scholarly journals Does a Rising Median Income Lift All Birth Weights? County Median Income Changes and Low Birth Weight Incidence Rates for Black and White Americans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stuart Curtis ◽  
Thomas E Fuller-Rowell ◽  
Daniel L. Carlson ◽  
Ming Wen ◽  
Michael R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Black And White

Differences in low birth weight incidence (LBW) by race and place are long-standing, often embedded in enduring social ecologies where insufficient health resources are paired with an array of risk factors. Local or group-specific economic resources are known to be a fundamental contributor to these social ecologies, yet few studies have investigated how within-area changing economic conditions are linked to birth outcomes. This study examines county-level change in median income and black-white income differences as predictors of LBW incidence and LBW racial disparities. Time-varying county prevalence and black-white differences in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors (e.g., non-marital childbearing, smoking during pregnancy) are considered as explanations for income estimates. Data come from U.S. birth records for approximately 24.8 million non-Hispanic black and white mothers with a singleton live birth (1992-2014). Records were aggregated in three-year county-period measurements for the 732 counties meeting eligibility requirements. Based on county by period fixed effects models, a $10,000 increase in county median income was associated with a reduction in LBW incidence of 2.7 per 1000 live births, and in the black-white LBW gap by 5.6 per 1000. Time-varying county maternal sociodemographic and health risks attenuated the link between median income and LBW by 72% and 31%, respectively, but not the association between median income and the racial LBW gap. Contrary to our hypothesis, conditioning on median income changes, a widening racial income difference was associated with a smaller black-white LBW gap (a finding explored in post hoc analyses). Our results suggest that, if successful in raising median income, local government efforts to stimulate economic growth and employment opportunities are likely to reduce both population incidence and black-white differences in LBW. [This draft paper is intended for review and comments only. It is not intended for citation, quotation, or other use in any form]

scholarly journals Maternal smoking during pregnancy and socioeconomic factors as predictors of low birth weight in term pregnancies in Nis

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miodrag Stojanovic ◽  
Vladmila Bojanic ◽  
Dijana Musovic ◽  
Zoran Milosevic ◽  
Dusica Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Children Health ◽  
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Background/Aim. Low birth weight (LBW) is a result of preterm birth or intrauterine growth retardation, and in both cases is the strongest single factor associated with perinatal and neonatal mortality. It is considered that socioeconomic factors, as well as mothers bad habits, play the most significant role in the development of LBW, which explains notable number of researches focused on this particular problem. The aim of this study was to characterize socioeconomic factors, as well as smoking habits of the mothers, and their connection with LBW. Methods. The questionnaire was carried out among mothers of 2 years old children (n = 956), born after 37 gestational weeks. The characteristics of mothers who had children with LBW, defined as < 2 500 g, (n = 50), were matched with the characteristics of mothers who had children ? 2 500 g, (n = 906). For defining risk factors, and protective factors as well, we used univariant and multivariant logistic modeles. Results. As significant risk factors for LBW in an univariant model we had education level of the mothers, smoking during pregnancy, smoking before pregnancy, the number of daily cigarettes, the number of cigarettes used during pregnancy, paternal earnings and socioeconomic factors. In a multivariant model the most significant factors were socioeconomic factors, education level of the mothers, paternal earnings and mothers smoking during pregnancy. Conclusion. Smoking during pregnancy and socioeconomic factors have great influence on LBW. Future studies should be carried out in different social groups, with the intention to define their influence on LBW and reproduction, as well. This should be the proper way of adequate health breeding planning for giving up smoking, the prevention of bad habits and melioration of mothers and children health, as the most vulnerable population.

New Insights into Acute-on-Chronic Kidney Disease in Nephrology Patients: The CKD-REIN Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aghilès Hamroun ◽  
Luc Frimat ◽  
Maurice Laville ◽  
Marie Metzger ◽  
Christian Combe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Ckd Stage

