scholarly journals The Time Course of Responding to Aversiveness in Females with a History of Non- Suicidal Self-Injury

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter J. Funkhouser
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Startle Reflex ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Reactivity

Non-suicidal self-injury is a risk factor for suicidal behavior, particularly in females. Twoprominent theories of suicide suggest that habituation to the psychophysiological aversiveness of NSSI is a mechanism by which NSSI exposure may lead to increased risk for suicide. Several laboratory studies examining the relationship between physiological habituation and suicide attempt history have yielded mixed results, potentially due to their use of broad measures of physiological arousal and/or focus on specific psychopathologies. However, no studies have examined the association between the time course (e.g., habituation, initial reactivity) of responding to aversiveness and NSSI, which may help to elucidate psychophysiological mechanisms of NSSI. Therefore, we examined habituation and initial reactivity to aversiveness (indexed by the time course of acoustic startle reflex, a well-validated measure of defensive responding) in three groups of young adult females – those with a history of NSSI, psychiatric controls matched on potential confounds (e.g., psychopathology, trauma history, demographics), and healthy controls. Results indicated that individuals with a history of NSSI exhibited blunted initial reactivity and marginally slower habituation to aversiveness relative to the two control groups. The NSSI group’s insensitivity to aversiveness may reflect prior psychophysiological habituation, and may be a mechanism through which prior NSSI exposure leads to increased riskfor suicidal behavior.

scholarly journals Hypertension Burden and the Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-928
Author(s):  
So-Ryoung Lee ◽  
Chan Soon Park ◽  
Eue-Keun Choi ◽  
Hyo-Jeong Ahn ◽  
Kyung-Do Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Burden Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Korean National Health Insurance ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Relationship

The association between the cumulative hypertension burden and the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between hypertension burden and the development of incident AF. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we identified 3 726 172 subjects who underwent 4 consecutive annual health checkups between 2009 and 2013, with no history of AF. During the median follow-up of 5.2 years, AF was newly diagnosed in 22 012 patients (0.59% of the total study population; 1.168 per 1000 person-years). Using the blood pressure (BP) values at each health checkup, we determined the burden of hypertension (systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg), stratified as 0 to 4 per the hypertension criteria. The subjects were grouped according to hypertension burden scale 1 to 4: 20% (n=742 806), 19% (n=704 623), 19% (n=713 258), 21% (n=766 204), and 21% (n=799 281). Compared with normal people, subjects with hypertension burdens of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with an 8%, 18%, 26%, and 27% increased risk of incident AF, respectively. On semiquantitative analyses with further stratification of stage 1 (systolic BP of 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 80–89 mm Hg) and stage 2 (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg) hypertension, the risk of AF increased with the hypertension burden by up to 71%. In this study, both a sustained exposure and the degree of increased BP were associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Tailored BP management should be emphasized to reduce the risk of AF.

The Relationship of Drug Abuse to Unexplained Sudden Death

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
pp. 1903-1906
Author(s):  
Amy C. Gruszecki ◽  
Gerald McGwin, Jr ◽  
C. Andrew Robinson, Jr ◽  
Gregory G. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Context.—Forensic pathologists regularly investigate the deaths of individuals with a history of drug abuse. Autopsy, including toxicology testing, reveals no cause for death in a subset of this cohort. Objective.—To determine whether deaths with an undetermined cause and manner of death are associated with a history of drug abuse. Design.—Retrospective matched case-control study of 52 decedents whose cause of death remained undetermined following autopsy, matched 1:2 to a control group of living patients admitted for cholecystectomy according to age and date of death or procedure. Results.—Individuals whose cause of death was undetermined were 5.3 times (95% confidence interval, 1.9– 14.5) more likely to have a history of drug abuse than were patients with cholecystitis. Conclusions.—Decedents with a history of chronic drug abuse appear to be at an increased risk of dying by their chronic drug abuse, even in the absence of any anatomical or toxicologic finding at autopsy to account for death.

