scholarly journals Data Extraction and Visualization from Three-dimensional Drawings Made in Immersive Virtual Environments

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarune Savickaite ◽  
Neil McDonnell ◽  
David Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Local And Global Processing

One approach to characterizing human perceptual organization is to distinguish global and local processing. In visual perception, global processing enables us to extract the ‘gist’ of the visual information and local processing helps us to perceive the details. Individual differences in these two types of visual processing have been found in conditions like autism and ADHD. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test is commonly used to investigate differences between local and global processing. Whilst Virtual Reality (VR) has become more accessible, cheaper, and widely used in psychological research, no previous study has investigated local vs global perceptual differences using immersive technology. In this study, we investigated individual differences in local and global processing as a function of autistic and ADHD traits. The ROCF was presented in the virtual environment and a standard protocol for using the figure was followed. A novel method of quantitative data extraction was used, which will be described in this paper in greater detail. Whilst some performance differences were found between experimental conditions, no relationship was observed between these differences and participants’ levels of autistic and ADHD traits. Limitations of the study and implications of the novel methodology are discussed.

scholarly journals Using HMD Virtual Reality to investigate individual differences in visual processing styles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarune Savickaite ◽  
Kimberley McNaughton ◽  
Elisa Gaillard ◽  
Ioanna Amaya ◽  
Neil McDonnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Processing Styles ◽  
Attention To Detail

Global and local processing is part of human perceptual organisation, where global processing enables us to extract the ‘gist’ of the visual information and local processing helps us to perceive the details. Individual differences in these two types of visual processing have been found in autism and ADHD. Virtual Reality (VR) has become a more available method of research in the last few decades. No previous research has investigated perceptual differences using this technology. The standard ROCF test was used as a baseline task to look at a practical aspect of using VR as an experimental platform. 94 participants were tested. Attention-to-Detail, Attention Switching and Imagination subscales of AQ questionnaire were found to be predictors of organisational ROCF scores, whereas only Attention-to?Detail subscale was predictive of perceptual ROCF scores. Current study is an example of how classic psychological paradigms can be transferred into the virtual world. Further investigation of the distinct individual preferences in drawing tasks in VR could lead to a better understanding on how we process visuospatial information. As a result, such findings would inevitably extend to industrial applications.

scholarly journals Local processing in neurites of VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells differentially organizes visual information

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Chun Hsiang ◽  
Keith P Johnson ◽  
Linda Madisen ◽  
Hongkui Zeng ◽  
Daniel Kerschensteiner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Population Activity

Neurons receive synaptic inputs on extensive neurite arbors. How information is organized across arbors and how local processing in neurites contributes to circuit function is mostly unknown. Here, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging to study visual processing in VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells (VG3-ACs) in the mouse retina. Contrast preferences (ON vs. OFF) varied across VG3-AC arbors depending on the laminar position of neurites, with ON responses preferring larger stimuli than OFF responses. Although arbors of neighboring cells overlap extensively, imaging population activity revealed continuous topographic maps of visual space in the VG3-AC plexus. All VG3-AC neurites responded strongly to object motion, but remained silent during global image motion. Thus, VG3-AC arbors limit vertical and lateral integration of contrast and location information, respectively. We propose that this local processing enables the dense VG3-AC plexus to contribute precise object motion signals to diverse targets without distorting target-specific contrast preferences and spatial receptive fields.

scholarly journals Decision-Making Competence: More Than Intelligence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wändi Bruine de Bruin ◽  
Andrew M. Parker ◽  
Baruch Fischhoff
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Development And Validation

Decision-making competence refers to the ability to make better decisions, as defined by decision-making principles posited by models of rational choice. Historically, psychological research on decision-making has examined how well people follow these principles under carefully manipulated experimental conditions. When individual differences received attention, researchers often assumed that individuals with higher fluid intelligence would perform better. Here, we describe the development and validation of individual-differences measures of decision-making competence. Emerging findings suggest that decision-making competence may tap not only into fluid intelligence but also into motivation, emotion regulation, and experience (or crystallized intelligence). Although fluid intelligence tends to decline with age, older adults may be able to maintain decision-making competence by leveraging age-related improvements in these other skills. We discuss implications for interventions and future research.

Local and Global Processing by Persons with Williams Syndrome: The Case of Visuo-Constructive Tasks

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Fayasse ◽  
Jean-Pierre Thibaut
Keyword(s):  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Local And Global Processing ◽  
Puzzle Task

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetically based neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in mild to moderate mental retardation. People with WS are known for their particular weakness in visuo-spatial construction. In a block-design task and a jigsaw-puzzle task, we compared WS persons with normally developing children matched for mental age. Three hypotheses were contrasted: (a) the standard local hypothesis, maintaining that WS persons are biased toward local processing and have a deficit in processing the global level of stimuli (Bellugi & al., 1994); (b) the disengaging from the global level hypothesis, which states that they have difficulties disengaging from global configurations when local processing is required (Pani & al., 1999); and a new hypothesis (c) the disengaging from the local level hypothesis, which states that they have difficulties in disengaging from salient local features when global processing is required. The third hypothesis is compatible with most of the observations regarding visuo-constructive problems in WS. We propose an interpretation of WS persons’ problems in terms of executive functions.

Neural and Temporal Dynamics Underlying Visual Selection for Action

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 972-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van Elk ◽  
H. T. van Schie ◽  
S.F.W. Neggers ◽  
H. Bekkering
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Lateral Occipital Complex ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selection For Action

The present study investigated the selection for action hypothesis, according to which a subject's action intention to perform a movement influences the way in which visual information is being processed. Subjects were instructed in separate blocks either to grasp or to point to a three-dimensional target-object and event-related potentials were recorded relative to stimulus onset. It was found that grasping compared with pointing resulted in a stronger N1 component and a subsequent selection negativity, which were localized to the lateral occipital complex. These effects suggest that the intention to grasp influences the processing of action-relevant features in ventral stream areas already at an early stage (e.g., enhanced processing of object orientation for grasping). These findings provide new insight in the neural and temporal dynamics underlying perception–action coupling and provide neural evidence for a selection for action principle in early human visual processing.

