Can placebos prevent intrusive memories?

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Kube ◽  
Irving Kirsch ◽  
Julia Glombiewski ◽  
Philipp Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Intrusive Memories ◽  
Experimental Psychopathology ◽  
Negative Appraisal ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Healthy Participants

After traumatic experiences, intrusive memories can flash back and evoke significant distress. Here, we investigated whether the occurrence of intrusions can be prevented by placebo. After the exposure to an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma, healthy participants (N=112) were randomised to deceptive placebo (DP), open-label placebo (OLP), or a no-treatment control group. The results show that one week later, the groups did not differ in the frequency of intrusive memories. However, participants receiving OLP reported the lowest intensity of intrusions. Participants receiving DP reported the lowest burden of intrusions. Across groups, the expectation that intrusions will be intense and hardly controllable was associated with a higher frequency of intrusions, higher distress, higher burden, and more negative appraisal. The results suggest that expectations play a crucial role in the emergence of intrusive memories and that at least some of the disabling aspects of intrusive memories can be reduced by placebo.

Protective effects of histamine on Gq-mediated relaxation in regenerated endothelium

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (2) ◽  
pp. H286-H290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K. Chan ◽  
Song Yan Liao ◽  
Yue Lin Zhang ◽  
Aimin Xu ◽  
Hung Fat Tse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Porcine Coronary Artery ◽  
Endogenous Histamine ◽  
Coronary Endothelium ◽  
Treatment Control Group

In the porcine coronary artery, regenerated endothelium is dysfunctional as regards the responses to endothelium-dependent agonists. The current study aimed to determine the possible involvement of histamine in such dysfunction. Pigs were treated chronically with pyrilamine (H1 receptor inhibitor, 2 mg·kg−1·day−1) with part of their coronary endothelium and allowed to regenerate for 28 days after balloon denudation. The results showed a reduction in relaxation to bradykinin (Gq protein dependent) only in the pyrilamine-treated group (area under the curve, 269.7 ± 13.4 vs. 142.0 ± 31.0, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium) but not in the control group (253.0 ± 22.1 vs. 231.9 ± 29.5, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium). The differences in the relaxation to serotonin (Gi protein dependent) between native and regenerated endothelium were not affected by the pyrilamine treatment (control group, 106.3 ± 17.0 vs. 55.61 ± 12.7; and pyrilamine group, 106.0 ± 8.20 vs. 49.30 ± 6.31, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium). These findings indicate that during regeneration of the endothelium, the activation of H1 receptors by endogenous histamine may be required to maintain the endothelium-dependent Gq protein-mediated relaxation to bradykinin, suggesting a beneficial role of the monoamine in the process of endothelial regeneration.

A Treatment/Control Group Study of Growth Hormone Treatment

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 31S-37S ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Y. Whitman ◽  
Susan Myers ◽  
Aaron Carrel ◽  
David Allen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Treatment Control Group

scholarly journals Identifying Key MicroRNAs Targeted by Narenmandula in a Rodent Nephropathy Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiulan Wang ◽  
Chun Chang ◽  
Wenjie Jin ◽  
Arun Arun ◽  
Sudunabuqi Sudunabuqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Treatment Control Group

Background. Untreated nephropathy can progress to renal failure. The traditional Mongolian remedy Narenmandula regulates the kidney “yang.” This study aimed to identify key microRNAs (miRNAs) targeted by Narenmandula in a rat model of nephropathy. Methods. Fifteen rats exhibiting normal renal function were randomized to three study arms. Nephropathy was induced in n = 10 rats using doxorubicin hydrochloride, followed by either Narenmandula treatment (treatment group) or no treatment (control group). In n = 5 rats, no doxorubicin was given and renal function remained unchanged (healthy group). Microarray analysis identified miRNAs which were differentially expressed (DE-miRNAs) between groups. Target genes of DE-miRNAs were predicted using miRWalk version 2.0, followed by enrichment analysis using DAVID, and construction of the miRNA coregulatory network using Cytoscape. Results. Nephropathy was successfully induced, with doxorubicin resulting in differential expression of 3645 miRNAs (1324 upregulated and 2321 downregulated). Narenmandula treatment induced differential expression of a total of 159 miRNAs (102 upregulated and 57 downregulated). Upregulated DE-miRNAs (e.g., miR-497-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181c-5p, and miR-30e-5p) and downregulated DE-miRNAs (e.g., miR-330-3p and miR-214-3p) regulated a high number of target genes. Moreover, the miRNA pairs (e.g., miR-195-5p—miR-497-5p, miR-181a-5p—miR-181c-5p, and miR-30e-5p—miR-30a-5p) coregulated a high number of genes. Enrichment analysis indicated functional synergy between miR-30e-5p—miR-30a-3p, miR-34a-5p—miR-30e-5p, miR-30e-5p—miR-195-3p, and miR-30a-3p—miR-195-3p pairs. Conclusion. Narenmandula may modulate doxorubicin-induced nephropathy via targeting miR-497-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181c-5p, miR-30e-5p, miR-330-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-34a-5p, miR-30a-3p, and miR-30a-5p.

The Use of Varying High-Confusion versus Low-Confusion Sequences to Teach Letter Discrimination

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Rosemery O. Nelson ◽  
Kenneth S. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Treatment Control Group

Within Gibson's framework of teaching children to discriminate the distinctive features of letters, 28 preschool children were trained in letter discrimination using three different types of matching-to-sample alternatives: (1) high-confusion alternatives; (2) low-confusion alternatives; or (3) a sequence of low-, middle-, and high-confusion alternatives. On posttest 1, given after a criterion of two consecutive errorless training days, only the high-confusion and sequence groups significantly improved over their pretest scores as compared with the no-treatment control group. On posttest 2, however, given after a standard number of 20 training days, the performance of all three training groups, including low-confusion, was superior to the control group; no differences were found among the three training groups. The implications of these and other findings for letter discrimination training were discussed.

