The Effects of Four Types of Restraint on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in the Macaca fascicularis

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Landi ◽  
J.T. Kissinger ◽  
S.A. Campbell ◽  
C.A. Kenney ◽  
E.L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Serum Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Over Time

To determine the effect of restraint on selected clinical laboratory parameters, cynomolgus monkeys were continuously restrained for 60 and 120 minutes in a restraining box, a restraint chair, and on a restraining board. Animals were also hand caught for manual restraint. Blood samples were collected at 11 time points over 168 hours and evaluated with a standard clinical chemistry profile. Only aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were statistically evaluated; no overt changes were noted in any other parameter. Significant differences between the enzyme levels of different restraint methods were not seen during the 60-min restraint studies, but were present during the 120-min restraint duration. For AST, chair and board restraint resulted in lower and higher enzyme levels, respectively, than the other methods. Levels of ALT for board restraint were significantly higher when compared with other methods. For both the 60-and 120-min restraint periods, AST values that were significantly elevated when compared with baseline were common at 4, 6, and 24 h. Significant ALT increases, when compared with baseline, occurred primarily at 6, 24, and 48 h. The results indicate that over time, restraint methods alone can affect AST and ALT levels in cynomolgus monkeys.

scholarly journals Comparison of a full-spectrum multi-analyte clinical analyser with six reference instruments using canine and feline blood samples

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 342-350
Author(s):  
CS Lin ◽  
GH Chiang ◽  
CH Liu ◽  
HC Tsai ◽  
CC Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Total Bile Acid ◽  
Analytical Performance ◽  
Blood Samples

In this study, we report the characterisation of a novel centrifugation and spectrum-integrated veterinary clinical analyser, the AmiShield<sup>TM</sup>, which has been developed for the multiplex measurement of biochemical, electrolyte and immunoassay parameters in a point-of-care testing environment. The aims of this study were to evaluate the analytical performance of the AmiShield<sup>TM</sup> and to compare it with six reference instruments using clinical blood samples. Two hundred and four canine and 120 feline blood samples collected from veterinary teaching hospitals were analysed in parallel using the AmiShield and appropriate reference instruments. All results were evaluated separately for canine and feline specimens. The instrument’s analytical performance was evaluated initially for short- and long-term precision, bias, and observed total error using quality control material. This was followed by comparison of clinical specimens on the AmiShield analyser in parallel with the Vitros and Hitachi for biochemical parameters, VetScan and SNAPshot for total bile acids, and VetLyte and Biolyte for electrolytes. Overall, the AmiShield analyser’s performance met the standards of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology for total allowable error for most analytes, and can be considered suitable for use in veterinary clinical practices. Using canine samples, excellent correlation coefficients (r ≧ 0.92) were identified for 14 analytes of various categories including glucose, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, amylase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>–</sup> and total bile acid, while good correlations (0.91 ≧ r ≧ 0.80) were recorded for albumin (r = 0.91). Bland-Altman difference plots also showed agreement (greater than 95% within Limits of Agreement) for glucose, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, amylase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>–</sup> and total bile acid between AmiShield and the reference instruments. However, aspartate aminotransferase and phosphorus exhibited higher outliers, implying potential problems associated with matrix interferences such as lipemic samples, which warrant further study. This study demonstrates that the AmiShield compares favourably with standard reference instruments, and the new device generated data of high quality for most analytes in clinical canine and feline samples. The capability of reliably measuring multi-category analytes in one device using minute amounts (170 μl) of whole blood and short turn-around times (&lt; 15 min) underlines the high potential of the device as a good alternative in-house diagnostic application.

