scholarly journals Linguistic Synaesthesia in Turkish: A Corpus-Based Study of Cross-Modal Directionality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Kumcu
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
Large Corpus

Linguistic synaesthesia (i.e., synaesthetic metaphor, intrafield metaphor or cross-modal metaphor) refers to instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (sound). Ullmann (1957) and later, Williams (1976) were first to show that synaesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal pattern that goes from the lower (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to higher senses (i.e., hearing and sight) but not the other way around (e.g., melodious sweetness) Studies across languages, cultures, domains, and text types presented mixed results as to the universality claim of cross-modal mappings in linguistic synaesthesia (e.g., Jo, 2019; Strik Lievers, 2015; Zhao et al., 2019). To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the directionality principle, 5699 cases of linguistic synaesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Results show that except for the transfers from smell to hearing which is unidirectional, synaesthetic transfers in Turkish do not comply with the directionality principle in the strictest sense. Although most transfers that follow the canonical direction were also significantly more frequent, there were instances of “backward transfers”. Further, two of the backward transfers (i.e., from smell to touch and from taste to touch) were significantly more frequent than their canonical counterparts (i.e., from touch to smell and from touch to taste). Results are compared against synaesthesia in other languages and discussed in the framework of linguistic universals and embodied cognition. Supplemental materials: https://osf.io/2unvy

Synaesthesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Strik Lievers
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Contradictory Evidence

In the existing literature on synaesthetic metaphors in poetry it is proposed that transfers tend to go from the ‘lower’ (touch, smell, taste) to the ‘higher’ (sight, hearing) sensory modalities. The purpose of this article is to establish if the same directionality also holds for synaesthetic associations found in other text types. To this end, a method for the semi-automatic extraction of synaesthesia is introduced and applied to general-purpose corpora of English (ukWaC) and Italian (itWaC). In the data collected for these languages, most transfers proceed in the expected direction, e.g. sweet voice, but instances of ‘backward’ transfers are also found, e.g. bitter cold. Based on these results, it is claimed that the ‘directionality principle’ reflects the frequency of association types, rather than representing universal constraints on synaesthetic transfers, as has often been more or less explicitly assumed. It is here argued that both properties of human perception and more strictly linguistic factors can account for the frequency tendencies observed in synaesthesia. The proposed interpretation is also shown to account for apparently contradictory evidence coming from typological studies on verbs of perception.

SAE 1039

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Hot Rolled

Abstract SAF 1039 steel can be used in the hot-rolled, normalized, oil-quenched-and-tempered or water-quenched-and-tempered condition for general-purpose construction and engineering. Its manganese content is a little higher than some of the other standard carbon steels with comparable carbon levels; this gives it slightly higher hardenability and hardness. It provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-66. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

scholarly journals General Environment Description Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zatwarnicki ◽  
Waldemar Pokuta ◽  
Anna Bryniarska ◽  
Anna Zatwarnicka ◽  
Andrzej Metelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Description Language ◽  
It Systems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Future Work

Artificial intelligence has been developed since the beginning of IT systems. Today there are many AI techniques that are successfully applied. Most of the AI field is, however, concerned with the so-called “narrow AI” demonstrating intelligence only in specialized areas. There is a need to work on general AI solutions that would constitute a framework enabling the integration of already developed narrow solutions and contribute to solving general problems. In this work, we present a new language that potentially can become a base for building intelligent systems of general purpose in the future. This language is called the General Environment Description Language (GEDL). We present the motivation for our research based on the other works in the field. Furthermore, there is an overall description of the idea and basic definitions of elements of the language. We also present an example of the GEDL language usage in the JSON notation. The example shows how to store the knowledge and define the problem to be solved, and the solution to the problem itself. In the end, we present potential fields of application and future work. This article is an introduction to new research in the field of Artificial General Intelligence.

scholarly journals Principled approach to the selection of the embedding dimension of networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Gu ◽  
Aditya Tandon ◽  
Yong-Yeol Ahn ◽  
Filippo Radicchi
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Embedding Dimension ◽  
Network Embedding ◽  
Machine Learning Technique ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractNetwork embedding is a general-purpose machine learning technique that encodes network structure in vector spaces with tunable dimension. Choosing an appropriate embedding dimension – small enough to be efficient and large enough to be effective – is challenging but necessary to generate embeddings applicable to a multitude of tasks. Existing strategies for the selection of the embedding dimension rely on performance maximization in downstream tasks. Here, we propose a principled method such that all structural information of a network is parsimoniously encoded. The method is validated on various embedding algorithms and a large corpus of real-world networks. The embedding dimension selected by our method in real-world networks suggest that efficient encoding in low-dimensional spaces is usually possible.

