scholarly journals Principles and Practice of Conservative Adhesive Restorations: A brief review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Somya Jain ◽  
◽  
Raju U Pati ◽  
Priya Diwan ◽  
Shikha Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Equivalent Effect ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces

Dental caries has been recognised as a major public health problem globally which has an equivalent effect on all age groups. Caries predominantly affects the occlusal surfaces of erupting molars and premolars and thus accounts for nearly 80-90% of pit and fissure caries in permanent teeth. Apart from regular measures for management of dental caries preventive measures involving sealing of the cavitated and non cavitated pits and fissures can be promising tool for cost effective caries prevention. Conservative Adhesive restorations (CAR) have proven to be one such effective means in prevention and treatment of pit and fissure caries. This article reviews complete application technique of CAR along with its indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages. Also, literature-based review of the success rate has been reported. An insight of its application in children and advancements that can help in further improving the efficacy have also been reviewed. From this review and after discussion of recently published studies, it is evident that prophylactic techniques like CAR can be both preventive as well as therapeutic measure for preventing progression of incipient caries.

When should a dentist restore a cavity?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwina Kidd ◽  
Ole Fejerskov
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Glass Ionomer Cement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Restorative Dentistry ◽  
Fissure Sealants ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Surface Irregularities ◽  
Developed Nations

At the start of this book it was commented that some dentists see restorative dentistry (fillings) as the treatment of dental caries. These dentists see prevention of caries as a separate issue. The authors profoundly disagree with this. The previous chapters have shown how dental caries develops and what it is, so in this chapter it is important to ask the question ‘with this knowledge in mind, what is the role of restorations (restorative dentistry) in caries control?’ Are restorations required or can the problem be solved by sealing all surfaces in the oral cavity—or at least those parts where surface irregularities (occlusal fissures, grooves, pits, etc.) may favour biofilm stagnation? Therefore, this chapter starts with a discussion of so-called fissure sealants. On occlusal surfaces, caries lesions may form at the entrance to the fissure because this complex morphology may be difficult to clean, particularly in the erupting tooth that is below the level of the arch and tends to be missed as the toothbrush swings by. Fissure sealants cover the fissures with a flowable resin or highly viscous glass ionomer cement, so that they are easier to clean. Their effectiveness has been proved in many studies. When first introduced in developed nations, all molar surfaces were recommended for sealing to avoid caries development and the need for fillings. This ‘sealing all teeth’ policy would now be totally incorrect for two reasons: ◆ Caries can be controlled by cleaning alone. ◆ Many of these surfaces will never develop lesions, and this automatic sealing approach is over treatment and not cost-effective. The indications for fissure sealing are: ◆ Active fissure caries has been diagnosed, but attempts at caries control have not arrested lesion progression. ◆ Occlusal surfaces are often highly irregular, and filled with grooves and fissures, and the patient or parent either cannot, or will not, remove plaque effectively. This is particularly important in the erupting molar. This surface is particularly at risk of lesion development and progression because permanent teeth can take 6–12 months to erupt; indeed, third molars may take several years.

The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Iran: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1027
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagherniya ◽  
Zahra Khorasanchi ◽  
Mina S. Bidokhti ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Mitra Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common medical condition worldwide. In Iran, it has been reported that between 30-90% of people have vitamin D deficiency. However, its distribution in different parts of the country and among different age and regional groups is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the recent literature on vitamin D deficiency in Iran. Methods: The literature review was performed using Web of Science, PubMed-Medline, Scopus and Scientific Information Database (SID) with a cut-off date of November 2016 to identify articles on vitamin D status in Iran published in the last 10 years. Studies in English and Persian that reported vitamin D levels in male and female subjects of all age groups and in healthy populations were included. Results: From 325 studies that were initially retrieved, 82 articles met the inclusion criteria. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was reported, and in some regions, this was reported as >90% and was found in all age groups and in all regions of Iran. Conclusion: This review highlights the very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran. It will be important to recognize the importance of vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem in Iran.

