scholarly journals Low Base Rates and a High IQ Selection Threshold Prevented Terman from Identifying Future Nobelists

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell T. Warne ◽  
Ross Larsen ◽  
Jonathan Clark
Keyword(s):  
Intelligence Testing ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Reliability Generalization ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Selection Threshold ◽  
Fatal Flaw ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Luis Alvarez ◽  
The Relationship

Although the accomplishments of the 1,528 subjects of the Genetic Studies of Genius are impressive, they do not represent the pinnacle of human achievement. Since the early 1990s, commentators have criticized the study because two future Nobelists—William Shockley and Luis Alvarez—were among the candidates screened for the study; but they were rejected because their IQ scores were too low. Critics see this as a flaw of Terman’s methodology and/or intelligence testing. This study simulates the Terman’s sampling procedure to estimate the probability that Terman would have selected one or both future Nobelists from a population of 168,000 candidates. Using simulations, we created a model that reflected the reliability of the IQ scores used to select individuals for the Genetic Studies of Genius and the relationship between IQ and Nobelist status. Results showed that it was unlikely for Terman to identify children who would later earn Nobel prizes, mostly because of the low base rate of earning a Nobel and the high minimum IQ needed to be selected for Terman’s study. Changes to the methodology that would have been required to select one or both Nobelists were not practical. Therefore, future Nobelists’ absence from the Genetic Studies of Genius sample is not a fatal flaw of intelligence testing or Terman’s study. Instead, predicting high levels of eminence requires measuring a variety of relevant cognitive and non-cognitive variables. A preprint version of this paper is available at https://psyarxiv.com/g4x6r/. Simulation code and results and reliability generalization information are available at https://osf.io/3xfe8/.

Intelligence Testing for Visually Impaired Persons

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
Charles J. Vander Kolk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Intelligence Testing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Blind Persons ◽  
Visual Diagnosis ◽  
Visually Impaired Persons ◽  
The Relationship

A review of research on intelligence testing with blind persons is presented. Comparisons between sighted and various visually impaired groups are made. The relationship between intelligence and blind subgroups is analyzed: Congenital and adventitious, degree of vision, visual diagnosis, attendance at residential versus public schools, length of education, family and social status. While sighted and visually impaired groups are similar in mean IQ scores, evidence was found to support the notion of intellectual factors that are differentially developed in the blind. Subgroup comparisons within the blind population suggest differences on the basis of age, education, and damage to the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Uric Acid and Hypertension: Prognostic Role and Guide for Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Federica Piani ◽  
Arrigo F. G. Cicero ◽  
Claudio Borghi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and hypertension has been a subject of increasing interest since the 1870 discovery by Frederick Akbar Mahomed. Several epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between high SUA levels and the presence or the development of hypertension. Genetic analyses have found that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) genetic polymorphisms are associated with hypertension. However, genetic studies on urate transporters and Mendelian randomization studies failed to demonstrate a causal relationship between SUA and hypertension. Results from clinical trials on the role of urate-lowering therapy in the management of patients with hypertension are not uniform. Our study sought to analyze the prognostic and therapeutic role of SUA in the hypertensive disease, from uric acid (UA) biology to clinical trials on urate-lowering therapies.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Structure of Altruism Characterized by Recipients in Relation to Personality

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Juko Ando ◽  
Tetsuya Kawamoto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Environmental Structure ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Genetic Factor

Background and Objectives: Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior with the goal of increasing the fitness of another individual as a recipient while reducing the fitness of the actor. Although there are many studies on its heterogeneity, only a few behavioral genetic studies have been conducted to examine different recipient types: family members favored by kin selection, the dynamic network of friends and acquaintances as direct reciprocity, and strangers as indirect reciprocity. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the genetic and environmental structure of altruism with reference to recipient types measured by the self-report altruism scale distinguished by the recipient (the SRAS-DR) and examine the relationship to personality dimensions measured by the NEO-FFI with a sample of 461 adult Japanese twin pairs. Results: The present study shows that there is a single common factor of altruism: additive genetic effects explain 51% of altruism without a shared environmental contribution. The genetic contribution of this single common factor is explained by the genetic factors of neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness to experience (O), and conscientiousness (C), as well as a common genetic factor specific to altruism. Only altruism toward strangers is affected by shared environmental factors. Conclusions: Different types of altruistic personality are constructed by specific combinational profiles of general personality traits such as the Big Five as well as a genetic factor specific to altruism in each specific way.

