scholarly journals Some do and some don’t? Accounting for variability of individual difference structures.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Haaf ◽  
Jeffrey Rouder
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

A prevailing notion in experimental psychology is that individuals' performance in a task varies gradually in a continuous fashion. In a Stroop task, for example, the true average effect may be 50ms with a standard deviation of say 30ms. In this case, some individuals will have greater effects than 50ms, some will have smaller, and some are fore-casted to have negative effects in sign - they respond faster to incongruent items than to congruent ones! But are there people who have a true negative effect in Stroop or any other task? We highlight three *qualitatively different* effects: negative effects, null effects, and positive effects. The main goal of this paper is to develop models that allow researchers to explore whether all three are present in a task: Do all individuals show a positive effect? Are there individuals with truly no effect? Are there any individuals with negative effects? We develop a family of Bayesian hierarchical models that capture a variety of these constraints. We apply this approach to Stroop interference experiments and a near-liminal priming experiment where the prime may be below and above threshold for different people. We show that most tasks people are quite alike - for example everyone has positive Stroop effects and nobody fails to Stroop or Stroops negatively. We also show a case that under very specific circumstances, we could entice some people to not Stroop at all.

Positive and negative effects of allochthonous dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients on phytoplankton growth

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Klug
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Inorganic Nutrients ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can have both positive and negative effects on phytoplankton growth. The magnitude of these effects may vary depending on the source of DOM and the composition of the phytoplankton community. Here, I address the relative importance of the positive and negative effects of DOM extracts on phytoplankton growth. In short-term experiments with phytoplankton from West Long Lake, a small, moderately coloured lake in northern Michigan, U.S.A., the net effect of doubling ambient DOM on phytoplankton growth was positive. Increasing DOM concentrations from ~10 mg C·L–1 to ~20 mg C·L–1 had a negative effect on total phytoplankton growth by reducing irradiance and thus reducing the depth to which growth was positive. However, inorganic nutrients in the DOM extracts increased growth at each irradiance level. The positive effect on phytoplankton growth owing to the nutrients associated with DOM was greater than the negative effect caused by shading. Although the positive effects of allochthonous DOM inputs outweighed the negative effects for the nutrient-limited phytoplankton in these experiments, the net effect depends on the concentration and availability of nutrients associated with allochthonous DOM as well as the physiological status of the phytoplankton community.

scholarly journals Machiavellianism dimensions, religiosity, social environment, and tax evasion

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jean Stevany Matitaputty ◽  
Priyo Hari Adi
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

This research aims to investigate the effects of Machiavellianism dimensions that consist of the use of manipulative tactics, cynical views, and disregard of conventional morality on tax evasion. Further, we also analyze the effects of religiosity and social environment as the variables that control Machiavellianism behavior. The population in this research are individual taxpayers, and the sampling technique used is an online survey with the snowball sampling method. The criteria used in sampling are taxpayers who are self-employed or entrepreneurs.  The data is then analyzed using the univariate and multivariate General Linear Model (GLM) methods. The results show that manipulative tactics and disregard of conventional morality have positive effects on tax evasion. Meanwhile, cynical views have a negative effect on tax evasion. Further, religiosity has negative effects on the use of manipulative tactics and disregard of conventional morality. Lastly, social environment has a positive effect on cynical views but no significant effects on the use of manipulative tactics and disregard of conventional morality.

scholarly journals Customer Value Co-Creation Intention, Practices and Experience in Self-Service Technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Badra Sandamali Galdolage
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Service Encounters ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Physical Interfaces ◽  
Self Service ◽  
Self Service Technology

Many service encounters are moving from traditional physical interfaces to technologically incorporated self-service options. However, it is surprising that very limited extant literature is devoted to understanding the movement towards self-service technologies. Therefore, this study aims at understanding customer value co-creation intention, practices including both the value co-creation and co-destruction and their co-creation experiences in self-service technology context. Based on the positivistic approach, a quantitative study carried out distributing self-administered questionnaires to 600 individuals chosen based on a non-probabilistic convenience sampling method. Study found that customer value co-creation intention has significant positive effects on customer value co-creation practices and significant negative effects on customer value co-destruction in SSTs. Value co-creation practices show a strong positive effect on customer functional experiences and ‘positive emotional experiences’ while having a negative effect on ‘negative emotional experiences. In contrast, co-destruction shows inverse relationships. This study assists practitioners to understand why customers collaborate with SSTs, what they do in co-creating value and how this links with their experience. Service providers can use this understanding to facilitate customer co-creation by securing positive customer experiences and achieving competitive advantage by designing and delivering value enhancing self-service technological interfaces from both strategic and operational perspectives.

scholarly journals Lagged Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Returns: A Case of Firm Size

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Lagged Effect

The evidence of lagged effect regarding firm size between macroeconomic factors and stock returns is found with GARCH model for the UAE firms. More precisely, exchange rate showed a significant effect on stock returns irrespective of size group and lag level. However, a positive effect is observed at lag four and a negative effect is observed on lag five and two for small and large size firms respectively. For majority of the firms in small size, the risk-free rate showed a negative lagged effect on stock returns; however, for the majority of the firms in large size, it showed a positive lagged effect on stock returns. Inflation also showed a significant effect on stock returns on each lag level except for large firms where at lag five it is insignificant. Moreover, as the lags increase from 1- 4 and size from small to large, the negative effect of inflation converts to positive effect on stock returns. The lag effect of real activity showed both positive and negative effects on relatively larger stock returns of small firms than big firms. Money supply showed positive significant effect on stock returns of all firms irrespective of the size group; however, this relationship is even more prominent at lag five. Finally, the oil prices showed a positive effect on stock returns (large size) which further maximizes at lag two; whereas, a negative maximization takes place at lag three. Hence, investors can make informed and effective decisions and UAE policymakers developed effective measures to control and promote macroeconomic growth and stability.

Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Incorporation

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-152
Author(s):  
Loren Collingwood ◽  
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chief Complaints ◽  
Negative Effect

One of the chief complaints raised against sanctuary cities is that they can increase crime, while one argument in their favor is that they can increase the incorporation of Latino and immigrant communities. This chapter analyzes both the positive and negative effects of sanctuary polices, finding that these policies have no effect on crime rates when comparable cities are compared to one another and when crime rates pre/post sanctuary are examined. The findings show that sanctuary policies can have positive effects, potentially increasing both Latino voter turnout and police force representation. While sanctuary policies are found to have few downsides and potential positive benefits, antisanctuary legislation like Texas’s SB4 are found to have a negative effect. In high-immigrant areas, antisanctuary legislation is found to depress the number of 911 calls, suggesting that antisanctuary legislation does in fact reduce crime reporting, as opponents claim.

scholarly journals People’s attitudes towards deadwood in forest: evidence from the Ukrainian Carpathians

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Pelyukh ◽  
Alessandro Paletto ◽  
Lyudmyla Zahvoyska
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Positive Effect

People’s attitudes towards forest stand characteristics including deadwood are becoming increasingly relevant in sustainable forest management. The aim of this study is to investigate people’s attitudes towards deadwood in forest. The study was carried out in the Rakhiv region (Ukraine) characterized by high importance of forest resources for the local community and economy. People’s opinions were collected through the face-to-face administration of a questionnaire to 308 respondents. The survey investigated three aspects: importance of deadwood in forest; people’s perceptions of positive and negative effects of deadwood in forest; effects of presence and amount of deadwood in different types of forest on people’s aesthetical preferences. The results show that the majority of respondents consider deadwood as an important component of the forest, but generally they prefer intensively managed forests without deadwood. According to the respondents’ opinions, the most important positive effect of deadwood is a contribution to stand dynamics, while the most important negative effect is an increasing risk of insects and diseases.

scholarly journals Understanding the Average Impact of Microcredit Expansions: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Seven Randomized Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Meager
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Hierarchical Analysis ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Despite evidence from multiple randomized evaluations of microcredit, questions about external validity have impeded consensus on the results. I jointly estimate the average effect and the heterogeneity in effects across seven studies using Bayesian hierarchical models. I  find the impact on household business and consumption variables is unlikely to be transformative and may be negligible. I find reasonable external validity: true heterogeneity in effects is moderate, and approximately 60 percent of observed heterogeneity is sampling variation. Households with previous business experience have larger but more heterogeneous effects. Economic features of microcredit interventions predict variation in effects better than studies’ evaluation protocols. (JEL D14, G21, I38, O12, O16, P34, P36)

Comparison of lactational responses of dairy cows in Georgia and Israel to heat load and photoperiod

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Aharoni ◽  
O. Ravagnolo ◽  
I. Misztal
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe seasonal effects of heat load and photoperiod on yield and composition of milk from primiparous cows in the course of lactation were studied using test day records from 8968 primiparous cows on 76 farms in Georgia, collected from 1990 through 1997. The effect of prepartum photoperiod on milk production in the subsequent lactation of these cows was also evaluated. These estimated seasonal effects were compared with those estimated for 4728 primiparous cows on 13 farms, and for 1538 multiparous cows on three farms during consecutive lactations in Israel from 1994 through 1996. During lactation, the day length had a positive effect on milk yield and negative effects on fat and protein concentrations in the milk, but the daily change in day length had positive effects on milk yield and fat concentration, and a smaller positive effect on protein concentration. The day length during the prepartum period had negative effects on milk yield and fat and protein concentrations. The heat load during lactation had negative effects on milk yield and fat and protein concentrations. Most of the effects were highly (P < 0·001) significant. There was a very good match between the results obtained for primiparous cows in Georgia and Israel, for the combined effects of heat load and photoperiod during lactation on milk yield and protein and fat concentrations. The match between primiparous and multiparous cows in Israel was better for milk yield and protein concentration than for fat concentration. The estimated effects of pre-partum photoperiod were higher for multiparous cows in Israel than for primiparous cows in either country.

Economic Integration and Business Cycle Synchronization in Asia

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Gong ◽  
Soyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Business Cycle Synchronization ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper examines the effects of internal (or regional) vs. external (inter-regional) integration and of trade vs. financial integration on regional business cycle synchronization in Asia. The empirical results show the following: (1) similar and strong common external linkages have significant positive effects on regional business cycle synchronization; (2) after controlling for external linkages, internal trade integration has a positive effect on regional business cycle synchronization but internal financial integration has a negative effect; and (3) the measures of external linkages, particularly the measure of external financial linkages, are more important than those of internal linkages in explaining regional business cycle co-movements.

A time-lagged study on the moderating role of overall satisfaction in perceived politics: Job outcomes relationships

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq Ahmed Jam ◽  
Magda B L Donia ◽  
Usman Raja ◽  
Chong Hui Ling
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Interpersonal Conflict ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
High Politics

AbstractIn a time-lagged study with independent measures (N=115, paired responses), we examined the interactive effects of perceived organizational politics and overall satisfaction on job stress, interpersonal conflict, job performance, and creativity. The data were collected from a diverse sample of employees from various workplaces in Pakistan. The findings showed that perceived politics had a positive effect on job stress, while overall satisfaction had a negative effect on interpersonal conflict and a positive effect on creative performance. The results also revealed that in the face of high politics, highly satisfied individuals demonstrated higher levels of creativity and job performance. However, in this context of high politics negative effects were also observed, namely that highly satisfied individuals participated in interpersonal conflict and experienced high stress.

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