Methods in cognitive linguistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Muradovich Rakhimov

Cognitive linguistics is a direction in linguistics that explores the problems of the correlation of language and consciousness, the role of language in the conceptualization and categorization of the world, in cognitive processes and generalization of human experience, the connection of individual cognitive abilities of a person with the language and the forms of their interaction.

Author(s):  
Ekaterina Savitskaya ◽  

In the field of cognitive linguistics it is accepted that, before developing its capacity for abstract and theoretical thought, the human mind went through the stage of reflecting reality through concrete images and thus has inherited old cognitive patterns. Even abstract notions of the modern civilization are based on traditional concrete images, and it is all fixed in natural language units. By way of illustration, the author analyzes the cognitive pattern “сleanness / dirtiness” as a constituent part of the English linguoculture, looking at the whole range of its verbal realization and demonstrating its influence on language-based thinking and modeling of reality. Comparing meanings of language units with their inner forms enabled the author to establish the connection between abstract notions and concrete images within cognitive patterns. Using the method of internal comparison and applying the results of etymological reconstruction of language units’ inner form made it possible to see how the world is viewed by representatives of the English linguoculture. Apparently, in the English linguoculture images of cleanness / dirtiness symbolize mainly two thematic areas: that of morality and that of renewal. Since every ethnic group has its own axiological dominants (key values) that determine the expressiveness of verbal invectives, one can draw the conclusion that people perceive and comprehend world fragments through the prism of mental stereo-types fixed in the inner form of language units. Sometimes, in relation to specific language units, a conflict arises between the inner form which retains traditional thinking and a meaning that reflects modern reality. Still, linguoculture is a constantly evolving entity, and its de-velopment entails breaking established stereotypes and creating new ones. Linguistically, the victory of the new over the old is manifested in the “dying out” of the verbal support for pre-vious cognitive patterns, which leads to “reprogramming” (“recoding”) of linguoculture rep-resentatives’ mentality.


Author(s):  
David L. Blustein

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the ways in which the needs for survival and power intersect with working. Beginning with an overview of Maslow’s need hierarchy (which indicates the need for survival is fundamental to our existence) and the psychology-of-working framework, vignettes from the participants from the Boston College Working Project provide an in-depth perspective about the complex ways that striving for survival intersects with relationships, financial security, and thriving. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of time perspective and work volition in relation to the need to survive. The chapter makes clear that the drive for survival is an essential aspect of being alive in the world. Creating opportunities for people to meet this integral aspect of human experience, naturally, is a challenge that requires the best of our inner spirits and a commitment to nurturing the needs of the entire spectrum of people in our communities.


Author(s):  
Татьяна Черкашина ◽  
Tatiana Cherkashina ◽  
Н. Новикова ◽  
N. Novikova ◽  
О. Трубина ◽  
...  

The article considers the conceptualization of the world from the point of view of its methodological paradigm assessment in the context of the globalizing world. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between language and human speech activity is given. The authors explain the role of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the formation of worldview systems that develop in the consciousness with the help of minimal units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation in special concepts, which allows the individual to think within the boundaries of a certain linguistic picture of the world. Analyzes the problems of the functioning of communicative norms with regard to the hierarchy of the spiritual representations of the world. The article attempts to consider the impact of the “blurring” of the information boundaries of the globalizing world on the cognitive abilities of the individual in the nomination, qualification of the subject, phenomenon, process.


2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wright

AbstractThe author is grateful for the attention given to his book The Resurrection of the Son of God by the four reviewers. David Bryan is right to highlight the Enoch literature as a more fertile source of resurrection ideas than the book allowed for; but he has overstated his objection. Granted that the stream of thought represented by resurrection is more diverse even than RSG allowed, the book's argument did not hinge on the wide spread of resurrection belief at the time but on the meaning of 'resurrection', i.e. a two-stage post-mortem existence, the second stage being a new embodiment. Bryan's suggested elevation of Enoch, Elijah and others as precursors of the exaltation of Jesus fails in that these figures neither die nor are resurrected. James Crossley's counter-proposal—resurrection stories grew from 'visions' which gave rise to the idea of an empty tomb as an attempt to 'vindicate' the 'ideas and beliefs of Jesus'—fails on several counts, not least because it ignores Jesus' kingdom-proclamation which was not the promulgation of ideas and beliefs but the announcement that Israel's God was going to do something that would claim his sovereignty over the world. Michael Goulder revives the highly contentious hypothesis that the early Church was polarized between the Jerusalem apostles, who believed in a non-bodily resurrection, and Pauline Christians for whom the resurrection was bodily. The claim that Mark 16.1-8 is full of contradictions and impossibilities is rejected. Larry Hurtado warns against downplaying the role of experience both in the Christian life and in describing the devotion and liturgy of the early Church. While cautioning against the use of the word 'metaphor' to mean 'less than fully real', I acknowledge the force of the argument, and suggest the cognitive processes I propose and the devotional life sketched by Hurtado are complementary.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wieruszewska

The Author – ethnologist and anthropologist of culture – defends the thesis that rural landscape is an important component of cultural heritage. Virtual “cyberspaces” as - sume the role of an alternative life environment. Physical space loses the basis for explaining the world and for shaping human experience. The degraded rural cultural landscape is the proof of erroneous conceptions and rural space gathers the effects of a deficit of sensibility to “long continuance”. In opposition to postmodernist assessments the Author objects to the attempts at destabilising culture. Culture is significant. The protection of rural landscape as a particularly sensitive and valuable quality has a sense. In the conclusion of her article the Author suggests that a more thorough humanistic reflection is needed to make it possible to optimally implement the recommendations of the European Landscape Convention.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Gonzalez

