scholarly journals What are the factors responsible for increase in SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 Pandemic related cases and death in India in 2021? How does environmental, host & agent factors of epidemiological triad do influence & can be utilised to manage ongoing pandemic cases and deaths?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
First Case ◽  
Day By Day

Background: – This time last year in 2020 India was under lockdown phase, many theories about India’s surprisingly low rates of Sars-CoV-2 infection included variety of factors including hot weather, natural immunity, heard immunity, robust health system, highly qualified doctors and the country’s high proportion of young people; some also attributed it to the country’s harsh lockdown. India was doing so well that in megacities like Mumbai and Delhi, officials had begun dismantling temporary COVID-19 facilities. Comparing it to current scenario in April 2021, cases and deaths are soaring. The shortage of beds and space is so acute that people are dying in car parks and other places while waiting to be admitted in hospitals. Daily rates are currently over 300,000, the world’s highest-ever daily infection rate. The SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic is still going on and globally as well as in India particularly healthcare system is overstressed with this new burden added with previous NCD(non communicable diseases) & CD(communicable diseases). The First human case of this global pandemic was reported from Wuhan city of China in December 2019. The first case of covid-19 in India was found in January 2020. Today India is having more than 3 lakh cases per day and thousands of deaths daily due to this pandemic. The situation is very worse as compared to previous year and is worsening day by day due to several factors.Objective: – The main objective of this study is to illustrate the key features of Covid -19 virus, host human beings factors, irresponsibility’s and environmental factors responsible for continuation and recurrence of this pandemic as well as worsening of pandemic day by day. Setting and design: – Different aspects of Covid -19 structural variations, mutations, host factors, environmental factors (internal & external) and its effect will be analysed. Brief details about epidemiological triad will be outlined. Methodology: – The explanation will be given to title through analysis of several factors responsible for increase in cases. The cause of perpetuation of Covid -19 can be understood by the way of infections and other related factors. Result: - Several factors are responsible for the continuation and worsening of pandemic situation in India of the pandemic. Of great concern today is a new ‘double mutant’ B1617 variant, identified in India last year, that is spreading across the country as well as triple variants discovered recently and studies are going on to know more. Although scientists are still investigating whether or not the variant is more deadly & more infectious, it does contain the L452R mutation that affects the virus' spike protein. This protein is very significant because through this the virus hooks on to our cells receptor. Early research suggests that this mutation makes the virus more infectious. This doesn’t necessarily mean that the variant will be any more deadly, but it means that more people are at risk. Conclusion: – In the epidemiological triad we have agent/host/environment. The clinical approach is based on individuals & standard treatment guidelines-protocols and public health approach is based on population strategy to control this pandemic. Various strategies and approaches are required to prevent epidemic through assessment of important parameters and indicators (see figure 1) to control the ongoing disaster and hazards of pandemicKeywords: – SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19, Pandemic, Strain, India, increase cases , death

scholarly journals How do we can control SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic through various clinical and public health approaches? What are the agent (Covid-19 virus), host & environmental factors responsible for continuation & recurrence of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Population Strategy ◽  
Standard Treatment Guidelines

AbstractBackground – The SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic is still going on and globally healthcare system is overstressed with this new burden added with previous NCD & CD in existence. The First human case of this global pandemic was reported from Wuhan city of China in December 2019. There are two main approaches to control this pandemic. The clinical approach based on individuals & standard treatment guidelines-protocols and public health approach based on population strategy to control this pandemic. Objective – The main objective of this study is to illustrate the key features of Covid -19 virus & other factors responsible for continuation and recurrence of this pandemic. The next objective is to illustrate various strategies and approaches to prevent epidemic through assessment of important parameters and indicators (see figure 1) to control the ongoing disaster and hazards of pandemic. Setting and design – Different aspects of Covid -19 structural variations and its effect is analysed. Text and figure details about epidemiological triad and various steps to be monitored and modified are outlined. The clinical and public health approaches is explained in stepwise manner in figure1. Methodology – The methods to control the pandemic under clinical and public health approach is discussed here. The methods to control perpetuation of Covid -19 can be achieved by the controlling and modifying way of infections spread and other determinant. Both clinical and public health approach methods are outlined with their importance in this article in brief. Result- Several factors are responsible for the continuation of the pandemic. The CCP (Covid -19control plan) with public health and clinical approaches can be utilized to prevent further spread in different settings.Conclusion – In the epidemiological triad we have agent/host/environment; the public health approach will deal with these three parameters. The clinical approach targets sick individuals (host) infected with SARS-Cov-2/Covid-19.The control of pandemic can be achieved only through a definite universal control plan incorporating both clinical and public health approach. See figure 1.Keywords – SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Strain, CCP

scholarly journals How do we can control SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic through various clinical and public health approaches? What are the agent (Covid-19 virus), host & environmental factors responsible for continuation & recurrence of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Population Strategy ◽  
Standard Treatment Guidelines

