scholarly journals Nicotine Products Relative Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Murkett ◽  
Megyn Rugh ◽  
Belinda Ding
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Relative Risk Assessment

BackgroundNicotine products have been the subject of considerable innovation over the past few decades. While the health risks of combustible cigarettes and most tobacco-based products are well characterized, there is less clarity regarding newer nicotine products, and how they compare with the traditional forms. MethodsIn this study, we have developed a relative risk hierarchy (RRH) of 13 nicotine products based on systematic review of the scientific literature and analysis of the best available evidence. In total, 3980 publications were identified and screened, with 320 studies being carried through to the final analysis. The health risk data for each product was extracted and the level assessed. The products were analyzed in terms of their toxin emissions and epidemiological data, which were combined on an arbitrary scale from 0 to 100 (low to high risk) to derive a combined risk score for each nicotine product. ResultsCombustible tobacco products dominate the top of the RRH, with combined risk scores ranging from 40 to 100. The most frequently consumed products generally score highest. Dipping and chewing tobacco place considerably lower on the hierarchy than the combustible products with scores of 10 to 15, but significantly above heat-not-burn devices and snus, which score between 3 and 4. The lowest risk products have scores of less than 0.25 and include electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. ConclusionsThe RRH provides a framework for the assessment of relative risk across all categories of nicotine products based on the best available evidence regarding their toxin emissions and the observed risk of disease development in product users. As nicotine products continue to evolve, and more data comes to light, the analyses can be updated to represent the best available scientific evidence.

scholarly journals Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Rachel Murkett ◽  
Megyn Rugh ◽  
Belinda Ding
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Relative Risk Assessment

Background: Nicotine products have been the subject of considerable innovation over the past few decades.  While the health risks of combustible cigarettes and most tobacco-based products are well characterized, there is less clarity regarding newer nicotine products, and how they compare with the traditional forms. Methods: In this study, we have developed a relative risk hierarchy (RRH) of 13 nicotine products based on systematic review of the scientific literature and analysis of the best available evidence. In total, 3980 publications were identified and screened, with 320 studies being carried through to the final analysis. The health risk data for each product was extracted and the level assessed.  The products were analyzed in terms of their toxin emissions and epidemiological data, which were combined on an arbitrary scale from 0 to 100 (low to high risk) to derive a combined risk score for each nicotine product. Results: Combustible tobacco products dominate the top of the RRH, with combined risk scores ranging from 40 to 100. The most frequently consumed products generally score highest. Dipping and chewing tobacco place considerably lower on the hierarchy than the combustible products with scores of 10 to 15, but significantly above heat-not-burn devices and snus, which score between 3 and 4. The lowest risk products have scores of less than 0.25 and include electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. Conclusions: The RRH provides a framework for the assessment of relative risk across all categories of nicotine products based on the best available evidence regarding their toxin emissions and the observed risk of disease development in product users. As nicotine products continue to evolve, and more data comes to light, the analyses can be updated to represent the best available scientific evidence.

scholarly journals Effects of Sport-Based Interventions on Children’s Executive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Falonn Contreras-Osorio ◽  
Christian Campos-Jara ◽  
Cristian Martínez-Salazar ◽  
Luis Chirosa-Ríos ◽  
Darío Martínez-García
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

One of the most studied aspects of children’s cognitive development is that of the development of the executive function, and research has shown that physical activity has been demonstrated as a key factor in its enhancement. This meta-analysis aims to assess the impact of specific sports interventions on the executive function of children and teenagers. A systematic review was carried out on 1 November 2020 to search for published scientific evidence that analysed different sports programs that possibly affected executive function in students. Longitudinal studies, which assessed the effects of sports interventions on subjects between 6 and 18 years old, were identified through a systematic search of the four principal electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO. A total of eight studies, with 424 subjects overall, met the inclusion criteria and were classified based on one or more of the following categories: working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The random-effects model for meta-analyses was performed with RevMan version 5.3 to facilitate the analysis of the studies. Large effect sizes were found in all categories: working memory (ES −1.25; 95% CI −1.70; −0.79; p < 0.0001); inhibitory control (ES −1.30; 95% CI −1.98; −0.63; p < 0.00001); and cognitive flexibility (ES −1.52; 95% CI −2.20; −0.83; p < 0.00001). Our analysis concluded that healthy children and teenagers should be encouraged to practice sports in order to improve their executive function at every stage of their development.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Androgen Signalling Improves the Outcomes of Therapies for Bladder Cancer: Results from a Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Creta ◽  
Giuseppe Celentano ◽  
Luigi Napolitano ◽  
Roberto La Rocca ◽  
Marco Capece ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bladder Tumour ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
The Impact

