Production of biodiesel using novel C. lepodita oil in the presence of heterogeneous solid catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Free Hydroxyl ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Astm D6751

Present study was designed to produce biodiesel using Cola lepidota seed oil in the presence of clay catalyst. The extraction was done in petroleum ether and oil was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The biodiesel produced, was characterized for specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, American petroleum index (API) gravity, flash point, cloud point, aniline point and diesel index. The result from FTIR shows that there was C-N stretching aliphatic amine at 1072.46 cm-1, CH2X alkyl halides at 1226.77 cm-1, C-C stretching (in ring) aromatics at 1442.80 cm-1, N-O asymmetric stretching nitro compounds at 1527.67cm-1, C=C stretching α, β unsaturated esters at 1712.85 cm-1, C-C stretching aromatics at 2924.18 cm-1, O-H stretch or free hydroxyl alcohols or phenols at 3610.86 cm-1. The oil yield was 1.76%. The result revealed that the biodiesel showed the following properties; specific gravity (0.862 g/cm3), viscosity (4.8mm2/sec), API (30.24 oC), flash point (80 oC), cloud point (-2 oC), aniline point (68 oC) and diesel index (1.424). These values were within the recommended limits of American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM D6751). This study reveals that C. lepidota oil is a veritable precursor for biodiesel production and other industrial applications.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production and Characterization from Used Vegetable Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
C.A. Odega ◽  
G.T. Anguruwa ◽  
C.O. Fakorede
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is a fuel produced from renewable resources; it is a clean alternative fuel, which has drawn the attention of energy researchers for the last two decades due to the disturbing effect of climate change caused by diesel fuel. This paper focuses on showcasing the qualities of biodiesel produced from used vegetable oil and the positive impact on the alarming change in climate today. This paper presents an experimental investigation on production of biodiesel from used vegetable oil (UVO) gotten from a road side bean cake (akara) seller. The oil that was intended to be thrown out was de-odoured and filtered to remove impurities. The filtered oil was then used for biodiesel production and characterized with physical and fuel properties such as density, viscosity, cloud point, refractive index, specific gravity, ash content, moisture content, flash point and cloud point. The results obtained were afterwards compared to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (Europe’s) international standards. Two biodiesels samples were produced at different temperatures but the same timings. The biodiesel were produced at 700C at 40mins (biodiesel A) and 1000C at 40mins (biodiesel B) with values of specific gravity (0.98 kg/m3; 0.90 kg/m3), density (936kg/m3; 882kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (1.5mm/s2; 5.5 mm/s2), cloud point (150C; 20C), flash point (2600C min; 2000C min), moisture content (0.07%; 0.04%), refractive index (1.4609; 1.4398) and ash point (0.24%; 0.01%) respectively. On comparison, biodiesel A couldn’t match up to the international standards while biodiesel matched up to the standards given.

Adulterating the quality of automotive gas oil using dual purpose kerosene: Effects on compression ignition engines, humans and environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines ◽  
American Standard

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 & 15:85% (v/v)). Samples were analyzed using densitometer, hydrometer, karl fischer titrator, pour and cloud point tester based on American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with the aim of delimiting the degree to which adulteration affects the quality of the pure sample, impact on the environment as well as the effects on compression ignition engines. Results obtained from the analyses of the blended ratios show the following parameters in the ranges; density (0.858–0.827g/cm3); specific gravity@60 0F (0.859–0.828), kinematic viscosity (4.800–1.200 cSt), cloud point (7.000–2.000 oC), pour point (-15.000 – < -34.000 oC) and moisture content (500.000–1200.000 ppm). Results of the analyses showed that 85 % dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell below American Standard for testing and materials (ASTM) and Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR) acceptable standard in terms of viscosity. A maximum of 15% dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell within ASTM specification in terms of moisture content. Specific gravity, density, cloud point and pour point of all the bended samples were within specification. Adulterating automotive gas oil with dual purpose kerosene at (≥ 15:85 %) AGO:DPK ratio as well as the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy due to diversion of dual purpose kerosene for adulteration, results in the release of various types of harmful poly aromatic hydrocarbons to the environment through the exhaust of diesel engines and cooking respectively. It can also lead to reduction in compression ratio, power loss as well as wear and tear of engine parts.