scholarly journals Healthcare use prior to suicide in the Stockholm County population 2011-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Narusyte ◽  
K Kosidou ◽  
C Dalman
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Use ◽  
Stockholm County ◽  
Suicide Death ◽  
Death Registry ◽  
County Population ◽  
Study Population ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Suicide is a major public health problem. A detailed description of healthcare use prior to suicide can serve to improve prevention strategies. The aim of the study was to describe the patterns of primary, specialized outpatient, and inpatient healthcare use from two weeks and up to one year prior to suicide in Stockholm County. Methods The study population included all 15 year or older suicide victims who died in Stockholm County 2011-2016 (n = 1950) identified through National Cause of Death Registry. Data on number of visits and contacts with healthcare among suicide victims were obtained from VAL healthcare use registry in Stockholm County. Healthcare use was depicted from one year to up to two weeks prior to suicide death. Results Preliminary results showed that there were 65% and 57% of women and men, respectively, who had at least one contact with healthcare during the last two weeks before suicide death. Measured one year prior to suicide, there were 93% of women and 85% of men who had at least one contact with healthcare. Among those who had at least one contact with healthcare two weeks prior to suicide, there were 16% of women and 12% of men who were hospitalized, 55% of women and 47% of men who had a contact with specialized outpatient care, and 32% of women and 27% of men who had a contact with primary healthcare. The proportion of those who did not have any contact with healthcare during the six months prior to suicide decreased gradually with increasing age among men (23% at ages of 15-24 years old and 7% at ages of 65 and older). There were on average 7% of women in all age groups who did not have any contact with healthcare during the six months prior to suicide. Conclusions The majority of the suicide victims had a contact with healthcare during the last year prior to suicide death. The findings suggest that suicide prevention efforts may target improved tools for clinically-based risk assessment. Key messages The majority of the suicide victims had at least one contact with healthcare during the last year prior to suicide death. Those who did not have any contact with healthcare during six months prior to suicide were more likely to be young men.

scholarly journals Six Year Trend Analysis of Malaria Prevalence at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel Mulugeta ◽  
Atsede Assefa ◽  
Atsede Eshetie ◽  
Birhanie Asmare ◽  
Meseret Birhanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Predominant Species

Abstract Background: Malaria is disease caused by plasmodium species and transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquito. Globally, it is still the major public health problem that causes morbidity and mortality especially in tropical and sub-tropical African countries including Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the Six year trend of malaria at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019Method: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the laboratory registration logbook at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital by using data extraction tool. The data was analysized by SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants and presented by graphs, tables and texts. The binary logistic regression was also used test the association of trend of malaria and different factors like sex, age, year, and season. Result: From a total 17,500 malaria suspected patients, 1341 (7.7%) were confirmed for malaria and (47.2%), (45.6%) and (7.2%) were P.vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infection, respectively. P.vivax was the predominant species in the first three years and P. falciparum became the predominant species in the last three years. The trend prevalence was showed a fluctuated significantly decrement. It decreased by 68%, 60% and 69% in the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 compare to 2014, respectively. The positivity rate were significantly higher in the males (1.41 times higher) than females. It was also significantly higher in lower age groups compare to the older age groups (> 54 years old). It was 1.60, 1.64, 2.45 and 1.82 times higher in the age group of < 5, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-54 years old, respectively.Conclusion: There has been a significant declining trend of malaria in the study area. However, it is still a major health problem and requires extra efforts for further reduction. Even, autumn was the season when the highest peak of malaria cases in was observed, there was high fluctuation from year to year. Therefore, control activities should be continued and strengthened manner in the study area considering these variability.

scholarly journals Redefining the Phenotype of Dental Caries

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Weber ◽  
Jenny Bogstad Søvik ◽  
Aida Mulic ◽  
Kathleen Deeley ◽  
Anne B. Tveit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Recessive Model ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Kallikrein 4

Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease and a major public health problem estimated to affect 60-90% of school children as well as a vast number of adults. The aim of this work was to define patterns of progression of the disease based on longitudinal data in contrast to using a cross-sectional assessment. dmft/DMFT scores were collected at ages 5, 12, 14, 16, 17, and 18 from 876 individuals. We tested our newly defined phenotypes for association with genetic variants in genes shown to be associated with caries. We generated genotyping data using Taqman chemistry in markers of genes involved in processes such as enamel formation and salivary contributions. Kallikrein 4 (KLK4) was found to show a significant association with the created phenotypes (p = 0.0008 in a recessive model for low caries experience in the primary dentition vs. high caries experience in the primary dentition, and p = 0.0004 in a recessive model for caries free primary dentition vs. high caries experience in the primary dentition).

scholarly journals Antiparasitic phytotherapy perspectives, scope and current development

Infectio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhon Carlos Castaño Osorio ◽  
Alejandra María Giraldo García
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Commercial Markets ◽  
Health And Economic Development ◽  
New Treatments

Tropical protozoan diseases are currently a major public health problem throughout the world and are strongly linked with poverty, this combined with a lack of commercial markets for potential drugs has created a large burden on the health and economic development of low-income and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Due to the low research interest and the high increase of resistance against the existing treatments, as well as increasing inefficiency, toxicity, prolonged treatment schedules and costs, there is an urgent need for cost-effective, safe and easy-to-administer, new effective compounds with novel mechanisms of action. Several studies of crude plant extracts have already identified potential compounds to treat Chagas’ disease, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, and Malaria among other protozoan parasites. Natural compounds of medicinal plants have shown lower toxicity together with higher specificity, creating an optimistic view of new treatments for diseases. Out of 1010 new active substances approved as drugs for medical conditions by regulatory agencies during the past 25 years, 490(48.5%) were from a natural origin.

scholarly journals Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Taniuchi ◽  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Md Abu Sayeed ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
Md Taufiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children &lt;5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals &gt;5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Terpene-Containing Essential Oils on the Proliferation ofEchinococcus granulosusLarval Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara María Albani ◽  
Guillermo María Denegri ◽  
María Celina Elissondo
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Vitro Effect

Human cystic echinococcosis remains a major public health problem on several countries and the treatment strategies are not solved. The aim of the present work was to determine the in vitro effect of thymol andMentha piperita,M. pulegium,andRosmarinus officinalisessential oils on the proliferation ofE. granulosuslarval cells. Isolated cells and cellular aggregates were obtained from hydatid cyst’s germinal layer and exposed to 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml of thymol and the different essential oils for 7 days. Drug effect was evaluated using test viability and scanning electron microscopy. Control cell culture viability was 2.1 x 106(100%) after 7 days of incubation. At day 7, thymol 5 μg/ml caused a reduction in cell viability of 63% and the essential oils ofM. piperita10 μg/ml,M. pulegium10 μg/ml, andR. officinalis10 μg/ml produced a reduction in the viability of 77, 82, and 71%, respectively. Moreover essential oils caused reduction in cell number, collapsed cells, and loss of normal tridimensional composition of the aggregates. Due to the inhibitory effect caused by essential oils onE. granulosuscells we suggested that it would be an effective means for suppression of larval growth.

Psychotic Disorders and Serious Mental Illness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Thompson ◽  
Daniel Williams ◽  
Oliver Freudenreich ◽  
Andrew Angelino ◽  
Glenn Treisman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Hiv Aids

The major public health problem that is HIV/AIDS in persons with a serious mental illness is aptly described a “syndemic.” Having HIV/AIDS puts one at much greater risk for developing a serious mental illness. Conversely, having a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, is associated with many factors that place one at greater risk for contracting and transmitting HIV. And, in both cases of serious mental illness and HIV/AIDS, each disorder creates many new challenges in the management of the other disorder. This chapter addresses these challenges, which center around being able to participate actively and adhere to medication regimens needed to manage both medical and psychiatric conditions. Fortunately, specialized models of care like comprehensive, integrated clinics and nurse care managers are ways to provide effective, satisfying, and cost-effective care to this most vulnerable population.

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