scholarly journals 3DP Printing of Oral Solid Formulations: A Systematic Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara R. M. Brambilla ◽  
Ogochukwu Lilian Okafor-Muo ◽  
Hany Hassanin ◽  
Amr ElShaer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a recent technology, which gives the possibility to manufacture personalised dosage forms and it has a broad range of applications. One of the most developed, it is the manufacture of oral solid dosage and the four 3DP techniques which have been more used for their manufacture are FDM, inkjet 3DP, SLA and SLS. This systematic review is carried out to statistically analyze the current 3DP techniques employed in manufacturing oral solid formulations and assess the recent trends of this new technology. The work has been organised into four steps, (1) screening of the articles, definition of the inclusion and exclusion criteria and classification of the articles in the two main groups (included/excluded); (2) quantification and characterisation of the included articles; (3) evaluation of the validity of data and data extraction process; (4) data analysis, discussion, and conclusion to define which technique offers the best properties to be applied in the manufacture of oral solid formulations. It has been observed that with SLS 3DP technique, all the characterisation tests required by the BP (drug content, drug dissolution profile, hardness, friability, disintegration time and uniformity of weight) have been performed in the majority of articles, except for the friability test. However, it is not possible to define which of the four 3DP techniques is the most suitable for the manufacture of oral solid formulations, because the selection is affected by different parameters, such as the type of formulation, the physical-mechanical properties to achieve. Moreover, each technique has its specific advantages and disadvantages, such as for FDM the biggest challenge is the degradation of the drug, due to high printing temperature process or for SLA is the toxicity of the carcinogenic risk of the photopolymerising material.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Applied to Diagnosis of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5135
Author(s):  
Nuria Caballé-Cervigón ◽  
José L. Castillo-Sequera ◽  
Juan A. Gómez-Pulido ◽  
José M. Gómez-Pulido ◽  
María L. Polo-Luque
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Journal Citation Reports

Human healthcare is one of the most important topics for society. It tries to find the correct effective and robust disease detection as soon as possible to patients receipt the appropriate cares. Because this detection is often a difficult task, it becomes necessary medicine field searches support from other fields such as statistics and computer science. These disciplines are facing the challenge of exploring new techniques, going beyond the traditional ones. The large number of techniques that are emerging makes it necessary to provide a comprehensive overview that avoids very particular aspects. To this end, we propose a systematic review dealing with the Machine Learning applied to the diagnosis of human diseases. This review focuses on modern techniques related to the development of Machine Learning applied to diagnosis of human diseases in the medical field, in order to discover interesting patterns, making non-trivial predictions and useful in decision-making. In this way, this work can help researchers to discover and, if necessary, determine the applicability of the machine learning techniques in their particular specialties. We provide some examples of the algorithms used in medicine, analysing some trends that are focused on the goal searched, the algorithm used, and the area of applications. We detail the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help choose the most appropriate in each real-life situation, as several authors have reported. The authors searched Scopus, Journal Citation Reports (JCR), Google Scholar, and MedLine databases from the last decades (from 1980s approximately) up to the present, with English language restrictions, for studies according to the objectives mentioned above. Based on a protocol for data extraction defined and evaluated by all authors using PRISMA methodology, 141 papers were included in this advanced review.

Visualizing wood anatomy in three dimensions with high-resolution X-ray micro-tomography (μCT ) – a review –

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Brodersen
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Wood Structures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography

High-resolution X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) has emerged as one of the most promising new tools available to wood anatomists to study the three-dimensional organization of xylem networks. This non-destructive method faithfully reproduces the spatial relationships between the different cell types and allows the user to explore wood anatomy in new and innovative ways. With μCT imaging, the sample can be visualized in any plane and is not limited to a single section or exposed plane. Conventional CT software aids in the visualization of wood structures, and newly developed custom software can be used to rapidly automate the data extraction process, thereby accelerating the rate at which samples can be analyzed for research. In this review the origins of xylem reconstructions using traditional methods are discussed, as well as the current applications of μCT in plant biology and an overview of pertinent technical considerations associated with this technique. μCT imaging offers a new perspective on wood anatomy and highlights the importance of the relationships between wood structure and function.

A Structured Approach Using the Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR)

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bonardi ◽  
Christine J. Clifford ◽  
Nira Hadar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disability ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Key Questions

Background: This review describes the methods used for a systematic review of oral health intervention literature in a target population (people with intellectual and developmental disability (I/DD)), which spans a broad range of interventions and study types, conducted with specialized software. Objective: The aim of this article is to demonstrate the review strategy, using the free, online systematic review data repository (SRDR) tool, for oral health interventions aimed at reducing disparities between people with I/DD and the general population. Research Design: Researchers used online title/abstract review (Abstrackr) and data extraction (SRDR) tools to structure the literature review and data extraction. A practicing clinician and an expert methodologist completed the quality review for each study. The data extraction team reported on the experience of using and customizing the SRDR. Results: Using the SRDR, the team developed four extraction templates for eight key questions and completed extraction on 125 articles. Conclusions: This report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using an electronic tool, such as the SRDR, in completing a systematic review in an area of growing research. This review provides valuable insight for researchers who are considering the use of the SRDR.

