scholarly journals PATH ANALYSIS FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KETEPATAN PEMAKAIAN KONTRASEPSI SUNTIK DMPA BERDASARKAN REASONED ACTION THEORY (RAT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Eniyati ◽  
Dechoni Rahmawati ◽  
Lily Yulaikhah
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
District Health ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Reasoned Action Theory

Background:In Indonesia birth control by injection is the main choice for family planning acceptors  (BKKBN, 2015). The highest percentage of new family planning participants in Central Java in 2016 was injection contraception of 5.4% (Health Profile of Central Java Province, 2016). Active KB participants in Magelang Regency in 2015 used the most non-long-term contraception method type injections, by 50.5%. (Magelang District Health Profile, 2015). Objective:Analyzing factors that influence the accuracy of DMPA injection KB acceptors based on reasoned action theory in PMB Dhiaulhaq Magelang Regency, with variable attitudes, subjective norm, intentions and behavior. Methods:Analytic survey research using a cross sectional approach. The population  were all DMPA injection KB acceptors,  sampling technique uses a case group and a control group that is fixied diseases sampling. Results:Perception directly affects the norm with a p value of 0.007. Norm directly affects attitude with a p value of 0.007. Attitude directly influences intention with a p value of <0.001. Intention directly affects the accuracy / usage with a p value of 0.012. Conclusion:The intention directly influences the behavior of the accuracy of visits in the use of DMPA injection KB. Perception of control has an indirect effect through subjectifve norms, attitudes, and intentions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Education based on Reasoned Action Theory on the Behaviors of Mothers with Malnourished 2-5 Year-Old Children in Sepidan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad ◽  
Raziyeh Vazirie ◽  
Hossein Fallahzadeh ◽  
Amin Salehi Abargouei ◽  
Fatemeh Keshavarzi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reasoned Action Theory

Introduction: Studies showed that about 25 percent of children with less than 5 years of age were underweight to varying degrees in Iran. Mothers, as the most influential group in family education, play very significant roles in preventing growth retardation and regular monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on reasoned action theory on the behavior of mothers with malnourished children. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 130 mothers with malnourished 2-5 year-old children in Sepidan city. Participants were divided into two groups (65 in the case group and 65 in the control group). Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic data and a questionnaire based on the structures of the reasoned action theory. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16. Results: The mean score of attitude in the intervention group increased from 33.1± 5.2 to 38.5±3.8, their intention score from  24.4±3.3 to 30.03±3.1, and practice score from  31.6±4.9 to 42.5±3.8, which were statistically significant (p<0.001). However, the mean score of subjective norms increased from 31.4±5.5 to 32.7±5.3 and the difference was not statistically significant. The weight mean of children in the intervention and control groups were 1.1 ± 1.6 and 11.5 ± 1.5 kg before the intervention, respectively. After the intervention, the weight mean of children in the intervention group increased to 12.05±1.4, which was statistically significant. On the other hand, weight gain in children of the control group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Educational intervention based on reasoned action theory was effective on behaviors of mothers with malnourished children. So, this theory can be used as an educational framework to prevent malnutrition in children.

scholarly journals Factors Related to the Incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Rahmad Suryawan Ura ◽  
Yuly Peristiowati
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
District Health Office ◽  
District Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Test Result

Typhoid fever is a disease that is prone to occur in Indonesia, because of the characteristics of the climate that is very prone to diseases related to the seasons. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors related to the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. The research design used is quantitative analytics method using quantitative data. The type of approach used is case control. The population is 74 patients with typhoid fever. The large sample taken as many as 37 respondents, with a large comparison of samples between the number of respondents in the case group is 37 respondents, and 37 respondents as a control group, so the total number of samples is 74 respondents. Sampling techniques used in this study is a simple random sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it is known that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-Value Sig (0.445) > α (0.05). While it is known that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge, the level of education, hygiene of individual respondents with the incidence of typhoid fever in the Work Area of the Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency. Chi-square test results obtained p- value (0.000) < α (0.05) and environmental sanitation with the incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-value (0.001) < α (0.05). Based on the results of the study is expected to increase kinship with patients as well as by providing health services visits to the patient's home.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERILAKU SKRINING DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS BERDASARKAN REASONED ACTION THEORY (RAT) DI PUSKESMAS SEWON I, BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Fatimah Dewi Anggraeni ◽  
Eva Putriningrum
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
P Value ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Reasoned Action Theory