scholarly journals Effect of Time and Temperature on Biodiesel Production using Melon (Cucumeropsismannii), Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and Soya bean (Glycine max)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugochukwu Onyenze ◽  
Jude Chibuzo Igwe ◽  
Christopher Uchechukwu Sonde ◽  
P. E. Udo ◽  
U. A Ogwuda
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Carbon Residue ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Arachis Hypogea

This study investigated the optimum condition for biodiesel production at varying temperatures and time using melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) seed oils. Extraction of oil from Cucumeropsismannii, Arachis hypogea, and Glycine max was accomplished using n-hexane (67.7-69.2oC) as the solvent. Biodiesel was produced from the three different seed oils at varying temperatures of 65oC, 55oC, and 45oC and also at the varied time of 60mins, 50mins and 40mins. The best percentage yield was obtained at a temperature of 65oC and a period of 60 minutes. At 40 min, the process was not complete. A good number of the transesterification process was completed at 50 mins. Also, at the lower temperature of 45oC, the method was not complete. The maximum % yield of the biodiesel obtained was 90.83% for Glycine max, 78.00% for Arachis hypogea, and 77.58% for Cucumeropsismannii seed oils. Fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, carbon residue, cloud point, water content, flash point, cetane index, and sulfated ash were examined on the biodiesel. The flash point, carbon residue, kinematic viscosity, and water content were within the standard specified for petrol diesel. Cloud point and pour points of this product were found to be greater than that of petrol diesel. The cetane index was lower than the standard specified for petrol diesel and the three samples contained no sulfated ash. Therefore, melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) are good alternatives to biodiesel production.  Copyright (c) The Authors

Optimisation of Alkaline Ethanolysis of Biodiesel Yield from Nigerian Coconut Oil using One Variable at a Time (OVAT) Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
O.D. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Dosage

In this study, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil has been identified as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The determination ofoptimal feedstocks ratio (of ethanol/coconut oil, v/v. % ratio) was studied. The reaction was executed at different ethanol/coconut oil ratios: 10%, 15% 20%, 25% and 30% while the reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (700C) and 1.0%NaOH catalyst dosage were kept constant. The result indicated that maximum biodiesel yield (96.09%) was obtained at 20%of ethanol/coconut oil vol./vol.% ratio within transesterification reactions that were kept constant. The fuel characterizationsuch as viscosity (4.32mm2/s), specific gravity (0.887), pour point (-180C), cloud point (-120C) and flash point (1600C) of theproduced biodiesel at the optimized conditioned showed that the suitability of coconut ethyl ester (biodiesel) were within theinternational biodiesel standard.

scholarly journals A Conparative Study of Biodiesel Purification with Magnesium Silicate and Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
E. A. Duran ◽  
R. Tinoco ◽  
A. Pérez ◽  
R. Berrones ◽  
D. Eapen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Soap Content ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Astm D6751 ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Biodiesel Purification ◽  
Production Industry

It is not justifiable to use excess of water to purify biodiesel only because it is the "most economical" method. Actually it is one of the problems in the biodiesel production industry an adequate purification method; the most commonly used one is the water washing. Currently, there is considerable interest in the biodiesel purification with other solid materials such as synthetic magnesium silicate, which is an effective absorbent to remove impurities. The two methods discussed here have been tested in similar conditions of temperature, time and concentration of reactants. It was found that it is very important to remove the remaining methanol to avoid saturation of the absorbent. The analysis concluded that residues of glycerol and soap content in the two processes are similar and efficient enough and did not find many differences. The purity requirements and analysis of biodiesel were based on the American standard ASTM D6751.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Characterization of Some Oils as Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Nkolika Ibeto ◽  
Chukwuma Obiajulu Benedict Okoye ◽  
Akuzuo Uwaoma Ofoefule
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Luffa Cylindrica ◽  
Astm Standard ◽  
Very High