scholarly journals Pre-Analytical and Within-Person Reproducibility of Nutritional Metabolomics over 2 Years in Elders at Risk for Dementia (P18-121-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene Bowman ◽  
Natalia Gouskova ◽  
Hiroko Dodge ◽  
Juliana Donohue ◽  
Aline Bichsel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Nutritional Metabolomics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Nutritional metabolomics to objectively assess dietary intake in aging permit the opportunity to circumvent measurement errors that accompany subjective means of dietary assessment. At the same time, they may offer insights into mechanisms of action and metabolic disturbances that are actionable targets for modulation through diet in hopes of disease prevention and treatment. However, prior to more broad deployment the pre-analytical and temporal variation over time should be documented in order to design and interpret epidemiological studies properly. We quantified and examined 155 nutrient biomarkers and metabolites selected for their potential relevance to dementia. Methods Blood samples from three time points, spanning a 2-year period, were obtained from older adults participating in the NIA-Layton Oregon Alzheimer's Disease Center's Nutrition and Brain Aging Study (NBAS). Blood samples were batched randomly across three time points for quantification of blood amino acids, minerals, water and fat-soluble micronutrients, lipids, one carbon, and kynurenine pathway metabolites using a variety of methods including, tandem mass spectrometry. Pre-analytical coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated for all the biomarkers and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to evaluate the within-person reproducibility in a subset of 137 participants. Results The mean baseline age of the analytic sample (n = 137) was 85.6 (± 8.3, 57 - 101 years), 70% are female, 21% carry the ApoEe4 allele and MMSE was 28.3 (± 1.78). The pre-analytical CVs ranged from 0.9% to 55.0% and the ICC ranged from 0 to 0.87 (25%-tile/median/75%-tile 0.41/0.54/0.66). Twenty four % had ICC < 0.40, 66% had ICC 0.40 −0.75 and 10% had ICC > 0.75. Conclusions The pre-analytical and within-person reproducibility of nutritional metabolomics in aging ranges widely. The majority can reliably estimate average concentrations over a 2 year period from a single time point and the biomarkers with ICC's above 0.40 can be used for correction of measurement error and those below 0.40 should consider multiple samples per subject and exploring the methodological and biological explanation for the variation over time. Funding Sources Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, NIA-Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center (P30AGO8017).

scholarly journals Use of Quantitative Dried Blood Spots to Evaluate the Post-Vaccination Level of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Alexandre Marchand ◽  
Ingrid Roulland ◽  
Florian Semence ◽  
Olof Beck ◽  
Magnus Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Blood Spot ◽  
Over Time

To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are now given to protect populations worldwide. The level of neutralizing antibodies following the vaccination will evolve with time and vary between individuals. Immunoassays quantifying immunoglobulins against the viral spike (S) protein in serum/plasma have been developed, but the need for venous blood samples could limit the frequency and scale of control in populations. The use of a quantitative dried blood spot (DBS) that can be self-collected would simplify this monitoring. The objective of this study was to determine whether a quantitative DBS device (Capitainer qDBS 10 µL) could be used in combination with an Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay from Roche to follow the development and persistence of anti-S antibodies. This objective was carried out through two clinical studies. The first study investigated 14 volunteers who received two doses of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine. The levels of anti-S antibodies and the progression over time post-vaccination were studied for three months. The level of produced antibodies varied between subjects, but a similar trend was observed. The anti-S antibodies were highly stimulated by the second dose (×100) and peaked two weeks later. The antibody levels subsequently decreased and three months later were down to 65%. DBS proved to be sufficiently sensitive for use in evaluating the immune status against SARS-CoV-2 over a prolonged time. The second cohort was composed of 200 random patients from a clinical chemistry department in Stockholm. In this cohort, we had no information on previous COVID-19 infections or vaccination. Nevertheless, 87% of the subjects had anti-S immunoglobulins over 0.8 U/mL, and the bias between plasma and DBS proved to be variable, as was also seen in the first vaccination study.

Canagliflozin Improves Liver Function in Rats by Upregulating Asparagine Synthetase

Pharmacology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shiqi Wang ◽  
Yasong Ding ◽  
Ruoyao Dong ◽  
Hongyun Wang ◽  
Lingdi Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Asparagine Synthetase ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Impaired Liver Function ◽  
Serum Alanine Aminotransferase