Little epigraphy

Lampas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Robert Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Corpus

Abstract Most well-known inscriptions are monumental texts carved on stone. In this contribution, on the other hand, we focus on small, often informal texts scratched or stamped on rocks, metal surfaces and pottery. To this type of so-called ‘little epigraphy’ belong for instance graffiti, ostraca, weights and measures, curse tablets, etcetera. Although the texts themselves are usually very short, together they constitute a large corpus.

scholarly journals Applying Corpus Data to Define Needs in Web Localization Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 998-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel ángel Jiménez-Crespo ◽  
Maribel Tercedor
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
University Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Localization is increasingly making its way into translation training programs at university level. However, there is still a scarce amount of empirical research addressing issues such as defining localization in relation to translation, what localization competence entails or how to best incorporate intercultural differences between digital genres, text types and conventions, among other aspects. In this paper, we propose a foundation for the study of localization competence based upon previous research on translation competence. This project was developed following an empirical corpus-based contrastive study of student translations (learner corpus), combined with data from a comparable corpus made up of an original Spanish corpus and a Spanish localized corpus. The objective of the study is to identify differences in production between digital texts localized by students and professionals on the one hand, and original texts on the other. This contrastive study allows us to gain insight into how localization competence interrelates with the superordinate concept of translation competence, thus shedding light on which aspects need to be addressed during localization training in university translation programs.

Dynamics of Within-, Inter-, and Cross-Modal Attentional Modulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 674-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Kida ◽  
Koji Inui ◽  
Emi Tanaka ◽  
Ryusuke Kakigi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Directing Attention

Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of spatial attention within single sensory modalities (within-modal spatial attention) and the effect of directing attention to one sense compared with the other senses (intermodal attention) on cortical neuronal activity. Furthermore, recent studies have been revealing that the effects of spatial attention directed to a certain location in a certain sense spread to the other senses at the same location in space (cross-modal spatial attention). The present study used magnetoencephalography to examine the temporal dynamics of the effects of within-modal and cross-modal spatial and intermodal attention on cortical processes responsive to visual stimuli. Visual or tactile stimuli were randomly presented on the left or right side at a random interstimulus interval and subjects directed attention to the left or right when vision or touch was a task-relevant modality. Sensor-space analysis showed that a response around the occipitotemporal region at around 150 ms after visual stimulation was significantly enhanced by within-modal, cross-modal spatial, and intermodal attention. A later response over the right frontal region at around 200 ms was enhanced by within-modal spatial and intermodal attention, but not by cross-modal spatial attention. These effects were estimated to originate from the occipitotemporal and lateral frontal areas, respectively. Thus the results suggest different spatiotemporal dynamics of neural representations of cross-modal attention and intermodal or within-modal attention.

scholarly journals FROM BEE TO PLATE – A SENSORY FORAY IN HONEY WORLD

1970 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Iordachescu
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Sensory Parameters

Some honey samples from different areas were studied for sensory properties. A panel consisting in 15 trained tasters, identified, defined and evaluated 10 samples of honey, using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method. The most important sensory parameters, which grouped the samples, were flowery, fruity, body. Two groups of honey consumers one consisting in children aged between 4 and 10 years old the other one in people between 40 and 70 years old were investigated using typical preference scales. The young consumers like the sweet taste, the color and are interested on the package. Another ones appreciate the flowery, fruity notes and the color. Both would like some fruits (nuts, berries…) or pollen in honey.

scholarly journals Improving Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Neural Noise Converter and Conditional Optimal Selector

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 7273-7280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanchan Wu ◽  
Kai Fan ◽  
Qiong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transition Matrix ◽  
Noisy Data ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Noise ◽  
Distant Supervision ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Corpus

Distant supervised relation extraction has been successfully applied to large corpus with thousands of relations. However, the inevitable wrong labeling problem by distant supervision will hurt the performance of relation extraction. In this paper, we propose a method with neural noise converter to alleviate the impact of noisy data, and a conditional optimal selector to make proper prediction. Our noise converter learns the structured transition matrix on logit level and captures the property of distant supervised relation extraction dataset. The conditional optimal selector on the other hand helps to make proper prediction decision of an entity pair even if the group of sentences is overwhelmed by no-relation sentences. We conduct experiments on a widely used dataset and the results show significant improvement over competitive baseline methods.

scholarly journals Which words are most iconic?

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo Winter ◽  
Marcus Perlman ◽  
Lynn K. Perry ◽  
Gary Lupyan
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Statistical Regularity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Shed Light

Some spoken words are iconic, exhibiting a resemblance between form and meaning. We used native speaker ratings to assess the iconicity of 3001 English words, analyzing their iconicity in relation to part-of-speech differences and differences between the sensory domain they relate to (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell). First, we replicated previous findings showing that onomatopoeia and interjections were highest in iconicity, followed by verbs and adjectives, and then nouns and grammatical words. We further show that words with meanings related to the senses are more iconic than words with abstract meanings. Moreover, iconicity is not distributed equally across sensory modalities: Auditory and tactile words tend to be more iconic than words denoting concepts related to taste, smell and sight. Last, we examined the relationship between iconicity (resemblance between form and meaning) and systematicity (statistical regularity between form and meaning). We find that iconicity in English words is more strongly related to sensory meanings than systematicity. Altogether, our results shed light on the extent and distribution of iconicity in modern English.

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