scholarly journals Clinico- bacteriological profile of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 3-59 months: A cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Singh ◽  
Sheo Pratap Singh ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Jafar Suhail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Common Organism

Background: Worldwide community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the major cause of high mortality among under five children in India. After introduction of Pneumococcal and H. influenzae vaccination there is paucity of data regarding etiological profile of pneumonia. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the Clinico- epidemiological profile and etiology of community acquired pneumonia in children. Materials and Methods: We enrolled children aged 3-59 months with CAP (based on WHO criteria of tachypnea with cough or breathing difficulty) over 18 months and recorded presenting symptoms, clinical signs and chest radiography. We performed blood and nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) bacterial culture simultaneously to detect etiological agent of community acquired pneumonia in children. Results: Out of 150 cases of CAP, 90 % of caeses had cough and fever and nearly 80-90% cases had tachypnea and crackles on examination. Radiological findings suggestive of pneumonia was seen in 86% cases . Most common organism isolated was S aureus in both NPS culture (18.7 %) and blood culture (14.7 %). Other common organisms detected in NPS culture were S pneumoniae (6%), E Coli (4.7%), Klebsiella (4.7%), CONS (3.3%), and Pseudomonas (2.7%). In blood culture the common organism detected after S aureus was E coli (5.3%), S pneumoniae (3.3%), Klebsiella (3.3%), CONS( 3.8%), and Pseudomonas (2.5%). Conclusions: We observed that S aureus was the predominant etiological organism isolated in both blood and nasopharyngeal swab bacterial culture in patients suffering from community-acquired pneumonia.

STUDY OF ABSOLUTE, IMMATURE NEUTROPHIL COUNT AND CRP AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR EARLY ONSET NEONATAL SEPSIS.

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Pooja Poswal ◽  
Manisha Rohilla ◽  
Sunil Arora ◽  
Irbinder Kour Bali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Neutrophil Count ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Introduction: Neonatal Sepsis is difcult to differentiate from other conditions due to non- specic clinical signs and symptoms. Inammation in neonates shows variations in hematological parameters. Our study is to evaluate the hematological parameters and C-reactive protein estimation in neonatal sepsis for early diagnosis. Material And Methods: It was a cross-sectional study including 80 neonates admitted in the neonatal care unit, 40 (proven sepsis) and 40 probable cases); blood culture being the gold standard. Hematological parameters, immature to total neutrophil ratio (I/T ratio), Absolute neutrophil count (ANC), CRP and Blood culture were done as per standard protocols. Results: ANC had highest sensitivity of 90% followed by I/T ratio (87.5%) and CRP (77.5%). The sensitivity and specicity for the combination of ANC and I/T ratio was 78.3% and 83.6% respectively. Conclusion: ANC, I/T Ratio and CRP are quick, simple and cost-effective routine laboratory tests which help in neonatal sepsis prediction and to start proper and timely antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals The anatomical site of perforation peritonitis and their microbiological profile: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Lohith P. ◽  
R. K. Jindal ◽  
Deepak Ghuliani ◽  
Rajshekar P.
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Common Organism ◽  
Perforation Peritonitis ◽  
Fluid Culture

Background: Initiation of early appropriate antibiotic therapy influences the outcome of perforation peritonitis, which otherwise is delayed till culture reports are available. The knowledge of microbial profile and sensitivity of peritoneal fluid culture with respect to the anatomical site of perforation peritonitis will help in initiation of early appropriate antibiotic therapy in the post-operative period.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from January 2017 to December 2017 where intraoperative peritoneal fluid sample in patients of perforation peritonitis was subjected to culture (aerobic and anaerobic) and sensitivity and results analysed with respect to anatomical site of perforation.Results: 50 patients were studied. The most common site of perforation was ileum (32%) followed by appendix (18%) and stomach (18%). In aerobic culture, the culture positivity rate was highest in colonic perforation (100%) and least in gastric perforation (44.4%). The most common organism isolated in all sites of perforation peritonitis was E. coli followed by Klebsiella spp. In anaerobic culture, although facultative anaerobes were isolated, no strict anaerobe was isolated. The most sensitive antibiotics covering all isolated organisms were gentamycin (p=0.006), colistin (p=0.018), piperacillin and tazobactum (p=0.022).Conclusions: The predominant differential normal flora according to site of gastrointestinal tract was not reflected in the peritoneal fluid culture of patients with perforation peritonitis and E. coli was the most common organism isolated in all sites of perforation peritonitis. The antibiotic sensitivity profile showed the increasing resistance against third generation cephalosporins. Aminoglycosides, piperacillin and tazobactum, meropenem and colistin showed a significant antimicrobial activity against organisms isolated from cases of perforation peritonitis. 