The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Littrell ◽  
Evan F. Risko ◽  
Jonathan Albert Fugelsang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Dispositional Factors ◽  
Reliable Scale

Recent psychological research has identified important individual differences associated with receptivity to bullshit, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of the processes behind susceptibility to pseudo-profound or otherwise misleading information. However, the bulk of this research attention has focused on cognitive and dispositional factors related to bullshit (the product), while largely overlooking the influences behind bullshitting (the act). Here, we present results from four studies (focusing on the construction and validation of a new, reliable scale measuring the frequency with which individuals engage in two types of bullshitting (persuasive and evasive) in everyday situations. Overall, bullshitting frequency was negatively associated with sincerity, honesty, cognitive ability, open-minded cognition, and self-regard. Additionally, the Bullshitting Frequency Scale was found to reliably measure constructs that are: 1) distinct from lying, and; 2) significantly related to performance on overclaiming and social decision tasks. These results represent an important step forward by demonstrating the utility of the Bullshitting Frequency Scale as well as highlighting certain individual differences that may play important roles in the extent to which individuals engage in everyday bullshitting.

The Affiliative Role of Empathy in Everyday Interpersonal Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Empathy theoretically serves an affiliative interpersonal function by satisfying motives for intimacy and union with others. Accordingly, empathy is expected to vary depending on the situation. Inconsistent empirical support for empathy’s affiliative role may be due to methodology focused on individual differences in empathy or differences between controlled experimental conditions, which fail to capture its dynamic and interpersonal nature. To address these shortcomings, we used ecological momentary assessment to establish typical patterns of empathy across everyday interactions. Associations among empathy, affect, and interpersonal behavior of self and interaction partner were examined in a student sample (N=330), then replicated in a pre-registered community sample (N=279). Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to distinguish individual differences in empathy from interaction-level effects. Results show people are more empathetic during positively-valanced interactions with others perceived as warm and when expressing warmth. By confirming the typically affiliative role of empathy, existing research to the contrary can be best understood as exceptions to the norm.

scholarly journals The patellofemoral morphology and the normal predicted value of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance in the Chinese population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Li ◽  
Guanzhi Liu ◽  
Run Tian ◽  
Ning Kong ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Trochlear Groove ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Abstract Background Our objective was to obtain normal patellofemoral measurements to analyse sex and individual differences. In addition, the absolute values and indices of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distances are still controversial in clinical application. A better method to enable precise prediction is still needed. Methods Seventy-eight knees of 78 participants without knee pathologies were included in this cross-sectional study. A CT scan was conducted for all participants and three-dimensional knee models were constructed using Mimics and SolidWorks software. We measured and analysed 19 parameters including the TT-TG distance and dimensions and shapes of the patella, femur, tibia, and trochlea. LASSO regression was used to predict the normal TT-TG distances. Results The dimensional parameters, TT-TG distance, and femoral aspect ratio of the men were significantly larger than those of women (all p values < 0.05). However, after controlling for the bias from age, height, and weight, there were no significant differences in TT-TG distances and anterior-posterior dimensions between the sexes (all p values > 0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficients between the anterior femoral offset and other indexes were consistently below 0.3, indicating no relationship or a weak relationship. Similar results were observed for the sulcus angle and the Wiberg index. Using LASSO regression, we obtained four parameters to predict the TT-TG distance (R2 = 0.5612, p < 0.01) to achieve the optimal accuracy and convenience. Conclusions Normative data of patellofemoral morphology were provided for the Chinese population. The anterior-posterior dimensions of the women were thicker than those of men for the same medial-lateral dimensions. More attention should be paid to not only sex differences but also individual differences, especially the anterior condyle and trochlea. In addition, this study provided a new method to predict TT-TG distances accurately.

scholarly journals 3DP Printing of Oral Solid Formulations: A Systematic Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara R. M. Brambilla ◽  
Ogochukwu Lilian Okafor-Muo ◽  
Hany Hassanin ◽  
Amr ElShaer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a recent technology, which gives the possibility to manufacture personalised dosage forms and it has a broad range of applications. One of the most developed, it is the manufacture of oral solid dosage and the four 3DP techniques which have been more used for their manufacture are FDM, inkjet 3DP, SLA and SLS. This systematic review is carried out to statistically analyze the current 3DP techniques employed in manufacturing oral solid formulations and assess the recent trends of this new technology. The work has been organised into four steps, (1) screening of the articles, definition of the inclusion and exclusion criteria and classification of the articles in the two main groups (included/excluded); (2) quantification and characterisation of the included articles; (3) evaluation of the validity of data and data extraction process; (4) data analysis, discussion, and conclusion to define which technique offers the best properties to be applied in the manufacture of oral solid formulations. It has been observed that with SLS 3DP technique, all the characterisation tests required by the BP (drug content, drug dissolution profile, hardness, friability, disintegration time and uniformity of weight) have been performed in the majority of articles, except for the friability test. However, it is not possible to define which of the four 3DP techniques is the most suitable for the manufacture of oral solid formulations, because the selection is affected by different parameters, such as the type of formulation, the physical-mechanical properties to achieve. Moreover, each technique has its specific advantages and disadvantages, such as for FDM the biggest challenge is the degradation of the drug, due to high printing temperature process or for SLA is the toxicity of the carcinogenic risk of the photopolymerising material.

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