ABSTRACTThe relationship between man and the environment is dealt with in a fragmented way in the fields of law, education and in the discourses of social organizations – the humans are out of the medium, assuming the role of supervisor, predator or restrainer. This perception would reveal today a “collateral effect” that is being described as an “environmental crisis” or, as we propose here, “a crisis of massive literacy”. To attest this hypothesis, we performed an exploratory analysis based on the Socio-cognitive Linguistics. We argue that the oral processes are organized around the “short distance” between the “cognizant” and the “cognized”, while, in the written process, the language is interposed “between the cognizant and the cognized an object, which is the written text”. This phenomenon would explain the broad reanalysis of a cosmogony in which the Western man perceived himself as “the center of the world”, understanding himself as a being clearly distinguished from nature (Descartes), a being “outside the world”, that reads this same world as a “book of nature”, as Galileo says. To change this perception, as the contemporary environmental education wants, it would be necessary “to acquire a living sentiment of the unity of the human knowledge”, which means to transform the formal education.RESUMOTanto nas leis como nas propostas educacionais ou nos discursos das organizações sociais, a relação do homem com o ambiente é tratada de maneira fragmentada – o homem está fora do meio, cabendo-lhe o papel de fiscalizador, predador ou controlador. Tal percepção revelaria hoje um “efeito colateral” que vem sendo descrito como uma “crise ambiental” ou, como queremos, uma “crise do letramento massivo”. Para atestá-lo, empreendemos uma análise exploratória fundamentada na Linguística Sociocognitiva. Argumentamos que os processos orais se organizam em torno da “pouca distância” que o “conhecedor” tem do “conhecido”, enquanto que, com a escrita, a linguagem interpõe “entre o conhecedor e o conhecido um objeto que é o texto escrito”. O fenômeno explicaria a ampla reanálise de uma cosmogonia em que o homem ocidental se via no “centro do mundo” e passou a compreender-se como um ser que distingue claramente o eu e a natureza (Descartes), um ser “fora do mundo”, que o lê como um “livro da Natureza”, como dirá Galileu. Para mudar tal percepção, como quer a educação ambiental contemporânea, será necessário “adquirir um sentimento vivo da unidade do saber humano”, o que significará transformar a educação formal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-176
Author(s):  
Tira Nur Fitria

The objective of the research is to review the ability of online machine translator tools includes Google Translate (GT), Collin Translator (CT), Bing Translator (BT), Yandex Translator (YT), Systran Translate (ST), and IBM Translator (IT). This research applies descriptive qualitative. The documentation was used in this study. The result of the analysis shows that the translation results are different, both from the style of language and the choice of words used by each machine translation tool. Thus, directly or indirectly, whether consciously or not, each translation machine carries its characteristics. Machine translation technology cannot be separated from the active role of humans. In other words, it will always be the best choice for users to rely on expert translation rather than machine translation. But no machine translator can be as accurate as human skills in producing translation products. In particular, the field of translation is also concerned with machine translation to support the performance of translators in analyzing the diction used as an element of language. In this regard, it needs to be underlined that the existence of machine translation is an additional facility in the world of translation, not as the main means of translation because the sophistication of the machine will not be able to match the flexibility of the human brain's cognitive abilities in adjusting the translation results according to the existing context. Accurate translation is sometimes subjective, relatively often temporal. Therefore, it is permissible for translating by more than one machine translator 


2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-319
Author(s):  
Delia Popescu

This essay considers the notion of bearing witness as an analytical path for assessing and applying the legacy of Havel’s essay The Power of the Powerless. Havel’s account of disempowerment is connected to the role of ideology in creating the “environment of power” as a tool that enables participation in one’s own disempowerment. Havel dissects the process of becoming powerless and then reconstructs empowerment by reflecting on the journey of the archetypal post-totalitarian subject, the greengrocer. In Popescu’s view, reconstruction is based on the mechanism of bearing witness to one’s own presence in the world and its constitutive effects on the lives of others. To bear witness requires a search for evidence of the ontological match between world, self, and human meaning. In this context, acts of dissenters are the exemplary manifestation of a potentiality that seems to reside in us all. Dissenters bear witness to alternatives—reflecting what Havel considers a baseline of humanity: the natural multiplicity of human experience.


1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Lock

Language develops in infancy as emerging cognitive abilities come on-line to handle the infant's experience of the world, and thereby enrich it. The attentional and motivational structuring of that experience is elaborated in the course of social interaction, but from a base in the a priori values that 'being an infant' create as to what infants find 'interesting' in their experiential worlds. There is a continuity of experience, but a reworking of it that yields apparently discontinuous stages. These stages do not map onto traditional notions such as preverbal stage, one-word stage, and combinatorial stage, but are more appropriately captured as presymbolic, symbolic, and propositional. Thus, some early word uses are pre-symbolic, and some later non-verbal gestures are propositional: that the production media might differ for words versus gestures does not appear to be a fact of major significance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 430-451
Author(s):  
Cornelis Bennema

Abstract The discipline of cognitive narratology applies insights of cognitive linguistics to narrative analysis. This study seeks to demonstrate the value of cognitive narratology by exploring the role of the reader and the extent of the reader’s knowledge in constructing characters. While traditional narrative criticism often limits itself to the world of the text, cognitive narratology recognizes that the reader’s knowledge from other texts and the real world also contributes to the construction of characters. This study will show that the extent of the reader’s literary and social knowledge of a text affects the construction of characters. As a case study, we will examine the calling of Peter in the canonical Gospels and show how four readers with varying degrees of knowledge will arrive at different constructions of Peter’s character.


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