Background – The SARS-CoV-2/ Covid -19 pandemic is still going on and globally healthcare system is overstressed with this new burden added with previous NCD & CD in existence. The First human case of this global pandemic was reported from Wuhan city of China in December 2019. There are two main approaches to control this pandemic. The clinical approach based on individuals & standard treatment guidelines-protocols and public health approach based on population strategy to control this pandemic. Objective – The main objective of this study is to illustrate the key features of Covid -19 virus & other factors responsible for continuation and recurrence of this pandemic. The next objective is to illustrate various strategies and approaches to prevent epidemic through assessment of important parameters and indicators to control the ongoing disaster and hazards of pandemic. Setting and design – Different aspects of Covid -19 structural variations and its effect is analysed. Text and figure details about epidemiological triad and various steps to be monitored and modified are outlined. The clinical and public health approaches is explained in stepwise manner in figure 1. Methodology – The methods to control the pandemic under clinical and public health approach is discussed here. The methods to control perpetuation of Covid -19 can be achieved by the controlling and modifying way of infections spread and other determinant. Both clinical and public health approach methods are outlined with their importance in this article in brief. Result- Several factors are responsible for the continuation of the pandemic. The CCP (Covid -19control plan) for two approaches can be utilized to prevent further spread in different settings.Conclusion – In the epidemiological triad we have agent/host/environment; the public health approach will deal with these three parameters. The clinical approach targets sick individuals infected with SARS-Cov-2/Covid-19.The control of pandemic can be achieved only through a definite universal control plan incorporating both clinical and public health approach. See figure 1.Keywords – SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Strain, CCP

Impact of Environmental Degradation on Human Health

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
_______ Archana ◽  
Charu Datta ◽  
Pratibha Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
Day By Day

Degradation of environment is one of the most serious challenges before the mankind in today’s world. Mankind has been facing a wide range of problem arising out of the degradation of environment. Not only the areas under human inhabitation, but the areas of the planet without human population have also been suffering from these problems. As the population increase day by day, the amenities are not improved simultaneously. With the advancement of science and technologies the needs of human beings has been changing rapidly. As a result different types of environmental problems have been rising. Environmental degradation is a wide- reaching problem and it is likely to influence the health of human population is great. It may be defined the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil. The destruction of ecosystem and extinction of wildlife. Environmental degradation has occurred due to the recent activities in the field of socio-economic, institute and technology. Poverty still remains a problem as the root of several environmental problems to create awareness among the people about the ill effect of environmental pollution. In the whole research it is clear that all factors of environmental degradation may be reduced through- Framing the new laws on environmental degradation, Environment friend policy, Controlling all the ways and means of noise, air, soil and water pollution, Through growing more and more trees and by adapting the proper sanitation policy.  

scholarly journals Avoidance of Healthcare Utilization in South Korea during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4363
Author(s):  
Minjung Lee ◽  
Myoungsoon You
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
First Case ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Related

Avoidance of healthcare utilization among the general population during pandemic outbreaks has been observed and it can lead to a negative impact on population health. The object of this study is to examine the influence of socio-demographic and health-related factors on the avoidance of healthcare utilization during the global outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in 2020. Data were collected through an online survey four weeks after the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) confirmed the first case in South Korea; 1000 subjects were included in the analysis. The logit model for regression was used to analyze the associations between sociodemographic and health-related factors regarding the avoidance of healthcare utilization. Among the participants, 73.2% avoided healthcare utilization, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of healthcare avoidance between groups with (72.0%) and without (74.9%) an underlying disease. Sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, income level, and residential area) were related to healthcare avoidance. Among the investigated influencing factors, residential areas highly affected by COVID-19 (i.e., Daegu/Gyeoungbuk region) had the most significant effect on healthcare avoidance. This study found a high prevalence of healthcare avoidance among the general population who under-utilized healthcare resources during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the results reveal that not all societal groups share the burden of healthcare avoidance equally, with it disproportionately affecting those with certain sociodemographic characteristics. This study can inform healthcare under-utilization patterns during emerging infectious disease outbreaks and provide information to public health emergency management for implementing strategies necessary to improve the preparedness of the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Effects of Behavioral Risk Factors and Social-Environmental Factors on Non-Communicable Diseases in South Korea: A National Survey Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Nam Jeong Jeong ◽  
Eunil Park ◽  
Angel P. del Pobil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Environmental Factors