Bladder cancer (BCa) is an endocrine-related tumour and the activation of androgen signalling pathways may promote bladder tumorigenesis. We summarized the available preclinical and clinical evidence on the implications of the manipulation of androgen signalling pathways on the outcomes of BCa therapies. A systematic review was performed in December 2020. We included papers that met the following criteria: original preclinical and clinical research; evaluating the impact of androgen signalling modulation on the outcomes of BCa therapies. Six preclinical and eight clinical studies were identified. The preclinical evidence demonstrates that the modulation of androgen receptor-related pathways has the potential to interfere with the activity of the Bacillus Calmette Guerin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and radiotherapy. The relative risk of BCa recurrence after transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is significantly lower in patients undergoing therapy with 5 alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) (Relative risk: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.82; p = 0.006). Subgroup analysis in patients receiving 5-ARIs revealed a relative risk of BCa recurrence of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22–0.95; p = 0.040). A significant negative association between the ratio of T1 BCa patients in treated/control groups and the relative risk of BCa recurrence was observed. Therapy with 5-ARIs may represent a potential strategy aimed at reducing BCa recurrence rate, mainly in patients with low stage disease. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data.

scholarly journals 1578. Treatments for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative (GN) pathogens- a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S787-S787
Author(s):  
Tim Reason ◽  
Karan Gill ◽  
Christopher Longshaw ◽  
Rachael McCool ◽  
Katy Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Support Unit ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is a major and growing threat to global public health. Cefiderocol (CFDC) is a new siderophore-cephalosporin with a wide activity spectrum covering all aerobic GN pathogens including all WHO critical priority pathogens, that was recently approved by FDA for the treatment of GN cUTI in susceptible organisms. We aim to understand the relative efficacy and safety of current treatment options for cUTI caused by MDR GN pathogens. Methods We conducted a systematic review to identify all relevant trials that investigated the efficacy and safety of antimicrobial regimens, for the treatment of GN pathogens in cUTI. Outcomes of interest included clinical cure and microbiological eradication (ME) at time of cure (TOC) and sustained follow up (SFU), and safety. Evidence networks were constructed using data for outcomes of interest and analyses were conducted in a frequentist framework using NMA methods outlined by the NICE decision support unit using the netmeta package in R. Results A total of 5 studies, 6 interventions and 2,349 randomised patients were included in the final analysis. Interventions included CFDC, imipenem-cilastatin (IPM-CIL), ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ/AVI), doripenem (DOR), levofloxacin and ceftolozane-tazobactam (CEF/TAZ). Trials included predominantly Enterobacterales, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very few Acinetobacter baumannii. The patient population presented some clinical differences across trials, which were not adjusted for the NMA. Overall, there were numerical differences (especially in endpoints at SFU favouring CFDC), but all treatments showed similar efficacy and safety, with exception of higher ME rate at TOC for CFDC vs IPM, Table 1, also observed at SFU, consistent with the data from the individual clinical trial. Table 1- Results for microbiological eradication Table 1- Results for microbiological eradication Conclusion This NMA, showed superiority of CFDC vs IPM-CIL in ME at TOC and SFU and similar efficacy and safety vs all other comparators, with numeric differences favouring CFDC for outcomes at SFU. These traditional methodologies for NMA, are only valid within a similar pathogens pool and population across the trials, and may not reflect the full value of breadth of coverage that new therapeutic options bring for the treatment of MDR GN pathogens. Disclosures Tim Reason, PhD, Shionogi (Consultant) Karan Gill, MSc, Shionogi BV (Employee) Christopher Longshaw, PhD, Shionogi B.V. (Employee) Rachael McCool, PhD, York Health Economics Consortium (Employee, YHEC was commissioned by Shionogi to conduct the systematic review) Katy Wilson, PhD, York Health Economics Consortium (Employee, Shionogi commissioned YHEC to conduct the systematic review) Sara Lopes, PharmD, Shionogi BV (Employee)

scholarly journals Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Poggio ◽  
Laura Gutierrez ◽  
María G Matta ◽  
Natalia Elorriaga ◽  
Vilma Irazola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Cvd Mortality