“Evaluation of Urosepsis and Bacteriuria in Patients Undergoing PCNL and URS”

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (09) ◽  
pp. 5584-5590
Author(s):  
Bivash Boran Biswas ◽  
Mousumi Malakar ◽  
Sazzad Bin Shahid ◽  
Sayem Hossain ◽  
Khan Nazrul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Urosepsis usually develops from a community or nosocomial acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) or during the procedure of various urinary disease such ureterorenoscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Urosepsis is associated with bacteriuria, Urosepsis due to manipulation during or after percuteneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or ureterorenoscopy (URS) or push bang stenting can be catastrophic despite prophylactie antibiotic coverage. This cross sectional study was carried out in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of July 2011 to June 2013. Sampling technique was purposive and sample size was 70. Among them 23 patients for PCNL and 47 patients for URS were selected by selection criteria. Data were collected by interview of the patients, clinical examinations and laboratory investigations using the research instrument. Data were processed and analyzed using software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5. Incidence of bacteriuria and urosepsis were measured according to urine and blood culture report. Sensitivity pattern was also observed. According to this study, the incidence of bacteriuria and urosepsis were 17.1% and 5.7% respectively, Of the 70 patients, 12(17.1%) exhibited bacterial growth on urine culture, These 12 patients were then subjected to blood culture and 4(33.3%) of them were found positive. Most (83.4%) of the urine and blood infections (75%) were caused by E. coli. Some widely used antibiotics like moxicillin, Cephalexin and Ciprofloxacin were found 100% resistant in urine culture. Few sensitive antibiotics were Tobramycin (100 %), Amikacin and Ceftazidime (75%). Almost same sensitivity pattern was found in blood culture. In urosepsis, as in other types of sepsis. Urosepsis after PCNL and URS is an important and potentially catastrophic complication. Percuteneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), Ureterorenoscopy (URS) occurs frequently in this institution. Although the incidence of urosepsis and bacteriuria with resistant organism is low, but it is a burning issue in management in urology practice. The apparent increase in ciprofloxacin resistant organisms appears to be associated with the increased rate of ciprofloxacin resistant organisms are observed in the general population.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in the NICU of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Boskabadi ◽  
Elahe Heidari ◽  
Fatemeh Bagheri ◽  
Maryam Zakerihamidi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Positive Blood Culture ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli

Background and Aims: Neonatal sepsis is considered a clinical syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms of infection associated with positive blood culture. The present study investigates the rate of sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics in neonates with definite sepsis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 268 neonates with definitive sepsis (positive blood culture with clinical signs of infection) hospitalized in the NICU of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad, from 2008 to 2018. To investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, identifying microorganism and antibiogram tests was performed according to the standard microbiological method. The data were collected through a questionnaire designed by the researchers. It included neonates’ characteristics, types of microorganisms in neonatal unite, and sensitivity and resistance to neonatal sepsis’s common microorganism. Results: Based on the results, Klebsiella showed sensitivity to norfloxacin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), meropenem (100%), imipenem (94%), cotrimoxazole (73%), and vancomycin (67%). Similarly, Enterobacter showed 100% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, meropenem, norfloxacin, and high sensitivity to imipenem (94%) and co-trimoxazole (83%). Acinetobacter turned out to be sensitive to co-trimoxazole and norfloxacin (both of them were 67%) and to amikacin in 33% of the cases. E. coli was sensitive to imipenem (83.33%), ciprofloxacin (80%), and ceftazidime (71.43%). Finally, staphylococcus coagulase negative was sensitive to piperacillin in 100%, vancomycin in 96.67%, and imipenem in 71.43% of the cases. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that high-sensitivity drugs for the treatment of definite neonatal sepsis are Meropenem(Klebsiella and E. coli), Enterobacter(Ampicilin), Acinetobacter(Imipenem) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative (vancomycin).

