scholarly journals Does growth mindset improve children’s IQ, educational attainment or response to setbacks? Active-control interventions and data on children’s own mindsets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li ◽  
Timothy Charles Bates
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Total N ◽  
School Grades ◽  
School Year ◽  
Basic Ability ◽  
Ability Beliefs

Mindset theory predicts that children’s IQ and school grades are positively linked to their belief that basic ability is malleable rather than fixed. We test this prediction in three experimental studies (total n = 624 individually-tested 10-12-year-olds). Two studies included active-control conditions to test effects of fixed-ability beliefs independent of motivation. In addition, we tested whether children’s own mindsets relate to real-life IQ, educational attainment in longitudinal analyses of school grades. Praise for intelligence had no significant effect on cognitive performance. Nor were any effects of mindset were found for challenging material. Active-control data showed that occasional apparent effects of praise for hard work on easy outcome measures reflected motivational confounds rather than effects of implicit beliefs about the malleability of intelligence (study 3, active control condition). Children’s own mindsets showed no relationship to IQ, school grades, or change in grades across the school year, with the only significant result being in the reverse direction to prediction (better performance in children holding a fixed mindset). Fixed beliefs about basic ability appear to be unrelated to ability, and we found no support for mindset-effects on cognitive ability, response to challenge, or educational progress.

Non-stigmatising alternatives to anti-obesity public health messages: Consequences for health behaviour and well-being

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532199970
Author(s):  
Joanne A Rathbone ◽  
Tegan Cruwys ◽  
Jolanda Jetten
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Public Health Messages ◽  
Size Acceptance

This project investigated how alternative non-stigmatising public health messages influence people’s health behaviours and well-being, relative to traditional stigmatising weight-loss messages. We conducted three experimental studies (total N = 1281) that compared traditional weight-loss messages to weight-neutral messages (Study 1), weight-inclusive messages (Study 2) and size acceptance messages (Study 3). Results revealed that public health messages have differential effects on health behaviours and well-being, depending on the audience’s BMI or perceived weight. However, campaigns that challenge weight stigma and promote body positivity have positive effects on some psychological indicators of health and well-being for people of all body sizes.

scholarly journals Impact of The Daily Mile on children’s physical and mental health, and educational attainment in primary schools: iMprOVE cohort study protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e045879
Author(s):  
Bina Ram ◽  
Anna Chalkley ◽  
Esther van Sluijs ◽  
Rachel Phillips ◽  
Tishya Venkatraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
School Year

IntroductionSchool-based active mile initiatives such as The Daily Mile (TDM) are widely promoted to address shortfalls in meeting physical activity recommendations. The iMprOVE Study aims to examine the impact of TDM on children’s physical and mental health and educational attainment throughout primary school.Methods and analysisiMprOVE is a longitudinal quasi-experimental cohort study. We will send a survey to all state-funded primary schools in Greater London to identify participation in TDM. The survey responses will be used for non-random allocation to either the intervention group (Daily Mile schools) or to the control group (non-Daily Mile schools). We aim to recruit 3533 year 1 children (aged 5–6 years) from 77 primary schools and follow them up annually until the end of their primary school years. Data collection taking place at baseline (children in school year 1) and each primary school year thereafter includes device-based measures of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and questionnaires to measure mental health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and educational attainment (ratings from ‘below expected’ to ‘above expected levels’). The primary outcome is the mean change in MVPA minutes from baseline to year 6 during the school day among the intervention group compared with controls. We will use multilevel linear regression models adjusting for sociodemographic data and participation in TDM. The study is powered to detect a 10% (5.5 min) difference between the intervention and control group which would be considered clinically significant.Ethics and disseminationEthics has been approved from Imperial College Research Ethics Committee, reference 20IC6127. Key findings will be disseminated to the public through research networks, social, print and media broadcasts, community engagement opportunities and schools. We will work with policy-makers for direct application and impact of our findings.

scholarly journals The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Fighting, Shoplifting and Vandalism in Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3509
Author(s):  
Ieuan Evans ◽  
Jon Heron ◽  
Joseph Murray ◽  
Matthew Hickman ◽  
Gemma Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study ◽  
Causal Component