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether elevated dietary Na intake could be associated with CVD mortality.DesignWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies representing the general population. The adjusted relative risks and their 95 % confidence intervals were pooled by the inverse variance method using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.SettingsMEDLINE (since 1973), Embase (since 1975), the Cochrane Library (since 1976), ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar (until September 2013) and secondary referencing were searched for inclusion in the study.SubjectEleven prospective studies with 229 785 participants and average follow-up period of 13·37 years (range 5·5–19 years).ResultsHigher Na intake was significantly associated with higher CVD mortality (relative risk=1·12; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·19). In the sensitivity analysis, the exclusion of studies with important relative weights did not significantly affect the results (relative risk=1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·15). The meta-regression analysis showed that for every increase of 10 mmol/d in Na intake, CVD mortality increased significantly by 1 % (P=0·016). Age, hypertensive status and length of follow-up were also associated with increased CVD mortality.ConclusionsHigher Na intake was associated with higher CVD mortality in the general population; this result suggests a reduction in Na intake to prevent CVD mortality from any cause.

scholarly journals Effect of syphilis infection on HIV acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2020-054706
Author(s):  
Meng Yin Wu ◽  
Hui Zi Gong ◽  
Kui Ru Hu ◽  
He-yi Zheng ◽  
Xia Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition

ObjectivesCo-infection of syphilis and HIV remains hard to manage and its morbidity shows a rising tendency. Syphilis has been associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition in high-risk groups, especially in men who have sex with men (MSM). This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates the effect of syphilis infection on subsequent HIV acquisition, and assesses its difference between MSM and other high-risk populations.MethodsFive electronic databases were searched for literature published to 21 September 2019 without language restrictions. Longitudinal studies that enrolled key populations to compare the incidence of HIV with and without syphilis exposure were included. We used a random-effects model to estimate the effect of syphilis infection on HIV acquisition among high-risk populations, which include MSM, sex workers, serodiscordant couples, people who inject drugs and attendees of STD clinics.ResultsA total of 17 cohorts and 5 case-control studies involving 65 232 participants were included. HIV incidence showed a two-time increase after syphilis exposure, compared with a control group (relative risk (RR) 2.67 (95% CI 2.05 to 3.47); p<0.05 for prevalence; RR 3.21 (95% CI 2.26 to 4.57); p=0.419 for incidence). No significant differences were observed between MSM and other high-risk groups in syphilis infection prevalence (RR 2.60 (95% CI 1.78 to 3.80); p<0.05 vs RR, 2.98 (95% CI 2.15 to 4.14); p<0.05; ratio of relative risk 0.76 (95% CI 0.49 to 1.17)).ConclusionsSyphilis infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition in high-risk populations. There is no evidence to suggest MSM are at greater risk than other high-risk populations. Prompt diagnosis, timely treatment, preventive interventions against syphilis infection would be a worthwhile investment for reducing HIV incidence. Strategies to combat stigma and discrimination targeted at MSM are pragmatically needed.

scholarly journals Arthroscopic debridement has lower re-operation rates than arthrotomy in the treatment of acute septic arthritis of the knee: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Taufiq Panjwani ◽  
Keng Lin Wong ◽  
Si Heng Sharon Tan ◽  
Glen Liau ◽  
Narendra Vaidya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Arthroscopic Debridement ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Operation Rate