Abstract Background Acute-on-chronic kidney disease (ACKD) is poorly understood and often overlooked. We studied its incidence, circumstances, determinants, and outcomes in patients with CKD. Methods We used the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria to identify all-stage acute kidney injury (AKI) events in 3033 nephrology outpatients with CKD stage 3-5 participating in the CKD-REIN cohort study (2013-2020), and cause-specific Cox models to estimate hazard ratios (HR, 95% confidence intervals [CI]) of AKI-associated risk factors. Results At baseline, 22% of the patients (mean age 67 years, 65% men, mean eGFR 32 ml/min/1.73m2) had a history of AKI. Over a 3-year follow-up, 443 had at least one AKI event: 27% were stage 2 or 3, and 11% required dialysis; 74% involved hospitalization including 47% acquired as hospital inpatients; a third were not reported in hospital discharge reports. Incidence rates were 10.1 and 4.8 per 100 person-years in patients with and without an AKI history, respectively. In 2375 patients without this history, male sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, several drugs, low eGFR, and serum albumin levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of AKI, as were low birth weight (&lt;2500 g) (adjusted HR, 1.98; 95%CI, 1.35 to 2.91) and hemoglobin level (HR 1.21; 1.12 to 1.32 per 1 g/dl decrease). Within one year, only 63% of the patients had recovered their previous kidney function, 13.7% had started kidney replacement therapy, and 12.7% had died. Conclusions The study highlights the high rate of hospital-acquired AKI events in patients with CKD, and their underreporting at hospital discharge. It also reveals low birth weight and anemia as possible new risk factors in CKD patients.

scholarly journals Is adolescent pregnancy a risk factor for low birth weight?

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alzira Maria D'avila Nery Guimarães ◽  
Heloísa Bettiol ◽  
Luiz De Souza ◽  
Ricardo Q Gurgel ◽  
Maria Luiza Dória Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether adolescent pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight (LBW) babies. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of mothers and their newborns from a birth cohort in Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected consecutively from March to July 2005. Information collected included socioeconomic, biological and reproductive aspects of the mothers, using a standardized questionnaire. The impact of early pregnancy on birth weight was evaluated by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: We studied 4,746 pairs of mothers and their babies. Of these, 20.6% were adolescents (< 20 years of age). Adolescent mothers had worse socioeconomic and reproductive conditions and perinatal outcomes when compared to other age groups. Having no prenatal care and smoking during pregnancy were the risk factors associated with low birth weight. Adolescent pregnancy, when linked to marital status "without partner", was associated with an increased proportion of low birth weight babies. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescence was a risk factor for LBW only for mothers without partners. Smoking during pregnancy and lack of prenatal care were considered to be independent risk factors for LBW.

scholarly journals A case control study of modifiable risk factors of low birth weight among full term babies at Omdurman maternity hospital, Khartoum, Sudan 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethar Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Low birth weight (delivery of an infant with less than 2500 grams) is owed to two main causes, either IUGR or pre-term delivery. It makes the newborn susceptible to many health issues from birth and through the adulthood life. Whoever IUGR is the leading cause of LBW in developing countries, and hence it is more reliable here in Sudan to study the risk factors that lead to it which are whoever mostly modifiable. This is a hospital based unmatched case-control study. A total of 134 (67 cases and 67 controls) mothers and their full-term newborn infants were included in the study. The participants were interviewed with a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were obtained at the end of the interview. The data was analyzed using SPSS and Odd ratios of the risk factors were calculated. The main risk factors that found to influence the birth weight of our study participants were lack of maternal education, rural place of residence, bleeding during pregnancy, high blood pressure during pregnancy, inadequate spacing, lack of ANC follow up, not having iron supplementation and exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy.

Risk factors for low birth weight in a rural community in southern Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Halpern ◽  
Earl S. Schaefer ◽  
Airton S. Pereira ◽  
Ernesto M. Arnt ◽  
Jandira Pureza Valente Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Southern Brazil

scholarly journals Intraventricular haemorrhage in a Ugandan cohort of low birth weight neonates: the IVHU study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MacLeod ◽  
J. N. Paulson ◽  
N. Okalany ◽  
F. Okello ◽  
L. Acom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Intraventricular Haemorrhage ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cranial Ultrasound ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Eastern Uganda