Fatimah Dewi Anggraeni 1), Eva Putriningrum2)1), 2) Prodi Kebidanan, Universitas Jenderal A. Yani Yogyakarta,E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Belakang : Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara berkembang dengan jumlah penderita kanker serviks tertinggi. Kasus kanker serviks tertinggi di Indonesia yaitu wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) sebesar 1,5% dengan jumlah kasus 2.703. Hasil studi pendahuluan di Puskesmas Sewon 1 Bantul Yogyakarta diketahui bahwa jumlah pasangan usia subur (PUS) yang berusia 25-50 tahun sebanyak 6.601, dengan jumlah pemeriksaan IVA tahun 2015 yaitu 33 (0,49%). Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku deteksi dini kanker serviks dengan metode IVA test berdasarkan Reasoned action theory di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sewon I. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wanita usia subur berusia 20-50 tahun sebanyak 6.601 orang yang bertempat tinggal di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas I Sewon Bantul. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sebanyak 80 wanita usia subur. Pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi logistic. Hasil : responden tidak melakukan pemeriksaan IVA test sebanyak 76,3 % (61 wanita) dan melakukan  pemeriksaan IVA test sebanyak 23,8 % (19 wanita). Responden mempunyai niat rendah sebanyak 53,8 % (43 wanita) dan sebagian niat tinggi sebanyak 46,3 % (37 wanita). Responden mempunyai sikap negatif sebanyak 51,3 % (41 wanita) dan sikap positif sebanyak 48,8 % (39 wanita). Responden mempunyai norma subjektif rendah sebanyak 51,3 % (41 wanita) dan mempunyai norma subjektif tinggi sebanyak 48,8 % (39 wanita). Terdapat hubungan antara niat dengan pemeriksaan IVA test (nilai p=0,009 dan odd ratio=8,83). Terdapat hubungan antara sikap dengan pemeriksaan IVA test (nilai p=0,033, dan odd ratio=5,11). Terdapat hubungan antara norma subjektif dengan pemeriksaan IVA test (nilai p= 0,048, dan odd ratio=4,11). Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan antara niat, sikap, dan norma subjektif dengan pemeriksaan IVA test.Kata Kunci : Iva Test, Niat, Sikap, Norma Subjektif.ANALYSIS OF FACTORS RELATED TO SCREENING BEHAVIOR OF DYNAMIC CANCER DETECTION BASED ON REASONED ACTION THEORY (RAT) IN PUSKESMAS SEWON I, BANTUL, YOGYAKARTAABSTRACTBackground: Indonesia is one of the developing countries with the highest number of cervical cancer sufferers. The highest cases of cervical cancer in Indonesia is in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) of 1.5% with 2,703 cases. The results of a preliminary study at Sewon 1 Bantul Yogyakarta Public Health Center revealed that the number of fertile age couples (PUS) aged 25-50 years was 6,601, with the number of IVA examinations in 2015 being 33 (0.49%). Objective: To analyze the factors associated with the behavior of early detection of cervical cancer with the IVA test method based on the Reasoned action theory in the work area of Sewon I Health Center Method: This type of research is analytical survey research using a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were women of childbearing age aged 20-50 years as many as 6,601 people who lived in the Work Area of I Sewon Public Health Center Bantul. The sampling technique used purposive sampling as many as 80 women of childbearing age. The data collection used questionnaires and data the analysis used logistic regression analysis. Results: The result shown respondents who did not do IVA test as much as 76.3% (61 women) and conducted IVA test as much as 23.8% (19 women). Respondents had low intentions of 53.8% (43 women) and some high intentions were 46.3% (37 women). Respondents had a negative attitude of 51.3% (41 women) and positive attitudes as much as 48.8% (39 women). Respondents had low subjective norms of 51.3% (41 women) and had high subjective norms of 48.8% (39 women). There was a relationship between intention and IVA test (p value = 0.009 and odd ratio = 8.83). There was a relationship between attitudes and IVA test (p value = 0.033, and odds ratio = 5.11). There is a relationship between subjective norms and IVA test (p value = 0.048, and odds ratio = 4.11). Conclusion: There is a relationship between intention, attitude, and subjective norms with IVA test.Keywords: IVA Test, Intention, Attitude, Subjective Norm