Abstract 5108: Microalbuminuria is Associated with Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P DeFilippis ◽  
Holly J Kramer ◽  
Ronit Katz ◽  
Nathan Wong ◽  
Alain Bertoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Median Increase ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Background: Microalbuminuria (MA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but the mechanism by which microalbuminuria imparts this increased risk is not known. In this study we assessed the relationship between MA and the development and progression of atherosclerosis by measuring the incidence of new CAC and the progression of existing CAC in individuals free of clinical CVD. Methods : The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a prospective cohort study of 6,814 participants free of clinical CVD at entry who underwent assessment of coronary artery calcification (CAC) by computerized tomography at baseline. Overall, 6,775 individuals had data available on urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR); 1,109 individuals were excluded for missing data or macroalbuminuria (UACR≥300 mg/g). Incident CAC was defined as detectable CAC at follow-up among those with CAC=0 at baseline, and absolute CAC score change among those with CAC>0 at baseline. Relative risk (RR) regression adjusted for covariates; and multivariable adjusted median regression was employed to assess the independent relationship of MA with CAC incidence and progression. Results : Of the 5,666 subjects (mean age 62±10 years, 48% males), baseline MA was seen in 424 (7%) participants, who were more likely to have CAC compared to those with normal UACR (62% vs. 48%, p<0.0001). During a mean follow-up of 2.4±0.8 years, those with MA were more likely to develop CAC (28% vs. 15%, p<0.0001) and they had a higher absolute median increase in CAC (47 vs. 29 Agatston Units, p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, site, follow-up duration, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, family history of heart attack, total cholesterol, lipid lowering medications and body mass index; MA was associated with incident CAC (RR 1.65; 95%CI 1.41–2.48) among those with CAC=0 at baseline. Among those with CAC>0 at baseline, MA was associated with a median increase in CAC of 7.93 (95%CI 0.38 –15.47) Agatston Units in multivariable adjusted analyses (variables noted above). Conclusion : MA is independently associated with development of incident CAC and progression of CAC in an asymptomatic multi-ethnic population, and may in part explain its associated increased risk of CVD.

scholarly journals Risk of Dementia in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3168
Author(s):  
Chun-Hsiang Chiu ◽  
Po-Chung Chen ◽  
Ying-Chuan Wang ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Feng-You Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Frequency Matching ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between dementia and leptospirosis. In view of this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine whether leptospirosis is a risk factor for dementia. Methods: Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Databases (2000–2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for dementia in patients with leptospirosis. Patients with leptospirosis who did not have a history of dementia were enrolled in the study. For each leptospirosis patient, four controls were randomly selected after frequency matching of age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for the analyses of dementia risk. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Compared with the non-leptospirosis cohort without these comorbidities, the leptospirosis cohort with ≥2 comorbidities exhibited a significantly increased risk of dementia (aHR = 6.11, 95% CI = 3.15–11.9), followed by those with any one comorbidity (adjusted HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.76–7.46). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound.

scholarly journals Predictors of Suicide Behavior Relapse in Pediatric Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Villar ◽  
Carmina Castellano-Tejedor ◽  
Mireia Verge ◽  
Bernardo Sánchez ◽  
Tomás Blasco-Blasco
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

AbstractIdentifying patients at increased risk of suicide remains a challenge today. It has been reported that 10% of patients committing a suicide attempt end up dying and that both the risk and the severity of clinical symptomatology increase with the number of attempts. Within the framework of selective and indicated prevention, it is essential to identify the group of patients with an increased risk of recurrence. The objective of this study is to identify factors predicting suicide attempt relapse to improve the decision making process in the therapeutic approach to suicidal behavior. The methodology employed was a longitudinal design aimed at identifying factors, in a binary logistic regression model (stepwise), predicting the repetition of suicidal behavior among a sample of 417 participants aged between 8 and 17 years old, at the six months follow-up. A statistically significant model χ2(3, N = 417) = 18.610; p < .001; Nagelkerke R2 = .096 including the following factors was obtained: current diagnosis of personality disorder/maladaptive personality OR = .806, p = .028, 95% CI [1.091, 4.595], personal history of self-injury OR = .728, p = .043, 95% CI [1.023, 4.192], and family history of psychopathological diagnosis OR = .925, p = .021, 95% CI [1.151, 5.530]. Considering these results, having a diagnosis of personality disorder or maladaptive personality traits, presence or history of self-harm and family history of psychopathology draws a predictive profile of autolytic attempt recurrence during the six months after the initial intervention at the emergency room.