Increasing Verbalization of Chronic Mental Patients with Operant Techniques: Partial Replication

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-206
Author(s):  
Robert E. Pawlicki ◽  
Gary H. Miller ◽  
Graham A. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
Simple Motor ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Modification Treatment

The present study replicated previous results showing the effectiveness of behavior-modification techniques in reinstating verbalization in mute psychotics. Those patients experiencing behavior-modification treatment increased their verbalization level significantly more than patients in either an attention-control or a no-treatment control group. Commencing behavior-modification at a simple motor level offers important practical advantages and deserves research attention.

Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Schoolchildren: Two-Year Follow-Up

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Gillham ◽  
Karen J. Reivich ◽  
Lisa H. Jaycox ◽  
Martin E.P. Seligman
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Social Problem Solving ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Treatment Control Group

After teaching cognitive and social-problem-solving techniques designed to prevent depressive symptoms, we followed 69 fifth- and sixth-grade children at risk for depression for 2 years We compared these children with 49 children in a matched no-treatment control group The prevention group reported fewer depressive symptoms through the 2-year followup, and moderate to severe symptoms were reduced by half Surprisingly, the effects of the prevention program grew larger after the program was over We suggest that psychological immunization against depression can occur by teaching cognitive and social skills to children as they enter puberty

scholarly journals Treatment with Molgramostim (Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Rhugm-Csf, Mielogen) and Lenograstim (Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor) Improves Experimental Colitis in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Apostolos E. Papalois ◽  
Calypso Barbatis ◽  
Dimosthenis Chrysikos ◽  
Maria Korontzi ◽  
Michail Sideris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Histological Score ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Background/Aim. Treatment with growth factors could be beneficial in both inflammatory bowel disease and experimental colitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF), and Recombinant Human (rHu) Granulocyte Stimulating Factor (GSF) in experimental colitis in rats. Methods. Experimental colitis was induced in 62 male Wistar rats, divided into 9 groups, using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS). Group 1: Ten rats with colitis without treatment (control group). Euthanasia after 15 days. Group 2: Ten animals with colitis without treatment (control group). Euthanasia after 30 days. Group 3: Six animals with colitis. Immediate treatment with CSF. Euthanasia after 19 days. Group 4: Six animals with colitis. Treatment started 7 days after the induction of colitis. Animals were kept for 19 days. Group 5: Six animals with colitis. Treatment started 2 weeks after the induction of colitis. Group 6: Six animals with colitis, the same as in group 3. Treatment with GSF. Group 7: Six animals with colitis, the same as in group 4. Treatment with GSF. Group 8. Six animals with colitis, the same as in group 5. Treatment with GSF. Group 9: Six animals with colitis. Immediate treatment with prednisolone. Euthanasia after 15 days. Results. CSF and GSF administration significantly improved the histological score (P<0.05) and reduced malondialdehyde contents (P<0.05), compared to control groups in all animals. CSF was superior to GSF and to prednisolone. Conclusion. Administration of both CSF and GSF could significantly improve the histological score and oxidative stress in experimental colitis in rats.

A Delayed Treatment Control Group Design Study of an After-School Online Tutoring Program in Reading

2014 ◽  
pp. 264-279
Author(s):  
S. Marshall Perry
Keyword(s):  
After School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Online Tutoring ◽  
Tutoring Program ◽  
Treatment Control Group

This chapter concerns a year-long, United States federally-funded evaluation of Educate Online, an online, at home, 1:1 tutoring program aimed at improving reading performance for middle school students who are below grade level. Participating students receive after-school instruction from teachers in real-time over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) connections. The researcher discusses study findings, the methodological challenges of conducting research on online tutoring, the multiple perspectives for understanding the effectiveness of a tutoring program, and areas for additional research. The chapter examines a key aspect of the evaluation, a delayed treatment control group design study to determine the effect that involvement in the tutoring program has upon student academic achievement in reading.

A Multiple-Outcome Evaluation of Training Parents in Active Listening

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Graybill
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Listening ◽  
Listening Skills ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Counseling Groups ◽  
Multiple Outcome ◽  
Evaluation Of Training ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Treatment Control Group

To examine the effects of training parents in active listening parents of 32 children in Grades 4 to 8 were randomly assigned to one of three counseling groups or a no-treatment control group. The counseling groups, which met for six 2-hr. sessions, were taught active listening skills. Parents showed decreases in anxiety and increases in confidence, knowledge of how to respond to children's feelings, and active listening. However, there were no changes in children's attitudes or behaviors. Research should determine ways in which parents' reflective counseling can benefit children.

Personal Best (PB) Goal Setting and Students’ Motivation in Science: A Study of Science Valuing and Aspirations

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Martin ◽  
Tracy L. Durksen ◽  
Derek Williamson ◽  
Julia Kiss ◽  
Paul Ginns
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
School Students ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Primary And Secondary School

To build on prior correlational research into personal best (PB) goals and motivational outcomes, an experimental study was conducted to assess the role of PB goal setting in gains (or declines) in students’ motivation in science (viz. biology, anatomy, health). The study (comprising N = 71 elementary/primary and secondary school students) applied a pre/post-treatment/control group experimental design to test whether setting a PB learning goal in a self-paced science education program (conducted in a museum context) leads to growth in science valuing and science aspirations. The treatment group (PB goal setting), but not the control group, demonstrated significant growth in science aspirations (but not valuing) between pre- and post-testing. This study provides support for the proposition that PB learning goals are associated with motivational growth in students’ lives. Findings also hold implications for museum-based education programs for students.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document