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Canagliflozin (CANA) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor that was recently approved for treating diabetes. However, its effects on liver function are not well understood. The function of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) has been studied in several cancers but not in liver injury. Therefore, we investigated the connection between CANA and ASNS in alleviating damage (i.e., their hepatoprotective effect) in a rat liver injury model. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The rat model of liver injury was established using carbon tetrachloride treatment. Rats with liver injury were administered CANA orally for 8 weeks daily. After week 8, peripheral blood was collected to measure serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Liver histopathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining to determine the degree of liver injury. Protein expression in the rat livers was examined using Western blotting. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CANA treatment decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with those of the untreated group, demonstrating diminished liver injury. Mechanistically, CANA treatment activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which upregulated ASNS expression in liver-injured rats. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> CANA significantly alleviated liver injury by activating the AMPK/Nrf2/ATF4 axis and upregulating ASNS expression, indicating its potential for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with impaired liver function.

scholarly journals  Reference data of clinical chemistry, haematology and blood  coagulation parameters in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
YY Niu ◽  
W. Si ◽  
YJ Li ◽  
Y. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Serum Chemistry ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Coagulation Parameters ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Two Parameters

Juvenile cynomolgus monkeys are valuable models for studying human diseases. Reference data of clinical chemistry, haematology and blood coagulation parameters of juvenile cynomolgus monkeys are very important for clinical diagnosis and conducting research. In this study, 72 blood samples (obtained from 35 males and 37 females) and 20 blood samples (obtained from 10 males and 10 females) were used to determine normal data of clinical serum chemistry, haematological profiles and normal blood coagulation parameters in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys. Seventeen markers of clinical serum chemistry, twenty-nine markers of haematology and two parameters of blood coagulation were analysed. These data may provide valuable information for veterinarians and investigators using juvenile cynomolgus monkeys in research on disease treatment and in experimental studies. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Influence of Eclipta alba on serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
B. P. Kale ◽  
Mujawar Jahir Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Eclipta Alba ◽  
Group A ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Group B

Background: Paracetamol is a recognized antipyretic, analgesic drug which produces hepatic necrosis in high doses. Eclipta alba elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally complex.Methods: Randomized open controlled experimental study Estimated levels of Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Hepatoprotective action of in High doses of Paracetamol on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity.Results: ALT in all the groups including Control group (A) was (51.8±4.56IU/L). Paracetamol treated group (B) the ALT level increased at 48 hours and continued to be high up to 60 days (136.4±20.73IU/L) then decreased to (113.7±11.35IU/L) at 90 days. AST in all the groups including Control group (A) was (22.5±1.23IU/L). Appropriate antioxidant in appropriate doses as a matter of routine whenever hepatotoxic or potentially hepatotoxic drugs are prescribed. In Paracetamol treated group (B) the AST level increased at 48 hours and continued to be high up to 60 days (99.4±9.73IU/L) then decreased to (85.4±7.39IU/L) at 90 days.Conclusions: Appropriate antioxidant in appropriate doses as a matter of routine whenever hepatotoxic or potentially hepatotoxic drugs are prescribed.

scholarly journals Testicular Fibrous Hypoplasia in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): An Incidental, Congenital Lesion

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia E. Pereira Bacares ◽  
Vimala Vemireddi ◽  
Dianne Creasy
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Abnormality ◽  
Tubular Atrophy ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Bilateral Distribution ◽  
Over Time

Testicular fibrous hypoplasia is an incidental lesion characterized by replacement of the testicular parenchyma by mature collagen. A retrospective survey of hematoxylin and eosin–stained testicular sections from 722 purpose-bred Asian and 90 Mauritian cynomolgus monkeys from 56 safety assessment studies conducted between 1999 and 2011 was performed. The incidence of the lesion increased markedly over time. No cases occurred between 1999 and 2004. Between 2005 and 2009, the incidence ranged between 8.1% and 11.0% of the monkeys examined and then rose to 26.1% in 2010 and 30.9% in 2011. Overall, the lesion was identified in 10.94% of Asian monkeys with the highest incidence in animals originating from China and Vietnam; severity ranged from minimal to severe and it occurred unilaterally (38.5%) and bilaterally (61.5%). In Mauritian monkeys, the lesion was predominantly minimal in severity, bilateral in distribution, and affected 6.6% of the animals examined. The lesion occurred regardless of sexual maturation status but when present in mature monkeys was often associated with cystic tubular atrophy of the seminiferous epithelium. Based on the morphological characteristics of the lesion and the unilateral/bilateral distribution, the lesion is considered to be a congenital or developmental abnormality.

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