Overview of Factors That Encourage Interest in Implant Contraception with the Reasoned Action Theory Approach in Non Implant Contraceptive Acceptor (In Polindes Sumekar Kapu Village, Merakurak District, Tuban Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Eka Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Reasoned Action Theory ◽  
Almost All

Today there are still many mothers who are not interested in joining Family Planning (KB). This lack of interest is due to many acceptors who are afraid of minor surgical wounds done during installation, incorrect information about implant contraceptives and lack of family support. In addition, there are other factors that cause low Mother's interest for KB Implant attitude and subjective norms. The purpose of this study is to know the description of factors that encourage interest for KB Implant With Reasoned Action Theory Approach In Non-Implant Family Planning Acceptor At Polindes Sumekar Kapu Village, Merakurak Sub-district, Tuban Regency".In this research use descriptive research design with approach of Purpose Sampling.Population that is 55 respondent KB Non Implant in August 2017. Samples are all acceptor of KB Non Implant in August which fulfill inclusive criteria in Polindes Sumekar as many as 45 respondents. The data were collected by giving questionnaires and then tabulated.Result of research from 45 respondents got all respondents have low interest (100%). Almost All KB Non Implant Acceptor has negative attitude as much as (93,3%). Almost all of the KB Non Implant Acceptors have sufficient subjective norms (77.8%). All KB Non Implant Acceptor has a negative attitude and low interest as much (100%). And all of the KB Non Implant Acceptors have sufficiently subjective and low interest (100%) norms.From the above description of the interests of mothers is very influential on the use of contraceptive devices implant. Therefore, the interests of mothers should be enhanced by communicative approach to EFA and increase the role of family, health cadres, and counseling about KB Implant. 

Soy milk and avocado juice: what is the best to reduce cholesterol among obesity children?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki Agustin Purwaningtyas ◽  
Kustiningsih Kustiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Male Student ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Central Java Province

Children with obesity have high risk to have abnormal cholesterol rate. Obesity and high cholesterol rate can cause cardiovascular disease at a later time. Children have normal rate of cholesterol if the cholesterol rate in the blood is <170 mg/dL, the threshold category between 170-199 mg/dL, and high category is >200 mg/dL. Soy Milk and avocado juice are the ways of non pharmacological care that can be applied to reduce cholesterol rate. This study aims to compare Soy Milk and avocado juice giving toward cholesterol rate in children with obesity in State Elementary School 1 and 2 of Katerban, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The study used quasi experiment design with non-equivalent control group framework. Samples of the study were 30 children taken by use purposive sampling. Soy Milk and avocado juice effective to reduce cholesterol level in obesity children (p value=0,000, p<0,05), but neither soy milk and avocado juice there’re no one that more effective to decrease cholesterol level (p value=0,902, p>0,05). 60% of respondent were male student age 11 years (36,7%). Father education were high. Soya milk and avocado juice are able to reduce cholesterol rate. Parents must give attention to children’s dietary intake to reduce cholesterol and obesity, also motivate them to do physical activity.

scholarly journals Association of interleukin-17A rs2275913 polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Sudanese population