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the major health threats in the world. Thus, identifying the factors that influence NCDs is crucial to monitor and manage diseases. This study investigates the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs as well as the effects of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors using an integrated research model. This study used a dataset from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After filtering incomplete responses, 5462 valid responses remained. Items including one’s social-environmental factors (household income, education level, and region), behavioral factors (alcohol use, tobacco use, and physical activity), and NCDs histories were used for analyses. To develop a comprehensive index of each factor that allows comparison between different concepts, the researchers assigned scores to indicators of the factors and calculated a ratio of the scores. A series of path analyses were conducted to determine the extent of relationships among NCDs and risk factors. The results showed that social-environmental factors have notable effects on stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, diabetes, and gastric, liver, colon, lung, and thyroid cancers. The results indicate that the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs vary across the different types of diseases. The effects of social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors significantly affected NCDs. However, the effect of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors was not supported. Furthermore, social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors affect NCDs in a similar way. However, the effects of behavioral risk factors were smaller than those of social-environmental factors. The current research suggests taking a comprehensive view of risk factors to further understand the antecedents of NCDs in South Korea.

scholarly journals Associations between the spatiotemporal distribution of Kawasaki disease and environmental factors: evidence supporting a multifactorial etiologic model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tisiana Low ◽  
Brian W. McCrindle ◽  
Brigitte Mueller ◽  
Chun-Po S. Fan ◽  
Emily Somerset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Intestinal Infections

AbstractThe etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD), the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries, remains elusive, but could be multifactorial in nature as suggested by the numerous environmental and infectious exposures that have previously been linked to its epidemiology. There is still a lack of a comprehensive model describing these complex associations. We present a Bayesian disease model that provides insight in the spatiotemporal distribution of KD in Canada from 2004 to 2017. The disease model including environmental factors had improved Watanabe-Akaike information criterion (WAIC) compared to the base model which included only spatiotemporal and demographic effects and had excellent performance in recapitulating the spatiotemporal distribution of KD in Canada (98% and 86% spatial and temporal correlations, respectively). The model suggests an association between the distribution of KD and population composition, weather-related factors, aeroallergen exposure, pollution, atmospheric concentration of spores and algae, and the incidence of healthcare encounters for bacterial pneumonia or viral intestinal infections. This model could be the basis of a hypothetical data-driven framework for the spatiotemporal distribution of KD. It also generates novel hypotheses about the etiology of KD, and provides a basis for the future development of a predictive and surveillance model.

Preventive Measures for COVID - 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1902-1904
Author(s):  
Lavi Arya
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
First Case ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Sudden Outburst ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Day By Day

COVID-19 sudden outburst is declared as a serious public medical health issue worldwide by WHO, in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was seen officially in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019. It’s a pandemic to which all the countries has to take action in the detection of the infection and prevention of it’s spread. Despite global efforts to contain the disease spread, the outbreak is still on the rise because of the community spread pattern of this infection. Earlier the mode of transmission of the virus was seen in animal to person but now the transmission is from person to person through respiratory droplet infection the confirmed case is seen in many countries and are increasing day by day Fever, cough and cold, difficulty in breathing, tiredness can be seen in the patients suffering. The virus is affecting our health, economy, social life. Till the time we don’t have any medication at least we should try to prevent the spread of the virus. The points which can help in the prevention of the spread of the virus in the community are maintaining of hand sanitation, social distancing, Avoiding person to person contact and Quarantine. Increase in a number of testing, detecting COVID-19 positive patients will also help to reduce the spread of virus and secondary cases with strict quarantine rules.

scholarly journals ASPEK FUNGSIONAL UPACARA MABAYUH OTON

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Komang Arniati
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Hindu Religion ◽  
Character Building

Mabayuh Oton ceremony has several special functions that are first functioning religiously. This ceremony is one of the manusa yadnya ceremonies held in Bali which aims to free human beings from the shackles of Sad Ripu or the nature of the gamut brought from birth. After mabayuh oton has been executed, the bad traits will be controlled and emerging traits that are in accordance with the norms of moral Hindu religion and the basis of a holy life. Secondly, itserves as a form of local culture of the Balinese community which until now is still held. Third, This ceremony serves to the character building of children. According to the naturalistic view of the children character beside of being formed by the environmental factors, their character are also built innate factors.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND HINDUISM