Abstract Background Globally, 15 million neonates are born prematurely every year, over half in low income countries (LICs). Premature and low birth weight neonates have a higher risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). There are minimal data regarding IVH in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to examine the incidence, severity and timing of and modifiable risk factors for IVH amongst low-birth-weight neonates in Uganda. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of neonates with birthweights of ≤2000 g admitted to a neonatal unit (NU) in a regional referral hospital in eastern Uganda. Maternal data were collected from interviews and medical records. Neonates had cranial ultrasound (cUS) scans on the day of recruitment and days 3, 7 and 28 after birth. Risk factors were tabulated and are presented alongside odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for IVH incidence. Outcomes included incidence, timing and severity of IVH and 28-day survival. Results Overall, 120 neonates were recruited. IVH was reported in 34.2% of neonates; 19.2% had low grade (Papile grades 1–2) and 15% had high grade (Papile grades 3–4). Almost all IVH (90.2%) occurred by day 7, including 88.9% of high grade IVH. Of those with known outcomes, 70.4% (81/115) were alive on day 28 and survival was not associated with IVH. We found that vaginal delivery, gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks and resuscitation in the NU increased the odds of IVH. Of the 6 neonates who received 2 doses of antenatal steroids, none had IVH. Conclusion In this resource limited NU in eastern Uganda, more than a third of neonates born weighing ≤2000 g had an IVH and the majority of these occurred by day 7. We found that vaginal birth, earlier gestation and need for resuscitation after admission to the NU increased the risk of IVH. This study had a high rate of SGA neonates and the risk factors and relationship of these factors with IVH in this setting needs further investigation. The role of antenatal steroids in the prevention of IVH in LICs also needs urgent exploration.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Short-Term Outcomes of Full-Term Low Birth Weight Infants Born at a Tertiary Academic Center: A Prospective Case–Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi K. Al-Wassia ◽  
Shahd K. Baarimah ◽  
Asmaa H. Mohammedsaleh ◽  
Manal O. Alsulami ◽  
Ragad S. Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chromosomal Anomalies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Control Study

Objective Low birth weight (LBW) infants (<2,500 g) continued to be a global health problem because of the associated short- and long-term adverse outcomes. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and short-term outcomes of term LBW infants Study Design A prospective and case–control study. All infants born consecutively from September 1, 2018 to August 31, 2019 were included. Cases, term LBW infants, were 1:1 matched to controls, appropriate for gestational age (AGA) term infants. Major congenital or chromosomal anomalies and multiple pregnancies were excluded. Results The prevalence of term LBW in the studied period was 4.8%. Mothers of term LBW infants had significantly lower body mass index (p = 0.05), gained less weight (p = 0.01), had a history of previous LBW (p = 0.01), and lower monthly income (p = 0.04) compared with mothers of term AGA infants even after adjustment for confounders. A nonsignificant higher number of term LBW infants needed NICU admission, while their need for phototherapy was deemed significant. Conclusion We identified nutritional and socioeconomic maternal factors that are significantly associated with LBW infants and should be targeted during antenatal visits to improve neonatal outcomes. Key Points

scholarly journals Frequency, risk factors and materno-foetal outcomes among cases of Placenta previa at a tertiary care hospital: a two year study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2240
Author(s):  
Pamulaparthi Bindu Reddy ◽  
Gurram Swetha Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Early Date

Background: Placenta previa refers to the presence of placental tissue that extends over the internal cervical os.  Placenta previa is linked to maternal hypovolemia, anaemia, and long hospital stay and with prematurity, low birth weight, low APGAR score in newborn. So it is very important to identify the condition at an early date to warn the condition thereby reducing the maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of PP, its associated predisposing risk factors and maternal morbidity, mortality and the perinatal outcome.Methods: A prospective observational study for two years was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Pregnant mothers with >28 weeks of age with H/o ante partum haemorrhage were screened for placenta previa, confirmed by ultra sonography and included in the study. Clinical history, obstetric examination was done and followed up till the delivery. Maternal and foetal outcomes were recorded. Data analyzed by using SPSS version 20.Results: 1.4% incidence of PP was noted, mean age of group was 29.17±1.6 years. Age group of 21-30 years, multiparity Gravida 2-4, previous history of caesarean section and less number of ante natal checkups were significant risk factors and LSCS was most common outcome. Prematurity, low birth weight and APGAR <7 score for 1 minute was common foetal outcomes.Conclusions: Our study strongly suggests foetal surveillance programmes in cases of placenta previa. Measures should be made to bring awareness about PP, in urban slums and to increase medical checkups regularly. Making USG mandatory during every ANC and referral of cases of PP to tertiary care centres would definitely reduce the chances of morbidity and mortality.

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