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110202
Author(s):  
Rgda Mohamed Osman ◽  
Mounkaila Noma ◽  
Abdallah Elssir Ahmed ◽  
Hanadi Abdelbagi ◽  
Rihab Ali Omer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. This study aimed to determine the association of interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in Sudanese patients. Methods: A case–control study was conducted between March and December 2018. Clinical and demographic data of the study participants were collected and analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism molecular technique was done to investigate interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphisms. All statistical tests were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: The study population included 266 participants aged between 1 and 85 years, with an average of 40 years, classified into 85 (31.2%) cases (mean age 48.5 ± 11.3 years), and 181 (68.8%) controls (mean age 35.3 ± 15.9 years). The interleukin-17A homozygote AA genotype was more frequent among the control group compared to the case group; 95 (52.5%) and 7 (8.2%), respectively. The homozygote GG and the heterozygote AG genotypes were proportionally not different among the cases and control groups; 13 (54.2%) and 11 (45.8%), and 65 (46.4%) and 75 (53.6%), respectively. According to the distribution of interleukin-17A genotypes, a statistically significant difference was observed among cases with the interleukin-17A AA and AG genotypes, p values 0.001 and 0.004, respectively. For the association interleukin-17A genotypes and family history a negatively significant association was reported (95% confidence interval, –0.219, p value = 0.001). There was also a negatively significant association of interleukin-17A genotypes and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (95% confidence interval, −0.141, p value = 0.002). Conclusion: This study is the first study in Sudan established the association between interleukin-17A-197G/A (rs2275913) polymorphisms and susceptibly to rheumatoid arthritis. These findings appeal for further research in Sudan to investigate the exact role of IL-17A in immunopathology and disease severity among Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis

scholarly journals Tacit Knowledge Sharing Behavior, Within A Relational Social Capital Framework, In A South African University Of Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Smith ◽  
Marie De Beer ◽  
Roger Bruce Mason
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Business Context ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Reasoned Action Theory ◽  
The Relationship

The sharing of tacit knowledge is an important influence on the development of intellectual capital in a University of Technology but whereas its effects are clear in a business context, they have been absent from studies in the context of higher education.This study integrated relational social capital and reasoned action theory to construct a model for investigating factors that predict an individual’s intention to share tacit knowledge.  Specifically, it examined the relationship between relational social capital in terms of trust (affect and cognitive-based trust), shared norms and values (including social norms and norms of social support and reciprocity) and the individual’s attitude towards sharing tacit knowledge.  It further examined the relationship between the individual’s attitude, their perceived norms and perceived behavioral control over the sharing of tacit knowledge and their intention to share tacit knowledge.A hypothesized, theoretical model of the individual’s intention to share tacit knowledge was developed.  This model was found to be a poor fit to the data and an alternative model was developed which was found to be a good fit to the data.  This study incorporated nine research interviews and five hundred and fifty four questionnaires. Relational social capital was found to be significant for predicting individuals’ intentions to share tacit knowledge but the reasoned action variables were found to be less significant, particularly perceived behavioral control over the sharing of tacit knowledge, indicating the need for further research.

scholarly journals Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ESR2 and FSHR genes with poor ovarian response in infertile Jordanian women

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Amer Mahmoud Sindiani ◽  
Osamah Batiha ◽  
Esra’a Al-zoubi ◽  
Sara Khadrawi ◽  
Ghadeer Alsoukhni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Poor Ovarian Response ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Number Of Patients

Objective: Poor ovarian response (POR) refers to a subnormal follicular response that leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the eggs retrieved after ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive treatment (ART). The present study investigated the associations of multiple variants of the estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) genes with POR in infertile Jordanian women undergoing ART.Methods: Four polymorphisms, namely ESR2 rs1256049, ESR2 rs4986938, FSHR rs6165, and FSHR rs6166, were investigated in 60 infertile Jordanian women undergoing ART (the case group) and 60 age-matched fertile women (the control group), with a mean age of 33.60±6.34 years. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism and then validated using Sanger sequencing.Results: The p-value of the difference between the case and control groups regarding FSHR rs6166 was very close to 0.05 (p=0.054). However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the other three SNPs, namely ESR2 rs1256049, ESR2 rs4986938, and FSHR rs6165 (p=0.561, p=0.433, and p=0.696, respectively).Conclusion: The association between FSHR rs6166 and POR was not statistically meaningful in the present study, but the near-significant result of this experiment suggests that statistical significance might be found in a future study with a larger number of patients.

