scholarly journals Ruído: Medidas de Proteção Coletivas e Individuais

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S82-S90
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Occupational Risk Factor ◽  
Cochrane Database

Introduction / framework / objectives Noise is an occupational risk factor extensively addressed in the Occupational Health literature. However, its pathophysiological consequences have traditionally been emphasized, sometimes neglecting more detailed explanations concerning personal protective equipment and collective protective measures. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated by a September 2019 search of the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, SCOPUS and RCAAP.” Content There are several collective protection measures (at the workspace structure/ design and use of various materials/ devices) that are able to attenuate noise exposure. When exceeding the lower exposure value (80 decibels) the employer must provide hearing protection; if the upper exposure value (85 decibels) is reached or exceeded its use is required (after prior enhancement of collective protective measures). However, workers and their representatives have to be consulted to choose the model. In selecting the latter, account should be taken of European Community certification, appropriate attenuation, compatibility with tasks and other protective equipment used simultaneously; as well as the physical condition of the worker, acceptability and comfort that it will generate. The effectiveness of these will depend on time of use, correct utilization, shape/ size, fit to the ear, pressure (head and/ or ear), resistance to extreme temperatures and material. Conclusions Occupational health team professionals generally need up-to-date information on individual and collective protection measures to mitigate the effects of noise in the workplace. The bibliography (in indexed databases) on these two themes is not very abundant and / or easily accessible. However, these measures, well used, can attenuate noise, promoting safer and healthier work. It would be pertinent for Occupational Health teams who deal with clients with different noise levels, to investigate which of these techniques are most appropriate to each situation and how employees adhere better to the process and perform their part more effectively.

scholarly journals Luvas antivibratórias: qual a evidência científica?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S91-S100
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Full Text ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Instrument Type ◽  
Cochrane Database

Introduction / background / objectives The use of anti-vibration gloves is not as frequent as other individual protective equipment, so it becomes an area in which the professionals that exercise in the Occupational Health teams (and even employers and workers) have less contact and experience. In addition, when starting to research the topic, it is easy to see that there are contradictory data published, so there are many doubts about the benefit or not on its use. This review intends to summarize the most recent and pertinent articles published on this topic. Methodology This is an Integrative Bibliographic Review, initiated through a research carried out in December 2019 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina, SCOPUS and RCAAP ”. Content For a glove be considered anti-vibration, it must comply with the criteria defined by the International Standardization Organization. The sensitivity to damage associated with vibrations has some variability between individuals. Vibrations can cause vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal changes; overall, the situation referred to as hand-arm vibration syndrome; this becomes more frequent with increasing exposure time and intensity. In addition to the direct protection that may exist in relation to vibrations, by keeping the hands dry and warm, vibratory damage can be indirectly attenuated. In addition, regardless of the vibration issue, the worker is also more protected from cuts, burns, chemical and biological agents. The greatest risk may then be to give the employer and employee a sense of protection when it is not real. In addition, some researchers believe that certain collective protection measures are more effective than gloves. Conclusions The published data are contradictory and the studies generally used small samples, so it is difficult to generalize the results with safety. In addition, it is easy to see that the protection, absence of it or even potentiation of vibrations will depend on numerous variables, namely working instrument, type of vibrations, model/ material and glove thickness in the palm and fingers, as well as grip strength exercised by the worker and its anthropometric dimensions. It is therefore a protective equipment that, in no way, can be considered as an added value, for any task or worker.

scholarly journals Campos Eletromagnéticos: ênfase nas Medidas de Proteção Coletiva e Individual

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S101-S111
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Drug Infusion ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Cochrane Database

Introduction / framework / objectives Electromagnetic fields are already very extensively developed in the scientific literature, however, doing so through a generalist approach and/ or highlighting the possible consequences for human health. There are few documents that, under this theme, describe specific protection measures. The authors conducted a research with the objective of elaborating a synthesis what was written about this subtheme. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated at September 2019, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP”. Content Many activities create these fields. In most workplaces exposure is discrete and there is no relevant risk. In all other cases, however, the risk dissipates with distance from the source. In addition, as most of these situations originate from an electrical appliance, when it is switched off, the problem no longer exists. Particularly exposed individuals may be pregnant women and individuals with active medical devices (cardiac stimulators, defibrillators, cochlear and brain stem implants, neurostimulators, drug infusion pumps and retinal coders). In terms of collective protection measures, the shielding/ insulation with metal, ceramic, plastic or glass plate or mesh can be highlighted;as well as protection with light curtains; reading apparatus and pressure sensitive mats; restriction of access by guards, barriers, signs, magnetic field signaling/ ionizing radiation, especially to individuals with active or metallic medical implants; prohibition of conductive objects; appoint the person responsible for safety management; training about body position during work and limitation of movements to attenuate induction of electric fields. While it is not difficult to shield electric fields, mitigating the effects of magnetic fields is more complicated. Furthermore, it is generally not possible to use effective Personal Protective Equipment uniformly: if it protects a range of frequencies, it will hardly protect for others. Examples include insulation footwear (thick rubber sole, non-steel); suitable gloves in isolation/ driving, glasses and full suit. Conclusions Given the omnipresence of the electromagnetic fields (although generally at intensities of low concern), it would be relevant for occupational health practitioners to have some notions of how to approach the subtheme. In addition, it would be important for some teams to have the opportunity to investigate in this context, improve customer service and, by publishing their data, contribute to a better understanding of the national reality and somehow evolve scientific knowledge in this area.

