STRUKTUR KOMPLEKS DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA ILMIAH DAN MASALAH PENERJEMAHANNYA KE DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Ketut Mirahayuni ◽  
Susie Chrismalia Garnida ◽  
Mateus Rudi Supsiadji
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Logical Relation ◽  
Information Packaging ◽  
Weight Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Target Languages

Abstract. Translating complex structures have always been a challenge for a translator since the structures can be densed with ideas and particular logical relations. The purpose of translation is reproducing texts into another language to make them available to wider readerships. Since language is not merely classification of a set of universal and general concept, that each language articulates or organizes the world differently, the concepts in one language can be radically different from another. One issue in translation is the difference among languages, that the wider gaps between the source and target languages may bring greater problems of transfer of message from the source into the target languages (Culler, 1976). Problematic factors involved in translation include meaning, style, proverbs, idioms and others. A number of translation procedures and strategies have been discussed to solve translation problems. This article presents analysis of complex structures in scientific Indonesian, the problems and effects on translation into English. The study involves data taken from two research article papers in Indonesian to be translated into English. The results of the analysis show seven (7) problems of Indonesian complex structures, whose effect on translation process can be grouped into two: complex structures related to grammar (including: complex structure with incomplete information, run-on sentences, redundancy , sentence elements with inequal semantic relation, and logical relation and choice of conjunctor) and complex structures related to information processing in discourse (including: front-weight- structure and thematic structure with changes of Theme element). Problems related to grammar may be solved with language economy and accuracy while those related to discourse may be solved with understanding information packaging patterns in the target language discourse. Keywords: scientific language, complex structures, translation

scholarly journals Effects of input on L2 writing in English and Dutch

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-199
Author(s):  
Luk Van Mensel ◽  
Amélie Bulon ◽  
Isa Hendrikx ◽  
Fanny Meunier ◽  
Kristel Van Goethem
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
L2 Writing ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aims to explore the impact of formal and informal input on learners’ variability in writing, and to compare two target-language conditions (Dutch and English) in CLIL and non-CLIL settings in French-speaking Belgium. A regression model shows that CLIL is a significant predictor of L2 outcomes for both target languages, but that the relative impact of formal and informal input differs depending on the target language. In short, the amount of formal language exposure predicts the outcomes of the written productions of the learners of English, and the frequency of informal exposure those of the learners of Dutch. We argue that this observation is likely related to the difference in status that each of these languages holds among the pupils in our sample. The findings thus highlight the importance of the L2 status in research on CLIL, since different L2s can yield different results.

First models for structural energy transmission decoupling in the high frequency regime under aerodynamic excitations

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110200
Author(s):  
G Mazzeo ◽  
MN Ichchou ◽  
G Petrone ◽  
O Bareille ◽  
S De Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
Frequency Regime ◽  
The Difference

In the wind tunnel facility, a test structure is often used for measuring its vibrational response to the aerodynamic excitation. A support is needed to sustaining the structure and it is mandatory that this support does not influence the vibrational energy to be measured. To this aim, the maximum amount of energy decoupling between the structure and the support is desired. This work is focused around a quick method to estimate this decoupling by using simplified models for the Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation and for the structural response. Specifically, the Equivalent Rain-on-the-roof excitation is invoked with a Statistical Energy Analysis model for the structure. Some simple design rules are proposed and based on little information leading to foresee the difference of vibrational velocity levels between the two structural systems. A simplified test-case is used for the first investigations and a complex structure is finally conceived thinking to vibroacoustic measurements in a large wind tunnel facility. Although some results are largely expected, the global approach is promising.

scholarly journals A Multiple and Multi-Level Substructure Method for the Dynamics of Complex Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5570
Author(s):  
Binbin Wang ◽  
Jingze Liu ◽  
Zhifu Cao ◽  
Dahai Zhang ◽  
Dong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
System Matrix ◽  
Substructure Method ◽  
Residual Structure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Fixed Interface ◽  
Selection Of

Based on the fixed interface component mode synthesis, a multiple and multi-level substructure method for the modeling of complex structures is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the residual structure is selected according to the structural characteristics of the assembled complex structure. Secondly, according to the assembly relationship, the parts assembled with the residual structure are divided into a group of substructures, which are named the first-level substructure, the parts assembled with the first-level substructure are divided into a second-level substructure, and consequently the multi-level substructure model is established. Next, the substructures are dynamically condensed and assembled on the boundary of the residual structure. Finally, the substructure system matrix, which is replicated from the matrix of repeated physical geometry, is obtained by preserving the main modes and the constrained modes and the system matrix of the last level of the substructure is assembled to the upper level of the substructure, one level up, until it is assembled in the residual structure. In this paper, an assembly structure with three panels and a gear box is adopted to verify the method by simulation and a rotor is used to experimentally verify the method. The results show that the proposed multiple and multi-level substructure modeling method is not unique to the selection of residual structures, and different classification methods do not affect the calculation accuracy. The selection of 50% external nodes can further improve the analysis efficiency while ensuring the calculation accuracy.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING THE PROCESS OF INVESTING IN CYBERSECURITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT MULTIFACTORIALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
B.E. Yagaliyeva ◽  
◽  
B.B. Akhmetov ◽  
V.A. Lakhno ◽  
G.S. Zhilkishbayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Matlab Simulation ◽  
Program Code ◽  
New Class ◽  
Multistage Games ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Investment Process

A model for managing the investment process is proposed, based on the example of investing in cybersecurity of national scale informatization objects, taking into account the multifactorial nature of this process. The difference between this model and those previously developed is that, firstly, it considers the investment process as a complex structure, for which it is not enough to model it as a one-factor category. Second, our model is based on the solution of a bilinear multi-step quality game with several terminal surfaces. The solution is obtained within the framework of the scheme of a new class of bilinear multistage games describing the interaction of objects in a multidimensional space. Consideration of the investment process in such a setting makes it possible to adequately describe the process of searching for rational strategies of players in the course of investing in information technologies. The study made it possible to implement the program code of the model in the MatLab simulation environment.