scholarly journals Investigating a Newly Developed Educational Orthopedic Application for Medical Interns in a Before-after Quasi-clinical Trial Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahla Daliri B.O. ◽  
Hassan M. Majd ◽  
Ali Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Final Exam ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
Medical Interns ◽  
Exam Scores

Abstract Background In COVID 19 era, the literature on e-learning, or particularly m-learning, has considerably increased focusing on the subject of medical knowledge transfer. Considering the importance of orthopedic knowledge for general practitioners and the inadequacy of the orthopedics internship duration in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), we have developed and investigated a smartphone orthopedic educational application named “Orthobox”. Methods In a quasi-clinical before-after trial study, we investigated the benefits of Orthobox application for medical interns attending MUMS orthopedic departments. A total of 120 students (64 and 56 students in control and case groups respectively) were recruited. The application consists of five main parts of medication, common order samples, common prescriptions, cast and splint types, and educational movies. Students who passed the course without getting access to the application (control group) and students who were also using application during the course (case group) were defined, and comparison was done between them objectively through final exam score comparison and subjectively through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaire score comparison. Besides, using case group students’ activity report provided by the application panel, correlational analysis was done on their amount of activity on each of the main parts of the application and the corresponding question exam and VAS score separately. Results The case group of the study generally achieved higher final exam scores, mainly on Order question score (P value<0.001). Total VAS scores were also greater in case group (P value =0.001). It has also been identified that there is a notable positive trend between student’s amount of usage of the application and their final exam scores through correlational analysis. This correlation was not significant about students’ application visit numbers and VAS scores. Conclusion These results suggest that m-learning has got the potential to improve students’ medical knowledge and skills by organizing must-to-learn content specified for intern students of orthopedics on one hand, and cause more satisfaction in students about their education on the other hand. Trial registration This study was not registered because it is a quasi-clinical trial study. Level of evidence Level III (Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization (i.e. quasi-experimental).

scholarly journals The correlation between family smoking habits and mosquito coils use with pneumonia incidences in toddlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Wiwin Winarsih ◽  
Wiwik Kusumawati ◽  
Anjarwati Anjarwati
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Habits ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

The incidences of pneumonia in infants Become the second highest cause mortality before reaching the age of 5 years and a health problem in Indonesia. The family of smoking and smoke from burning mosquito coils are the triggers for air pollution, which can lead to pneumonia in infants. The study aims to analyze the relationship between family smoking habits and the use of mosquito coils with the incidence of pneumonia in under-fives. The method of research applied analytic observational research using a case-control study approach. The number of samples in this study was 87 under-fives in the case group and 87 under-fives in the control group. Sampling was conducted by non-probability sampling. A questionnaire was used as a data collecting instrument. Data analysis used chi-square and multiple logistic regression. The results of this study Showed that there was a relationship between family smoking habits and the use of mosquito coils with the incidence of pneumonia in infants. In addition, there were other variables that had a relationship with the incidence of pneumonia in under-fives namely smoking location (OR = 3,046; 95% CI: 1429-6492, p = 0.003), the number of cigarettes (OR = 7.105 ; 95% CI: 3079-16394, p = 0.000), and length of time with smokers (p = 0.000). On the other hand, the variables of father smoker status and the frequency of using mosquito coils were not related to the incidence of pneumonia in under-fives (p value 0.05). It is concluded that family smoking habits, use of mosquito coils, the location of smoking, and number of cigarettes, and  length of time together with smokers were risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers

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