scholarly journals Visualization of the process of selective laser melting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Андрей Молотков ◽  
Andrey Molotkov ◽  
Ольга Третьякова ◽  
Ol'ga Tret'yakova
Keyword(s):  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Level Of Training

This paper deals with the visualization of the previously simulated by the authors selective laser melting process in order to simplify the analysis of the results and the selection of technological parameters of the additive production unit. The article presents two possible approaches for visualization of the selective laser fusion process and supported functions which simplify the work and research in the framework of the new technology. The implemented approaches will reduce the requirements for the level of training of specialists working on Russian-made equipment. In the two-dimensional visualization mode, the emphasis is on the possibility of a more detailed study of the process. In a three-dimensional there is the ability of the broader scope and to see the big picture. Several implemented principles of geometry simplification for visual representation are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the work done and the results obtained are presented.

scholarly journals Indications for 3-D diagnostics and navigation in dental implantology with the focus on radiation exposure: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Kunzendorf ◽  
Hendrik Naujokat ◽  
Jörg Wiltfang
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Implant Placement

Abstract Background Dental implants are a common restorative method used to replace missing teeth. Implant placement techniques guided by three-dimensional imaging and navigation are becoming more widely available. Objective The present review focused on the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of 2-D versus 3-D imaging in dental implantology? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of freehand implant placement in comparison with navigation-guided implant placement? Methods A systematic review was performed, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The following libraries were searched for relevant literature: PubMed, Embase, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) Online, and the Cochrane Library. The risk of bias was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SiGN) checklist. A total of 70 studies were included after screening, and the evidence from these was gathered for review. Results Three-dimensional imaging is advantageous in terms of image quality, and it provides a distortion-free evaluation of the implant site. However, it is also associated with higher costs and increased radiation exposure. Dynamic and static navigation are equal in accuracy and are both more accurate compared with the freehand method. No benefit in terms of implant survival could be demonstrated within the first 5 years for any specific method. Discussion A panoramic X-ray with a reference body often provides sufficient imaging and is the primary method for two-dimensional imaging. Cone beam computed tomography with low-dose protocol settings should be used if three-dimensional imaging is needed. Navigational support should be considered in the event of especially complex cases. Conclusion The guidance technique used for implant placement should be decided on an individual basis. With the increasing availability of three-dimensional imaging, there should also be an increase in awareness of radiation exposure.

scholarly journals Is mHealth a useful therapy for improving physical or emotional health in adolescents with cystic fibrosis? A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Valero-Moreno ◽  
Laura Lacomba-Trejo ◽  
Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla ◽  
Marian Pérez-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health

AbstractCystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare disease that severely compromises health and interferes with the lives of those who suffer from it and is especially challenging in adolescence. The use of tools such as MHealth may benefit the physical and psychological health of adolescents with CF. Therefore, this study aims to examine the benefits of MHealth in adolescents with CF through a systematic review. A search of the scientific literature following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted in the ProQuest Central, PubMed, Web Of Science, Embase and ínDICE databases, resulting in 186 studies, of which seven were selected (based on inclusion and exclusion criteria). Two blinded evaluators conducted the searches, the selection and data extraction process and the quality evaluation of the studies. The agreement between evaluators was excellent in all cases (Kappa ranged from .78 to .96). 214 pediatric CF patients (61.71% female) participated in the final analysis. The mean age was 12.76 years. The studies evaluated different types of mHealth tools, with greater homogeneity in the independent and dependent variables. The quality of the studies analyzed was poor, since these had small samples selected for convenience, conducted non-experimental and low-quality designs, recorded few variables, and their statistical analyses were not sufficiently robust. Further research is needed in this field, improving research designs and considering physical and psychological adjustment variables, as well as patients and family members in the process of health improvement.

scholarly journals 3D Printing Techniques and Their Applications to Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3304
Author(s):  
Violeta Carvalho ◽  
Inês Gonçalves ◽  
Teresa Lage ◽  
Raquel O. Rodrigues ◽  
Graça Minas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Organ On A Chip ◽  
Printing Techniques

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, such as organ-on-a-chip platforms, are an emerging and effective technology that allows the replication of the function of tissues and organs, bridging the gap amid the conventional models based on planar cell cultures or animals and the complex human system. Hence, they have been increasingly used for biomedical research, such as drug discovery and personalized healthcare. A promising strategy for their fabrication is 3D printing, a layer-by-layer fabrication process that allows the construction of complex 3D structures. In contrast, 3D bioprinting, an evolving biofabrication method, focuses on the accurate deposition of hydrogel bioinks loaded with cells to construct tissue-engineered structures. The purpose of the present work is to conduct a systematic review (SR) of the published literature, according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, providing a source of information on the evolution of organ-on-a-chip platforms obtained resorting to 3D printing and bioprinting techniques. In the literature search, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were used, and two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. The goal of this SR is to highlight the importance and advantages of using 3D printing techniques in obtaining organ-on-a-chip platforms, and also to identify potential gaps and future perspectives in this research field. Additionally, challenges in integrating sensors in organs-on-chip platforms are briefly investigated and discussed.

