respectively). Carrying out the whole complex of protective measures led to a decrease in the NDVI index values by 0.01...0.06, depending on the phytosanitary situation in the agrocenosis. The most reliable forecast of the yield of spring barley can be implemented in the period from 5 to 7 weeks from the beginning of the emergence of barley shoots, especially against the background of the use of plant protection products that eliminate the influence of harmful organisms on the formation of the crop and the optical properties of crops

scholarly journals Results of the weed control in onion (Allium Cepa L.) field

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
O. Ariunaa ◽  
T. Erdenenzorig ◽  
B. Dondov
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Production Demand

Our country has provided about 52% of vegetables from domestic production, the rest part imported others from outside. Thus, imports of potatoes and vegetables have been reduced last year, for this reason, main vegetable seeds, were produced domestically and provided over 80 percent of the country’s demand. In the future domestic production demand of vegetable goal set working to provide by 100 percent from government our country in this connection issues urgent need to solve sowing seeds, variety supply, seed production, and plant protection. According to our research, during the growing season, 150-350 weeds growing per 1m2 of rounded onions shows that the amount of crop damage is relatively high. For the purpose of control against weeds in the onion field with 3 repetitions of 7 variants of 2 types of herbicides are conducted experimental research. These include; pre-emergent Estamp (Stomp) herbicide applied in doses 2.5; 3.5 l/ha that controls all types of weeds, but showed results of 65.2-72.4%. The growing season during a selective post-emergent of Gaur herbicide in doses 0.7; 0.9l/ ha used against broadleaf and grassy weeds that became clear of weed species density reduced by 92.7-93.4%. It was tested in this study Pendimethalin, 33% + Oxyfluorfen 24 % mixture herbicides have reduced the number of weeds by 92.4-94.1%.

scholarly journals CONSERVATION, UTILIZATION OF LOCAL PLANT SPECIES, AND CULTIVATION AS THE EFFORTS OF CONTROLLING SALT AND SULFUR LEVELS AT THE BORDER OF BALURAN NATIONAL PARK, SITUBONDO REGENCY, EAST JAVA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jati Batoro ◽  
Wiyono Batoro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Biodiversity Survey ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Well Depth ◽  
Water Ecosystems

The diversity of plant species functions as a shelterbelt, to prevent saltwater intrusion and avoid sulfur from the crater of Mount Ijen through the Banyuputih River in Situbondo Regency. The Situbondo-Banyuwangi area is strategic (Pantura), passing through the Baluran National Park, so it is essential to maintain biodiversity and water ecosystems. Mangroves, beach vegetation, cultivated plants, and forest vegetation are indicators of environmental protection and conservation. This study aims to reveal the diversity of flora species on the border of Baluran National Park, Banyuputih sub-district, Situbondo Regency, which is allegedly contaminated with salt material from the sea and sulfur from the crater of Mount Ijen. An interview was conducted to determine the function of flora, location elevation, water pH, and well depth. The results of the biodiversity survey were then collected and diagnosed, and the scientific name was then determined. Potential species diversity at the border from an altitude of 5 m above sea level (asl) – 62 m asl included 17 families and 29 species. The data on biodiversity, location elevation, water well depth, and pH indicate low sulfur and salt content; therefore, water resources can be used sustainably by the living things surround them.

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