Experimental studies support the conventional belief that people behave more aggressively whilst under the influence of alcohol. To examine how these experimental findings manifest in real life situations, this study uses a method for estimating evidence for causality with observational data—‘situational decomposition’ to examine the association between alcohol consumption and crime in young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Self-report questionnaires were completed at age 24 years to assess typical alcohol consumption and frequency, participation in fighting, shoplifting and vandalism in the previous year, and whether these crimes were committed under the influence of alcohol. Situational decomposition compares the strength of two associations, (1) the total association between alcohol consumption and crime (sober or intoxicated) versus (2) the association between alcohol consumption and crime committed while sober. There was an association between typical alcohol consumption and total crime for fighting [OR (95% CI): 1.47 (1.29, 1.67)], shoplifting [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.12, 1.40)], and vandalism [OR (95% CI): 1.33 (1.12, 1.57)]. The associations for both fighting and shoplifting had a small causal component (with the association for sober crime slightly smaller than the association for total crime). However, the association for vandalism had a larger causal component.

scholarly journals A chip off the (im)moral block? Lay beliefs about genetic heritability predicts whether family members’ actions affect self-judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Peetz ◽  
Michael Jeremy Adam Wohl ◽  
Anne E Wilson ◽  
Andrew Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lay Beliefs ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Related Family ◽  
Genetic Heritability

The idea of heritability may have consequences for individuals’ sense of self by connecting identity to the actions of others who happen to share genetic ties. Across seven experimental studies (total N=2,628), recalling morally bad or good actions by family members influenced individuals’ moral self among those who endorse a lay belief that moral character is genetically heritable, but not among those who did not endorse this belief (Study 1-5). In contrast, recalling actions by unrelated individuals had no effect, regardless of lay beliefs (Study 2, 5), the endorsement of other relevant lay beliefs did not moderate the effect of parent’s actions on self-judgments (Study 3). Individuals who endorsed heritability beliefs also chose less helpful responses to hypothetical helping scenarios if they had recalled unhelpful (vs. helpful) acts by a genetically-related family member (Study 5). Taken together, these studies suggest that lay beliefs in the role of genetics are important for self-perceptions.

scholarly journals School Administrators’ Personality Traits: Its Relationship to Teachers’ Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harly Israel G. Bandojo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
School Year ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Public Elementary Schools ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Physical Traits

This descriptive study ascertained the perceived personality traits of school administrators’ and its relationship to teachers’ performance in public elementary schools in the district of Estancia, Iloilo. The respondents of the study were the ninety (90) purposively selected public elementary teachers from the district of Estancia, Iloilo during the school year 2017-2018. A researcher-made questionnaire which was validated and reliability tested was used. The results revealed that the school administrators had strong personality traits as perceived by the respondents, when taken as a whole and when classified as to age (above 30 years old), sex, civil status, length of service and highest educational attainment. However, those who were 30 years old and below perceived that school administrators have very strong personality traits. In terms of school administrators’ physical traits, teachers perceived school administrators to have very strong physical traits except for those who aged above 30 years old and master’s degree holders who perceived school administrators to have strong physical traits. In terms of school administrators’ social traits, teachers perceived school administrators to have strong social traits except for those who aged 30 years old and below who perceived school administrators to have very strong social traits. In terms of emotional traits and moral traits, teachers perceived school administrators in both aspects to have strong emotional traits and strong moral traits in all categories. The teachers in the district of Estancia, Iloilo had a very satisfactory performance when taken as a whole and when classified as to age, sex, civil status, length of service and highest educational attainment. Results further revealed no significant differences in teachers’ performance in the district of Estancia, Iloilo. Moreover, no significant relationship between the school administrators’ personal traits and teachers’ performance was found.

scholarly journals An inch away from being mentally tough: Performance bias in ratings of mental toughness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. I. Schellenberg ◽  
Patrick Gaudreau
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Total N ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Bias In Ratings ◽  
Sport Psychologist ◽  
Single Moment ◽  
Performance Bias

Are assessments of an athlete’s mental toughness influenced by how that athlete performs in a single moment in a game? We conducted three experimental studies to address this question and conclude that the answer is yes. In each study, sports fans (total N = 1,097) read vignettes that depicted a mentally tough basketball player, either by describing the player as having many mentally tough attributes (Study 1), or by stating that the player had been identified as being mentally tough by an expert sport psychologist (Studies 2 and 3). Participants then read that the player was about to take a championship-winning shot and were randomly assigned to learn that the shot had been either successful or unsuccessful. Moreover, in Studies 1 and 2 participants learned that the outcome had been either decisive (i.e., a “perfect swish” or an “air ball”) or indecisive (i.e., the ball hitting the backboard, then the rim and, eventually, either going or not going into the basket). In each study, despite learning that the athlete was very mentally tough, participants’ mental toughness ratings depended on whether or not the shot was successful. Ratings were also sensitive to the way in which an outcome was attained: ratings decreased in a linear pattern with the highest ratings after a decisive success, followed by an indecisive success, an indecisive failure, and the lowest ratings after a decisive failure. This research supports the criticism that evaluations of mental toughness are distorted by how an athlete performs in a single moment.