ImportanceSeptic arthritis of the native knee joint is the most common bacterial joint infection. The management involves prompt surgical debridement and joint irrigation by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to compare arthroscopic debridement with arthrotomy for septic arthritis of native knee joint.ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare re-operation rates, length of inpatient hospital stay (LOS) and functional outcome between arthroscopy and arthrotomy in the treatment of acute septic arthritis of the native knee joint.Evidence reviewThis study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from database inception to 31 May 2019. All original studies that compared re-operation rates and LOS between arthroscopy and arthrotomy for septic arthritis of knee were included. The research question and eligibility criteria were established a priori. Pertinent data were extracted and random-effects model was used to pool the data where possible.FindingsA total of seven studies with 1089 knees were included, of which 723 underwent arthroscopic surgery and 366 knees underwent arthrotomy. The relative risk of re-operation was significantly lower in the arthroscopy group with a pooled relative risk of 0.69 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.86; p=0.0006). All studies reported shorter LOS and one study reported better functional outcomes in the arthroscopy group as compared with arthrotomy. However, the data could not be quantitatively synthesised due to variation in reporting among the studies included.Conclusions and relevanceBased on the available evidence, we conclude that arthroscopy for the treatment of septic arthritis of the knee results in a lower re-operation rate than arthrotomy. It cannot be concluded whether arthroscopic treatment results in shorter LOS or better functional outcome as compared with arthrotomy.Level of evidenceIV

scholarly journals The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 108625
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Dennison ◽  
Eileen S. Chen ◽  
Madeline E. Green ◽  
Chloe Legard ◽  
Deeya Kotecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Absolute

scholarly journals Association between psychosocial factors at work and health outcomes after retirement: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e030773
Author(s):  
Kotaro Imamura ◽  
Akizumi Tsutsumi ◽  
Yumi Asai ◽  
Hideaki Arima ◽  
Emiko Ando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Q Statistic ◽  
Work And Health

IntroductionThe world’s population is rapidly ageing, and health among older people is thus an important issue. Several previous studies have reported an association between adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement and postretirement health. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the association between psychosocial factors at work and health outcomes after retirement, based on a synthesis of well-designed prospective studies.Methods and analysisThe participants, exposures, comparisons and outcomes of the studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis are defined as follows: (P) people who have retired from their job, (E) presence of adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement, (C) absence of adverse psychosocial factors at work before retirement and (O) any physical and mental health outcomes after retirement. Published studies were searched using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Japan Medical Abstracts Society. The included studies will be statistically synthesised in a meta-analysis to estimate pooled coefficients and 95% CIs. The quality of each included study will be assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions. For the assessment of meta-bias, publication bias will be assessed by using Egger’s test, as well as visually on a funnel plot. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the χ² test with Cochran’s Q statistic and I2.Ethics and disseminationResults and findings will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal and will be disseminated broadly to researchers and policy-makers interested in the translatability of scientific evidence into good practices.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018099043.

scholarly journals Impact of Non-Confinement Accommodation on Farrowing Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Farrowing Crates Versus Pens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dannielle Glencorse ◽  
Kate Plush ◽  
Susan Hazel ◽  
Darryl D’Souza ◽  
Michelle Hebart
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Partial Confinement ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Piglet Survival

There are conflicting reports regarding the effect of farrowing house accommodation on piglet performance. The aim of this investigation was to use a systematic review and meta-analyses to summarise the results of publications that focused on direct comparisons between full confinement conventional crates and various designs of loose-housed farrowing pens from loading until weaning. Literature searches in Scopus, BIOSIS Previews, Cab Abstracts, and Web of Science identified 6695 articles. Twenty-two publications were retained for the systematic review and individual meta-analyses after screening for inclusion criteria. The random effects meta-analyses were performed on crate versus pen for number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, pre-weaning mortality, and number of piglets weaned. Additionally, the modifiers of confinement length (no confinement from loading until weaning or partial confinement for shorter periods of time in the early stages post parturition), enrichment (no enrichment or enrichment provided), and pen size (small, medium, or large) were examined. There was a 14% increase in the relative risk of piglet mortality in farrowing pens when they were compared with crates (p = 0.0015). The number of stillborns per litter was not different between the pen and crate. However, when providing enrichment in the pens, there was an increase in stillborns within farrowing crates versus pens (p = 0.009). There was no overall effect on piglets that were born alive or number weaned. As there is no difference between piglets born alive and mortality is significantly higher in farrowing pens, a reduction in the number of piglets weaned was expected but not observed, which was possibly due to the lack of weaning details provided in the publications. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the performance of farrowing accommodation and identified that farrowing pens do compromise post-natal piglet survival. Future efforts should focus on improving sow comfort in the farrowing crate to maximize both piglet and sow welfare.

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