scholarly journals I am smart, therefore I can: examining the relationship between IQ and self-efficacy across cultures

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diomaris E.S. Jurecska ◽  
Chloe E. Lee ◽  
Kelly B.T. Chang ◽  
Elizabeth Sequeira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between intelligence (IQ) and self-efficacy in children and adolescents living in the United States and Nicaragua. The sample consisted of 90 (46 male, 44 female) students (mean age=11.57 years, SD=3.0 years) referred by school administrators and faculty. United States (US) participants (n=27) resided in rural counties in the Northwest. The other group consisted of 63 students from Central America. A comparison between groups revealed that in the US, sample higher grades and IQ scores are typically associated with higher levels of self-efficacy. However in the Nicaraguan sample, both IQ scores and grades were not associated with self-efficacy, although age was correlated with self-efficacy. Results suggest that the construct of self-efficacy might change depending on whether one belongs to an individualistic or collectivistic society. Additionally, the effects of socioeconomic factors might influence perceived ability even more than intellectual abilities.

scholarly journals Relationship between Gratitude and Teacher Effectiveness

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laly Augustine ◽  
Dr. Romate John ◽  
Dr. Yuju Francis
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Effectiveness ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Class Management ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Random Method

The researcher in this study explores teachers’ positive emotion of gratitude and its effect on teacher effectiveness. The objective of the study was to discover the relationship between gratitude and teacher effectiveness .The researcher undertook a study in which 65 high school teachers from Karnataka state participated. The researcher has employed simple random method to fulfill the sampling procedure. Gratitude questionnaire (McCullough et al., 2002) and Teacher Effectiveness questionnaire (Kulsum, 2000) were used for data collection via survey method. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was administered to find the correlation of the variables. The findings confirmed that there was positive correlation between gratitude and teacher effectiveness. Moreover, gratitude and factors of teacher effectiveness are also found positive relationship except class management of the teachers. The implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

Reliability Generalization as a Seal of Quality of Substantive Meta-Analyses: The Case of the VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) and Their Relationships to Life Satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 1167-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Ovejero Bruna ◽  
Andreea C. Brabete ◽  
Jesús M. Alvarado Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Character Strengths ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Reliability Generalization ◽  
The Relationship

Reliable test scores are essential to interpret the results obtained in statistical analyses correctly. In this study, we used the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) as an example of a widely applied assessment instrument to analyze its metric quality in what is known as reliability generalization (RG). In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of the correlations between character strengths and life satisfaction to examine the potential relationship between the reliability of test scores and the intensity of these correlations. The overall variability of alpha coefficients supports the argument that reliability is sample dependent. Indeed, there were statistically significant mean reliability differences for scores across the 24 scales, with the highest level of reliability observed for Creativity and the lowest for scores on Self-regulation. Significant moderators such as the standard deviation of the scores and the sample type contribute to understand the high variability observed in the reliability estimation. The second meta-analysis showed that Zest, Hope, Gratitude, Curiosity, and Love were the character strengths that were highly related to life satisfaction, while Modesty and Prudence were less related to life satisfaction. Furthermore, the high heterogeneity between samples might be an indicator of the relationship between the variability of reliability of character strengths' scores and the intensity of their correlations with life satisfaction. Those character strengths with high-potential RG are related or unrelated to life satisfaction, whereas character strengths with less-potential RG showed unstable correlation patterns. The results of both studies point out the role of the relationship between the reliability of test scores and substantive studies, such as Pearson's correlations meta-analysis.