scholarly journals Simulation Study of the Process of Friction in the Working Elements of a Car Braking System at Different Degrees of Wear

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Borawski
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System

Abstract Among the many elements of a modern vehicle, the braking system is definitely among the most important ones. Health, and, frequently, life, may rest upon the design and reliability of brakes. The most common friction pair used in passenger cars today is a disc which rotates with the road wheel and a cooperating pair of brake pads. The composite material of the pad results in changing tribological properties as the pad wears, which was demonstrated in experimental studies. The change is also facilitated by the harsh operating conditions of brakes (high and rapid temperature changes, water, etc.). This paper looks into how changing tribology reflects on the heating process of disc and pads during braking. And so a simulation study was conducted, as this method makes it possible to measure temperature in any given point and at any time, which is either impossible or extremely difficult in real life conditions. Finite element method analyses were performed for emergency braking events at various initial speeds of the vehicle reflecting the current road speed limits.

scholarly journals Does Danger Level Affect Bystander Intervention in Real-Life Conflicts? Evidence From CCTV Footage

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110426
Author(s):  
Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard ◽  
Lasse Suonperä Liebst ◽  
Richard Philpot ◽  
Mark Levine ◽  
Wim Bernasco
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Bystander Intervention ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Public Surveillance ◽  
Helping Others

In real-life violence, bystanders can take an active role in de-escalating conflict and helping others. Recent meta-analytical evidence of experimental studies suggests that elevated danger levels in conflicts facilitate bystander intervention. However, this finding may lack ecological validity because ethical concerns prohibit exposing participants to potentially harmful situations. Using an ecologically valid method, based on an analysis of 80 interpersonal conflicts unobtrusively recorded by public surveillance cameras, the present study confirms that danger is positively associated with bystander intervention. In the presence of danger, bystanders were 19 times more likely to intervene than in the absence of danger. It extends this knowledge by discovering that incremental changes in the severity level of the danger (low, medium, and high), however, were not associated with bystander intervention. These findings confirm the importance of further investigating the role of danger for bystander intervention, in larger samples, and involving multiple types of real-life emergencies.

Self-disclosure in Online versus “Face-to-Face” Counseling: A Survey among Clients (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Viktoria Binder ◽  
Markus Schott ◽  
Christiane Eichenberg
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Online Counseling ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Counseling Outcome ◽  
Disinhibition Effect ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Online Disinhibition

BACKGROUND Research proves the effectiveness of psychological interventions in online settings. There is some evidence that people disclose more personal information online than in real life, however, the results appear inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to find out whether people in online counseling disclosed more than individuals receiving “face-to-face” counseling, whether there were differences between the two settings in regard to counseling outcome and whether people in online counseling disclosed more about the counseling to confidants. METHODS A survey was carried out in various counseling centers offering both online and “face-to-face” services. The Disclosure to Therapist Inventory-VI was used to assess the amount of self-disclosure in both settings. Clients’ attitudes towards revealing counseling aspects to other people in their lives were assessed using the Disclosure About Therapy Inventory. In total N= 80 respondents completed the survey, 31 participants received online counseling (38.8%), 49 people had “face-to-face“ counseling (61.3%). RESULTS Contradicting the hypothesis, the present study disproved the assumption that self-disclosure is higher in online counseling. Whereas both samples showed similar levels of disclosure on different counseling topics, clients in “face-to-face” situations revealed significantly more about two topics: self-actualization vs. adaptation (P= .010, d= 0.6) and self-doubt/shortcomings (P= .003, r= 0.33). Two treatment characteristics, namely counseling duration and motives affected the degree of disclosure. In regard to the counseling outcome participants were moderately satisfied in both groups. People in “face-to-face” counseling reported significantly better treatment outcome in regard to the increased capacity to relate well to others (P= .026, r= 0.25). The assumption that a higher level of self-disclosure is associated with better treatment outcomes was verified only for online counseling (P= .024, ß= .470). Clients in both settings disclosed moderately about aspects of their counseling to confidants with no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study could not prove the online disinhibition effect for the counseling setting. As the number of studies conducted on this topic is relatively small the present study calls for further research on larger samples. Thereby, incongruities on self-disclosure can be clarified, possibly leading to the revision of current theories or the development of new ones.

Development of valuable predictive read-across models based on “real-life” (sparse) nanotoxicity data

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gajewicz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Data Gaps

A simple and statistically sound read-across approach for filling data gaps that provides reliable predictions without the necessity of performing extensive experimental studies.

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