scholarly journals Non-medical determinants of perinatal health: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e031437
Author(s):  
Leonie A Daalderop ◽  
Marjolein W de Groot ◽  
Lindsey van der Meer ◽  
Eric A P Steegers ◽  
Loes C M Bertens
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Perinatal Health ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Social Environmental

IntroductionResearch focusing on the associations between non-medical determinants and unfavourable perinatal health outcomes is increasing. Despite increasing knowledge on this theme, it still remains unclear to what extent social, environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to these unfavourable outcomes. Therefore, we aim to provide a systematic review, preferably with meta-analysis, in order to provide insight into the associations between non-medical determinants and perinatal mortality, preterm birth and being small for gestational age (SGA).Methods and analysisObservational studies performed in European countries studying the associations between non-medical determinants and unfavourable perinatal health outcomes will be included. Primary outcomes of interest are perinatal mortality, preterm birth and SGA. To retrieve potential eligible articles, a systematic literature search was performed in the following online databases on 5 October 2018: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Additionally, a reference list check and citation search will be performed. Data of the included articles will be extracted using a standardised and piloted data extraction form. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The study selection and data extraction process will be performed by two reviewers independently. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. The pooled effects will be calculated separately for each association found between one of the outcome measures and the non-medical determinants using a random effects model. Heterogeneity of the studies will be assessed using the I2statistic.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is necessary for a systematic review with meta-analysis. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018056105.

scholarly journals Use of systematic reviews to justify the conduct of urology clinical trials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Shepard ◽  
Audrey Wise ◽  
Bradley S. Johnson ◽  
Matt Vassar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Research Waste ◽  
Pubmed Search

Abstract Background Given the increased amount of research being funded in the field of urology, reducing the amount of research waste is vital. Systematic reviews are an essential tool in aiding in reducing waste in research; they are a comprehensive summary of the current data on a clinical question. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of systematic reviews as justification in conducting randomized clinical trials (RCT) in high impact urology journals. Methods On December 13, 2019, one of us (BJ) conducted a PubMed search for randomized controlled trials published in the top four urology journals according to their Google Scholar h5-index. Using a masked data extraction process each RCT was searched for systematic reviews. Then each review was evaluated for if it was justification for conducting the trial based on the context the systematic review was used.Results Of the 566 articles retrieved 281 were included. Overall 60.5% (170/281) trials cited a systematic review. We found only 47.6% (134/281) studies cited a systematic review as “verbatim” justification for conducting the trial. Regression analysis yielded a finding of statistical significance in showing a correlation of studies over medical devices were more likely to cite a systematic review than other study topics ( adjusted odds ratio 2.01, 95% CI, 1.08 - 3.73) A total of 409 different systematic review citations were recorded in the 281 trials.Conclusion Less than half of clinical trials cited a systematic review as justification for conducting the trial. If clinical trials were required to support their studies with systematic reviews we believe this would greatly reduce the amount of research waste within clinical research.

scholarly journals Sedentary behaviour levels in adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Louise Lynch ◽  
Mary McCarron ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Eilish Burke
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Sedentary behaviour (SB), which is characterised by low levels of energy expenditure, has been linked to increased cardio-metabolic risks, obesity and mortality, as well as cancer risk. No firm guidelines are established on safe levels of SB. Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) have poorer health than their counterparts in the general population with higher rates of multi-morbidity, inactivity, and obesity. The reasons for this health disparity are unclear however it is known that SB and overall inactivity contribute to poorer health. There is no clear picture of the levels of SB among individuals with ID therefore SB levels in this vulnerable population need to be examined. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the prevalence of sedentary behaviour in adults with an ID.   Methods: The PRISMA-P framework was applied to identify high quality articles. An extensive search was carried out in four databases and grey literature sources . In total, 1,972 articles were retrieved of which 48 articles went forward for full review after duplicate removal and screening by title and abstract. The National Institute of Health’s quality assessment tools were used to assess article quality. Two reviewers independently assessed each article. An excel spreadsheet was created to guide the data extraction process. The final review included 25 articles. A meta-analysis was completed using REVMAN.   Results: Different SB assessment types were identified in studies. These included steps, time, questionnaires, and screen time. Studies were heterogeneous. Observed daily steps per individual ranged from 44 to above 30,000, with an average of approximately 6,500 steps. Mean daily time spent in SBs was more than 60% of available time, with observed screen time of more than 3 hours.  Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of SB in adults with an intellectual disability.   [Registration no: Index CRD42020177225].

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