scholarly journals DNA damage and brain trauma: a clue to pathophysiology and biomarker development

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (s2) ◽  
pp. S60
Author(s):  
LN Hazrati
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
List Type ◽  
Dna Breaks ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is a very common occurrence in contact sports, and can cause brain damage with long-term symptoms, including depression, aggression, memory loss, and an increased risk of neurodegeneration later in life. Recently, there has been increased attention towards concussion in sport both in research and media, however the nature and pathophysiology of mTBI-induced neurodegeneration remain unknown. The objective of this study is to identify early pathophysiological markers of TBI. This study used a collection of donated postmortem brains with a history of repetitive mTBI in contact sports and non-TBI control brains. Nanostring ncounter’s immune panel was used to evaluate gene expression, and results showed that brains with a history of TBI tended to group with significantly older brains with no history of TBI in regards to their immune profile. Further analysis of this expression panel revealed that genes associated with senescence and secretory phenotype were upregulated in brains with a history of mTBI. Additionally, immunohistochemistry for γ-H2AX (a marker for double stranded DNA breaks) showed that brains with a history of repetitive TBI accumulated a spectrum of DNA damages not present in controls. This damage was widespread and involved mainly glial cells including oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. The latter showed morphological changes reminiscent of senescence, including soma swelling and beading of processes. Further, these changes were accompanied by translocation of structural nuclear proteins. These changes preceded the appearance of abnormal protein deposition in the brain. Overall, these results suggest that DNA damage and cellular senescence are upstream events in the manifestation of post-mTBI symptoms and pathology, and represent promising opportunities for discovery of biomarkers for early TBI detection and follow-up of progression.LEARNING OBJECTIVESThe presentation will enable the learner to:1.Explore the relationship between trauma and DNA structural changes2.Explore the relationship between trauma and senescence

scholarly journals Characteristics of Disclosing Childhood Victimization and Risk of Revictimization in Young Adulthood

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle P. Desir ◽  
Canan Karatekin
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Childhood Victimization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hispanic White

Experiencing victimization in childhood increases risk of adulthood revictimization, and it is important to understand what may contribute to such risk. One factor that may help to explain the increased risk of future victimization is disclosure. However, the literature is mixed as to whether disclosure of prior victimization is helpful for protecting against adverse outcomes, and much of the research on disclosure focuses solely on sexual victimization. The current study examines the relationship between various forms of childhood and adulthood victimization and whether disclosure moderates this relationship. In addition, this study investigates whether characteristics of disclosure are associated with revictimization risk. The sample included 275 undergraduates ( M age = 19.52 years; 75.6% female, 77.5% non-Hispanic White or Caucasian). Participants reported on previous history of various forms of childhood and adulthood victimization. They also reported whether or not they had disclosed childhood victimization, and, if so, characteristics related to disclosure. Results revealed that number of childhood victimization experiences significantly predicted number of adulthood victimization experiences, and nearly every type of childhood victimization significantly increased risk of experiencing each type of adulthood victimization. Disclosure did not moderate the relationship between childhood and adulthood victimization. Participants who disclosed were more likely to disclose crime and peer/sibling victimization and disclose to parents or friends. Positive reactions to disclosure were more common than negative reactions; however, 75% of disclosers received at least one negative reaction. Finally, revictimized individuals received more overall negative reactions than nonrevictimized individuals. They also received more reactions characterized by the person they disclosed to trying to take control of their decisions or treating them differently. Results highlight the importance of examining relationships between various forms of victimization, considering how characteristics of disclosure relate to risk of revictimization, and the importance of educating potential support networks about appropriate responses to disclosure.

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