Tatuadores: principais Fatores de Risco e Riscos Laborais, Doenças Profissionais associadas e Medidas de Proteção recomendadas

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-58
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Safe Work ◽  
Individual Protection

Introduction/ objectives Over the last few decades getting tattoos has been progressively better accepted by society in most countries; thus, the number of establishments and professionals in the area has also increased. However, since it is a recent activity and with heterogeneous norms/ licensing, these individuals often escape the evaluation by Occupational Health. The literature on this subject is scarce. This review was intended to characterize the profession of tattoo artist with regard to: vocational training; main risk factors/ occupational risks; more prevalent semiology and associated major diseases; work accidents; collective/ individual protection measures adopted and associated legislation. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a survey conducted in April 2019 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP. Content In most countries, a person can work in the area without having specific qualifications; the products can be purchased via internet and the rules for opening the establishment vary locally. Given the absence of norms that parameterize the necessary qualifications to exercise, the same happens in the process of teaching in this sector. The main occupational risks/ risk factors are the quimical and biological agents, vibrations, noise, forced/ maintained postures, repetitive movements, visual effort, handling needles and sharps and prolonged shifts. Musculoskeletal semiology is very prevalent. Discussion / Conclusions / Limitations / Projects for the Future The risk factors are very similar to other professional sectors, such as dental medicine, which has already been studied in detail. Most of the few published documents on Tattoo Artists have a simplistic methodology and the samples are small. In addition, the absence of uniform labor standards and licensing undermines safe work. It would be very important that these arise and be progressively perfected. In a post-implementation phase, it would be desirable to have an institution with the capacity and authority to monitor compliance and to require the correction of identified problems. Similarly, it would also be interesting if the education process were also formalized and compulsory, perhaps starting at a technical level and evolving (if the progression of the sector allows or requires), to other degree.

Métodos para detetar o Risco de surgirem Lesões Músculo-Esqueléticas relacionadas com o Trabalho- sabemos o suficiente?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Almost All

Introduction / background / objectives Work-related Musculoskeletal Injuries are prevalent and relevant. There are several methods for detecting risk, depending on the tasks performed. However, not all professionals working in the Occupational Health teams have well-structured knowledge or practical experience in most of these methods. Methodology It is a Review, initiated through a survey conducted in April 2020, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP ”. Content There are several categories of methods for assessing the risk of Musculoskeletal Lesions Related to Work. For that we have, in a very synthetic way, the self-assessment questionnaires (completed by the workers), the observational methods (more or less complex) and the direct methods. This work describes in detail OWAS, RULA, REBA, NIOSH Equation and Strain Index. Conclusions Articles are easily found in indexed databases that mention that they used them, but due to the limitations imposed by most journals in view of the size of the document, almost all authors only mention the name of the method they used and, at most, make a description very synthetic of it. In turn, in some Master’s or Doctoral Theses (where this problem does not exist), a more detailed methodological description can be found, but even so, it is not always possible to understand in practice how to use all methods or we find discreetly different versions, result of adaptations or a mixture of methods, carried out over the decades. Any professional on an Occupational Health Team will have a reasonable sense of what are the most damaging tasks; however, presenting this evidence, attenuating subjectivity and making use of the hierarchy that mathematical scales can offer, makes evaluations more scientific, rigorous and easier to be accepted as valid by the Employer/ Representatives/ Workers and, consequently, increase the receptivity to proposed measures to mitigate/ correct the problem and reassess it after this phase. It would be desirable for all professionals in the field to have at least a generic idea of ​​the existing methods and to know where they can go to obtain more information, in order to execute these techniques, if necessary.

scholarly journals Radiação Ótica Artificial em contexto de Saúde Ocupacional- a Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S112-s122
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Occupational Risk ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
Cochrane Database