Statistical energy analysis as a tool for quantifying sound and vibration transmission paths

1994 ◽  
Vol 346 (1681) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Symmetry Relations ◽  
Loss Factors

When a complex structure is excited in several different ways by different sources, the sea energy balance equations result in a set of linear equations that can be used to calculate loss factors, coupling loss factors or net energy flows and incoming powers. If certain symmetry relations are used, and/or if some prior knowledge about the system is available, the set of linear equations is overdetermined and can be solved by a least square technique. A good indicator for the direction of the energy flow is the SEA temperature of the subsystems. Experiments and computer simulations performed on three plate arrangements gave in general good results when the coupling was weak and there were more than three modes in the frequency band of interest. Not so good results were obtained when a small energy flow has to be measured as the difference of large quantities.

scholarly journals Achievement motive of future physical education teachers

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
Dusanka Lazarevic ◽  
Biljana Trebjesanin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Motivational Climate ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Physical Education Teachers ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Professional Goals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

This paper presents the results of the research of the characteristics of achievement motive of future physical education teachers. Starting from understanding of the importance of achievement motive for the successful accomplishment of professional goals and roles of teachers, the aim of our research is to examine the level of achievement motive, the characteristics of its structure and differences according to gender. The instrument MOP2002 (Francesko et al., 2002a) was applied, which presupposes the complex structure of this motive. The sample consisted of 373 students (263 male and 110 female) of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Belgrade. The results show that their achievement motive is characterized by the tendency towards high level of presence, and its structure is in the largest degree determined by the components accomplishing goals as a source of pleasure and perseverance in accomplishing goals, which is followed by orientation towards planning. The component competing with others is demonstrated in a moderate degree and it is least expressed. It was shown that female students have a larger degree of achievement motive when compared to male students, and accomplishing goals as a source of pleasure and perseverance in accomplishing goals mostly contribute to the difference in structure of achievement motive. It can be expected that the achievement motive, with the structure and degree of presence determined in our respondents, will contribute that they, as future teachers, become a good motivational model and the creators of a desirable motivational climate.

scholarly journals Optimizing Tokenization Choice for Machine Translation across Multiple Target Languages

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Zalmout ◽  
Nizar Habash
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Context Variable ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Morphologically Rich Languages ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Language Text

AbstractTokenization is very helpful for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), especially when translating from morphologically rich languages. Typically, a single tokenization scheme is applied to the entire source-language text and regardless of the target language. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that SMT performance may benefit from different tokenization schemes for different words within the same text, and also for different target languages. We apply this approach to Arabic as a source language, with five target languages of varying morphological complexity: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Our results show that different target languages indeed require different source-language schemes; and a context-variable tokenization scheme can outperform a context-constant scheme with a statistically significant performance enhancement of about 1.4 BLEU points.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUSES

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150123
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ALI SELAMAT ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR
Keyword(s):  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

scholarly journals Dissimilar Ligands Bind in a Similar Fashion: A Guide to Ligand Binding-Mode Prediction with Application to CELPP Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12320
Author(s):  
Xianjin Xu ◽  
Xiaoqin Zou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Similarity ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Ligand Complex ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Binding Mode Prediction ◽  
Similarity Principle

The molecular similarity principle has achieved great successes in the field of drug design/discovery. Existing studies have focused on similar ligands, while the behaviors of dissimilar ligands remain unknown. In this study, we developed an intercomparison strategy in order to compare the binding modes of ligands with different molecular structures. A systematic analysis of a newly constructed protein–ligand complex structure dataset showed that ligands with similar structures tended to share a similar binding mode, which is consistent with the Molecular Similarity Principle. More importantly, the results revealed that dissimilar ligands can also bind in a similar fashion. This finding may open another avenue for drug discovery. Furthermore, a template-guiding method was introduced for predicting protein–ligand complex structures. With the use of dissimilar ligands as templates, our method significantly outperformed the traditional molecular docking methods. The newly developed template-guiding method was further applied to recent CELPP studies.

scholarly journals Are ideophones translatable? The case of translating isiZulu ideophones in DBZ Ntuli’s short story Uthingo Lwenkosazana (The Rainbow)

Literator ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mthikazi Rose Masubelele
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
To Come ◽  
Target Languages

The meaning of words comes into play when words as units of translation are to be translated from one language into another. Lexical items that are extant in one language but not in others pose enormous problems for translators. The translation of ideophones – which feature very prominently in African discourse – is a case in point in this article. Translators faced with the translation of such forms are required to come up with strategies to aptly express their meanings in the target text. This article seeks to establish how CSZ Ntuli, in his English translation of an isiZulu short story Uthingo Lwenkosazana by DBZ Ntuli, has translated some of the ideophones used by the original author. Translation strategies used by CSZ Ntuli in his translation to express the meanings of the isiZulu ideophones will be brought to light in this article. It will be confirmed that CSZ Ntuli, using different lexical forms in the target language, has effectively changed unfamiliar isiZulu cultural notions to concepts that the English target reader can relate to. It will also be shown that the meanings of the isiZulu ideophones can be expressed in the target language using approximation and amplification as translation strategies provided that the translator has a good command of both source and target languages. The discussion will also look at how various translation scholars view the notion of equivalence at word level, and research on ideophones in isiZulu will also be reviewed.

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