Physicochemical properties of Cucurbita pepo, Brachystegia eurycoma, Cucumis melo, Luffa cylindrica, and Arachis hypogaea oils were studied to determine their potential as viable feedstock for biodiesel production. The nonedible oils were extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane while the oil of Arachis hypogaea was procured. All the oils were characterized for specific gravity, pH, ash content, iodine value, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, flash point, kinematic viscosity, and refractive indices using standard methods. Cucurbita pepo seeds had very high oil content when compared to the others. Specific gravity and flash point of the oils were satisfactory. However, moisture content of some of the oils exceeded the stipulated ASTM standard for biodiesel production. Again, acid values of the nonedible oils were very high and exceeded the ASTM standard. They also exceeded the acid value of Arachis hypogaea oil except for Luffa cylindrica oil. Results indicate that the oils are potential biodiesel feedstocks. However, overall results indicate that the nonedible oils are not suitable for single-stage transesterification process to biodiesel but would be better suited for the two stage esterification and subsequent transesterification in order to obtain reasonable yields of the methyl esters.

scholarly journals Utilization of rice husk silica as solid catalyst in the transesterification process for biodiesel production

2021 ◽  
Vol 739 (1) ◽  
pp. 012083
Author(s):  
I R Banurea ◽  
N Setyawan ◽  
S Yuliani ◽  
H Herawati ◽  
Hoerudin
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Rice Husk Silica

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

scholarly journals Optimization of the composition in a composite material for microelectronics application using the Ising model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Imanaka ◽  
Toshihisa Anazawa ◽  
Fumiaki Kumasaka ◽  
Hideyuki Jippo
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Ising Model ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Materials Informatics ◽  
Combinatorial Optimization Problems

AbstractTailored material is necessary in many industrial applications since material properties directly determine the characteristics of components. However, the conventional trial and error approach is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, materials informatics is expected to overcome these drawbacks. Here, we show a new materials informatics approach applying the Ising model for solving discrete combinatorial optimization problems. In this study, the composition of the composite, aimed at developing a heat sink with three necessary properties: high thermal dissipation, attachability to Si, and a low weight, is optimized. We formulate an energy function equation concerning three objective terms with regard to the thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and specific gravity, with the composition variable and two constrained terms with a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization style equivalent to the Ising model and calculated by a simulated annealing algorithm. The composite properties of the composition selected from ten constituents are verified by the empirical mixture rule of the composite. As a result, an optimized composition with high thermal conductivity, thermal expansion close to that of Si, and a low specific gravity is acquired.

scholarly journals Solvent-Free Benzylation of Glycerol by Benzyl Alcohol Using Heteropoly Acid Impregnated on K-10 Clay as Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Devendra P. Tekale ◽  
Ganapati D. Yadav ◽  
Ajay K. Dalai
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Glycerol Ether ◽  
Insight Into

Value addition to glycerol, the sole co-product in biodiesel production, will lead to reform of the overall biodiesel economy. Different valuable chemicals can be produced from glycerol using heterogeneous catalysis and these valuable chemicals are useful in industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, soap, paints, and fine chemicals. Therefore, the conversion of glycerol to valuable chemicals using heterogeneous catalysis is a noteworthy area of research. Etherification of glycerol with alkenes or alcohols is an important reaction in converting glycerol to various value-added chemicals. This article describes reaction of glycerol with benzyl alcohol in solvent-free medium by using a clay supported modified heteropolyacid (HPA), Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10 (Cs-DTP/K-10) as solid catalyst and its comparison with other catalysts in a batch reactor. Mono-Benzyl glycerol ether (MBGE) was the major product formed in the reaction along with formation of di-benzyl glycerol ether (DBGE). The effects of different parameters were studied to optimize the reaction parameters. This work provides an insight into characterization of Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10 catalyst by advanced techniques such as surface area measurement, X-ray analysis, ICP-MS, FT-IR, and SEM. Reaction products were characterized and confirmed by using the GCMS method. The kinetic model was developed from an insight into the reaction mechanism. The apparent energy of activation was found to be 18.84 kcal/mol.

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