Introduction / framework / objectives Most workers and professionals working in Occupational Health teams will not particularly value this occupational risk factor, especially when compared with others that may also exist in the workplace; therefore, knowledge about this area is not particularly developed, nor is the bibliography abundant. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent and pertinent publications on the subject. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated by a September 2019 search of the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP”. Content Many workers are exposed to this radiation, particularly through lighting and computer displays; therefore, the rule of suppressing exposure (as sometimes attempted to do with other risks) does not have the same applicability in this context. In areas such as Health and in some Shows/ Art manifestations the limits of the directives can be overcome. Any artificial light, internal or external, also fits in this concept (even from motor vehicles). It is particularly frequent in the following professional sectors/ tasks: high temperature work (glass or metal), graphic work, aesthetic treatments, indoor work with powerful lighting, sterilization, welding, laser welding in plastic manufacturing, activities material processing (cutting, marking, drilling/ photolithography), optical measurement, communications, optical information storage and spectroscopy. Conclusions The theme does not adresses the same attention as other occupational risk factors, so it is poorly developed and some of the population will not even know it exists. It would be interesting for national Occupational Health teams, with clients with large numbers of employees exposed, to better investigate the issue, quantifying the knowledge of workers/ managers and employers, recording the semiology and associated pathologies, clarifying which radiation subtypes are involved in the various tasks, also suggesting valid collective and individual protection measures (specifying model and/ or materials).

scholarly journals Agentes Químicos Ototóxicos (para além dos Solventes)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S74-S81
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
Chemical Agents

Introduction / framework / objectives Classically in Occupational Health Hypoacusis is associated to noise exposure; however, there are several chemical agents with this capability. Among these, the most frequently associated are solvents, although not always with irrefutable scientific evidence for some cases. Within other classes of chemical agents the data is even scarcer and less robust. The aim of this review was to summarize the most recent and pertinent publications on ototoxic agents (other than solvents). Methodology This is an Integrative Bibliographic Review, initiated at September 2019 on the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP”. Content The most commonly mentioned classes are solvents (there is already an article published in this journal related to the risk of hypoacusis), heavy metals, asphyxiants and pesticides. It is also described that some antibiotics, anticancer drugs and diuretics may be ototoxic directly. In turn, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide can have a synergistic effect with noise, as well as some heavy metals, asphyxiants and pesticides. However, in contexts where there is noise and ototoxic chemical agents, it is difficult to understand the contribution of each, and synergism may occur. Moreover, the situation seems to be clearer in animals; In humans some researchers assume that further studies are needed and the levels at which injury arises are not known clearly. At higher concentrations, hypoacusis seems evident, but for smaller amounts, data are not always consensual. There is also no consensus on the lowest dose that will induce damage. In addition, in most occupational situations exposure includes several chemical agents and not one isolated. Animal is not equivalent to human metabolism, so generalizations of results should be made with reservations. At work level, there are fewer standards for chemical versus noise agents in the context of hearing loss. Global ototoxicity is believed to be related to oxidative stress; not only due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, but also through the attenuation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Discussion, Limitations, and Conclusions Most of the published studies on this subject are not very robust, besides that they have heterogeneous conditions among themselves. Hence, the conclusions of these studies cannot be generalized directly to the population of workers exposed to ototoxic agents. Still, among the latter there are some that seem to associate more clearly with hearing loss. Whenever the association is proven and/ or suspected, the Occupational Health team should provide measures that mitigate exposure to provide the safest and healthiest working environment possible. It would be relevant to know more about the national reality and to have published data of professionals working in companies with these agents, comparing the effect of different concentrations/ products and/ or simultaneous exposure to noise (possibly at different intensities), depending on the existing production process.

Safety and Efficacy of DEET and Permethrin in the Prevention of Arthropod Attack

1998 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 324-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David Young ◽  
Sandra Evans
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Insect Repellent ◽  
First Line ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Protective Strategy

Abstract Many preventable diseases affecting troop strength are directly attributed to disease-carrying insects. The first line of defense against arthropod vectors is the use of personal protective measures. The concurrent application of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) repellent on the skin and permethrin [(3-phenoxy-phenyl)methyl(±)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate] insecticide on the battle dress uniform, while the uniform is worn properly, is a personal protective strategy officially known as the DOD Insect Repellent System. It is important for troop commanders and field leaders to enforce the use of personal protective measures to prevent insect-borne infectious diseases and to ensure troop and soldier readiness. DEET is a safe and effective repellent. Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and repellent. Used in conjunction with proper clothing and other personal protective equipment, these repellents provide the best known protection available and are critical in minimizing the occupational health threat of arthropod-borne diseases to troops in the field.