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Mamta Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human History ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Nature Preserves ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Water Vegetation

Under the environment, air, water, vegetation, plants, animals, humans all come. In nature, all these quantities and their composition are arranged in such a way that a balanced life continues on the earth. For the last few years, ever since the Earth came into being as animal, animal and other bacterial consumers, this cycle of nature has been going on continuously and smoothly. Whatever is needed and is getting from nature and nature preserves it by producing more in itself. If we observe human history, five hundred and seven hundred years ago, man was close to nature. The food he got from nature was normal, it was his happy life, when water and air were safe. But gradually the change took place with time and the desire of man to live happily increased. With the advancement of science man began to interfere with the natural cycle. The effect of this was that the items of the primary needs of human beings began to lack water, air and food. The immense reserves of nature started decreasing day by day and the word pollution emerged. There was a need for environmental protection. पर्यावरण के अन्तर्गत वायु जल भूमि वनस्पति पेड़ पौधे, पशु मानव सब आते है । प्रकृति में इन सबकी मात्रा और इनकी रचना कुछ इस प्रकार व्यवस्थित है कि पृथ्वी पर एक संतुलनमय जीवन चलता रहे । विगत करोंड़ांे वर्षो से जब से पृथ्वी मनुष्य पशुपक्षी और अन्य जीव-जीवाणु उपभोक्ता बनकर आये तब से, प्रकृति का यह चक्र निरंतर और अबाध गति से चल रहा है । जिसको जितनी आवष्यकता है व प्रकृति से प्राप्त कर रहा है और प्रकृति आगे के लिये अपने में और उत्पन्न करके संरक्षित कर लेती है । मानव इतिहास का अवलोकन करे तो आज से पंाॅच सौ सात सौ वर्ष पूर्व मनुष्य प्रकृति के समीप था । प्रकृति से मिले भोजन पर सामान्य आश्रित था , वह उसका सुखमय जीवन था, जब जल वायु निरापद थे । लेकिन धीरे-धीरे समय के साथ परिवर्तन हुवा और मनुष्य मंे सुखमय जीने की लालसा में वृद्धि हुई । विज्ञान की प्रगति के साथ मनुष्य ने प्राकृतिक चक्र में हस्तक्षेप करना शुरू कर दिया । इसका दूष्प्रभाव यह हुवा कि मनुष्य की प्राथमिक आवष्यकताओं की वस्तुऐं जल, वायु भोजन का अभाव होने लगा । प्रकृति के अपार भण्डार दिन प्रतिदिन कम होने लगे और प्रदुषण शब्द का उदय हुवा । पर्यावरण संरक्षण की आवष्यकता होने लगी ।

scholarly journals TEORI KONVERGENSI DALAM PRESPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM KAJIAN PERKEMBANGAN KEPRIBADIAN DALAM RANGKA PEMBANGUNAN SUMBERDAYA PENEGAK HUKUM DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-160
Author(s):  
Mashur Alhabsyi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Law

Islamic education on convergence theory is based on the concept of Hablummiallah (relationship with Allah), in the sense that it is Allah who gives the initial potential so that in Islamic education that personality must be formed and developed for ma'rifatullah (knowing Allah) and fearing Allah even apart from believing in that internal (innate) and external (environmental) factors are very influential in education, and form a quality Muslim personality. So the most important thing is to acknowledge guidance from Allah as a determinant of success in education and Hablumminannas (relations with humans) as a form of change in human personality in social or environmental life, with the formation of human beings who are sure to make state apparatus aware of the law and able to become pioneers upholding the law in Indonesia. Abstrak Pendidikan Islam terhadap teori konvergansi, berpatokan pada konsep Hablummiallah (hubungan dengan Allah), dalam artian bahwa Allah lah yang memberikan potensi awal sehingga dalam pendidikan  Islam kepribadian itu harus dibentuk dan dikembangkan untuk  ma’rifatullah (mengenal Allah) dan bertakwa kepada Allah bahkan Selain meyakini bahwa faktor internal (bawaan) dan eksternal (lingkungan) sangat berpengaruh dalam pendidikan, dan membentuk kepribadian muslim yang berkualitas. Maka yang terpenting adalah harus mengakui hidayah dari Allah sebagai penentu keberhasilan dalam pendidikan dan Hablumminannas (hubungan dengan manusia) sebagai wujud perubahan kepribadian manusia dalam kehidupan sosial atau lingkungan, dengan terbentuknya Manusia yang taan tentunya akan menjadikan insan aparatur negara yang sadar hukum serta mampu menjadi pelopor tegaknya hukum di Indonesia.

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