Asa Hilliard: Conceptualizing and Constructing an African-Centered Pedagogy

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
DeReef F. Jamison
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Intelligence Testing ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Black Folk ◽  
African People ◽  
African Centered ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
Educational Potential ◽  
The Relationship

Asa G. Hilliard’s involvement in the education and re-Africanization process of African Americans serves as a prime example of an African-centered praxis that can be used to maximize the educational potential and possibilities of African people. As historian, psychologist, and teacher, Hilliard viewed education as one of the cornerstones in the African American quest for freedom and was committed to employing education as a tool to self-discovery and liberation. Hilliard’s work is explored through examining his perspectives on the relationship between history and psychology, the education of Black folk, the efforts to initiate paradigmatic shifts in intelligence testing, and the culture wars. This analysis of Hilliard highlights his theoretical and conceptual contributions to the formation of an African-centered pedagogy that functions as means for African descended people to affirm and assert their agency.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Learners Gender Differences and Communication Apprehension Considering the Class Participation in Iranian EFL Context

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Ali Faridizad ◽  
Shahla Simin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Communication Apprehension ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Class Participation ◽  
The Relationship

The ability to communicate effectively is the optimum goal of learning English. Class participation plays a pivotal role in improving oral communication. Some obstacles prevent students from reaching class participation which may halt student' potent communication. Oral communication apprehension has been found to be the most important factor affecting the class participation. With all the differences separating males and females, it is no surprise that communication apprehension would be affected by gender differences. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between learners' gender differences and oral communication apprehension with respect to class participation. To achieve this goal, 140 undergraduate students including 70 males and 70 females majoring in English literature, translation and teaching from Sheik-Bahai University were selected. This sample was chosen by means of simple random sampling procedure. A questionnaire was utilized as the instrument to examine the relationships between learners' gender differences and oral communication apprehension. The data accumulated by means of the questionnaire were analyzed to ascertain the answers to the research question. In general, the findings showed that female students tend to be more apprehensive than men regarding the class participation.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Intrinsic Motivation and Academic Achievement of Male and Female Students at University Level in Pakistan: A Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Sadaf Tariq ◽  
Sumaera Mahmood . ◽  
Sarwat Mubeen .
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
University Level ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
The Relationship

Psychologists and educators believe motivation as a significant factor that has an effect on student learning and accomplishment. It is a general argument that suitable motivational orientations make learning easy while unsuitable ones obstruct it. Intrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation that approach from individual factors within a person rather than merely from some outside motives. Intrinsic motivation shows learners commitment in learning for its personal interest. In Pakistan, perhaps little research has yet been done in this field. The study was conducted to find the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic achievement of students at university level in province Punjab, Pakistan. The main objectives of study were, to finds out profiles of students with respect to intrinsic motivation and academic achievement, to find out difference among male and female students on intrinsic motivation and academic achievement. The population of the study comprised of 600 male and female students studying in universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 300 male and 300 female students of universities selected through multistage sampling procedure. In order to measure intrinsic motivation of students, an adapted version of Harter’s (1981) intrinsic motivation scale was used. Academic achievement of students was measured through their university results. The scores on each variable were calculated and summarized through mean and standard deviation scores. The significance of difference between mean scores of male and female and BA and B.Sc students on the study variables were calculated by t-test (two-tailed). The relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic achievement was computed by using Person ‘r’. The results of the study revealed no gender difference. Both male and female were found to be equal in intrinsic motivation and academic achievement.

scholarly journals Perceptions of the Relationship between Cultural Biases and Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Taraba State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Hamid U. Mahmood ◽  
Chia I. Azuaga
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
State Government ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between cultural biases and farmer-herder conflicts in Taraba State, Nigeria. The population was made up of 973 respondents comprising the households of selected farmers and herders in Taraba State. The sample size of210 was selected using purposive sampling procedure. The instrument for data collection was an 18-item questionnaire. One hundred and ninety-five (195) copies of the questionnaire were successfully retrieved and analysed. Mean and standard deviation was used to summarise the data. Findings indicated that cultural barriers which spots nomads as strangers in farming communities is among some aspects of cultural biases that promote farmer-herder conflicts in Taraba State. Government should come up with policies that will reduce the vegetative impact of cultural preferences and barriers. Keywords: Cultural biases, farmer-herder conflicts, socio-economic activities

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