scholarly journals Preventive and protective measures reducing influenza transmission in general practice: a systematic review

BJGP Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen19X101657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Suter ◽  
Tessa Kermode ◽  
Carole Clair ◽  
Yolanda Mueller ◽  
Nicolas Senn
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundSeasonal influenza and influenza-like illnesses are widespread, with an impact on GP consultations. GPs apply many preventive and protective measures to prevent seasonal influenza transmission, with no clear evidence of their effectiveness in this setting.AimTo review the effectiveness of preventive and protective measures to reduce the transmission of seasonal influenza and influenza-like illnesses in GP practices.Design & settingA systematic review was conducted of the literature in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register databases published between January 1960 and April 2014, later extended to January 2018.MethodPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were used. Controlled trials and experimental studies were included. Study quality was assessed according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool.ResultsOut of 5727 articles screened, only two studies were finally retained: one study about the seasonal influenza vaccination of GPs to prevent transmission from patients or staff, and one about surface disinfection. The first study was a controlled trial, which showed limited evidence for seasonal influenza infection reduction among GPs through vaccination. The second, an experimental study, performed a virus screening on toys in the waiting area before and after disinfection. No study on protection measures was found that assessed the impact on influenza transmission in general practices.ConclusionThe evidence is scarce on interventions that reduce influenza transmission in GP practices.

scholarly journals Danos Ocupacionais associados ao Crómio, com ênfase no setor da Conservação e Restauro de Obras de Arte

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
Academic Search

Introduction and Objective The Conservation and Restoration sector has not yet been fully or comprehensively addressed by Occupational Health, so there are several knowledge gaps. The authors aimed to collect and summarize all the information they found on the topic. The main risks associated with Chromium are spread across a variety of medical settings (albeit with different consensos) on cardiovascular, nephrological, hepatic, oncological, dermatological, otorhinolaryngological, pneumological, ophthalmic and haematological pathology. Methodology A survey was conducted in January 2019, considering Scopus search engines; PubMed / MedLine; Web of Science; Science Direct; Academic Search Complete; CINALH; Database of Abstracts and Reviews; Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Nursing and Allied Health Collection; MedicLatina and RCAAP. Content / Results and Discussion No documents were found mentioning details concerning Chromium toxicity in this sector. For other professional areas information was scarce. Workers in the glass industry may also be exposed as well as in metallurgy/ welding and the chemical industry. Limitations The authors made efforts to try to make their research exhaustive but, once completed, they realised that they did not find relevant data on Chromium dosing in Conservation and Restoration work environments, nor an indication of which techniques can be used and which are the preferred ones, including biological evaluation. No articles were found describing collective or individual protection measures, even in a generic way. Conclusions Concrete and serious harms associated with Chromium have long been known. However, the Conservation and Restoration sector is still very little studied in the context of Occupational Health and the risks of eventual contact with this agent are no exception. It would be very pertinent to have motivated teams to study this sector and to address some of the limitations not developed in the international literature.

scholarly journals Risk Analysis of Lightning and Surge Protection Devices for Power Energy Structures

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Hsun Liu ◽  
Yirga Muna ◽  
Yu-Tung Chen ◽  
Cheng-Chien Kuo ◽  
Hung-Yi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Annual Cost Saving

This paper studies the risk data and protection measurements of lightning based on the IEC62305 standard. In addition, Visual Basic (VB) is used to build a lightning risk calculation program with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The data structure, including environment data, line data, zone data, economic data, and protection measures is designed to simulate risk of loss of human life (R1) and risk of loss of economic value (R4). To achieve the most economical protection structure design, additional protection measurements and annual savings are considered. In the practical application, the main purpose is to discuss effective protection distances of surge protective devices (SPDs) for low-voltage power distribution. This paper takes advantage of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) to simulate the voltage of equipment with different types of loads and length of the cable. After using the protection measures, the value of risk of human life reduces form 21.299 × 10−5 to 0.439 × 10−5 and the value of risk of economic value reduces from 2696.754 × 10−5 to 98.062 × 10−5. The results mean that the protection measures let the values of the risk below the tolerance. By considering the annual cost saving. Assume the cost of protection measures, the interest rate, the depreciation rate, and the maintenance rate are 150,000 $, 4%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The annual cost before using protective measures, the annual cost after using protective measures, the annual cost of protective measures, and the annual cost saving are $925,000, $33,635, $15,000 and $876,365, respectively. Consequently, it is feasible that the simulation result can provide users with great suggestions to choose the best installation location and achieve the most effective protection design.

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