scholarly journals Study to correlate sepsis markers and blood culture in neonatal sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Harshitha M. Swamy ◽  
Lakshmi . ◽  
Mallesh K. ◽  
Asima Banu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Blood Culture Positivity

Background: Neonatal sepsis forms the second most common cause of neonatal mortality resulting in more than one million neonatal deaths per year. Neonatal sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis together result in one- fourth of all newborn deaths. Objectives of the study was to correlate sepsis markers with blood culture in neonatal sepsis.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the NICU unit under department of Pediatrics, between November 2017 and May 2019. Sample size was 50. Babies admitted to NICU with clinical suspicion of sepsis were included in the study. Blood samples from these babies were collected under aseptic precautions and subjected to rapid diagnostic tests- sepsis markers and blood culture.Results: Male were predominant (64%). Important risk factors were preterm and low birth weight. Blood culture positivity was 20% (E. coli being most commonly isolated organism). CRP had a high sensitivity of 90% and low specificity of 47%. Procalcitonin had highest sensitivity of 100% and low specificity of 47.5%.Conclusions: CRP and PCT were found to be statistically significant (p=0.036 and 0.01), can be used as a diagnostic tool in neonatal sepsis.

scholarly journals A descriptive study to quantify severity in patients with severe scrub typhus in hilly city of Northern India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1182
Author(s):  
Nishant Nadda ◽  
Nidhi Chauhan ◽  
Anjali Mahajan ◽  
Ankit Chaudhary ◽  
Kritika Katoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Apache Ii ◽  
Apache Ii Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Prompt Treatment

Background: Himachal Pradesh is an endemic area for scrub typhus. If not treated early, it can lead to life threatening complications. Therefore, more emphasis needs to be laid on the diagnosis and prompt treatment, so that mortality due to severe scrub typhus can be prevented. So, this study was done with an objective to study the clinical profile of patients diagnosed with severe scrub typhus and assess their severity using APACHE II score in IGMC, Shimla.Methods: Authors conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla over one year (June 2016-May 2017). Out of 538 confirmed scrub typhus cases, 58 severe cases were reported, and their severity was assessed with predefined criteria of sepsis and APACHE II score.Results: Mean age of males (50.18±18.6 yrs) was found to be more than that of females (45.52±14.5 yrs), the difference being statistically insignificant t(56)= -1.01, (P=0.32). Fever (100%), headache (84.5%), vomiting (79.3%) were the major presenting symptoms and tachycardia (96.5%), hypotension (87.9%), tachypnoea (94.8%) were the main clinical signs. The mean APACHE II score on admission was 16.25±5.0 with a predicted mortality of 23.5%, that was found to be less than actual reported hospital mortality (25.8%).Conclusions: APACHE II score was found reliable tool for risk stratification. Case fatality in diagnosed cases of severe scrub typhus was found high. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment according to guidelines would help in decreasing the mortality, financial burden on patient, society and health system.

The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
N. Strauss ◽  
J. Seager ◽  
C. Vundule ◽  
F. Maforah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asymptomatic viral carriage in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Shields ◽  
Sian E Faustini ◽  
Marisol Perez-Toledo ◽  
Sian Jossi ◽  
Erin Aldera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Internal ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo determine the rates of asymptomatic viral carriage and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers.DesignA cross-sectional study of asymptomatic healthcare workers undertaken on 24/25 April 2020.SettingUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHBFT), UK.Participants545 asymptomatic healthcare workers were recruited while at work. Participants were invited to participate via the UHBFT social media. Exclusion criteria included current symptoms consistent with COVID-19. No potential participants were excluded.InterventionParticipants volunteered a nasopharyngeal swab and a venous blood sample that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antibodies, respectively. Results were interpreted in the context of prior illnesses and the hospital departments in which participants worked.Main outcome measureProportion of participants demonstrating infection and positive SARS-CoV-2 serology.ResultsThe point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 viral carriage was 2.4% (n=13/545). The overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 24.4% (n=126/516). Participants who reported prior symptomatic illness had higher seroprevalence (37.5% vs 17.1%, χ2=21.1034, p<0.0001) and quantitatively greater antibody responses than those who had remained asymptomatic. Seroprevalence was greatest among those working in housekeeping (34.5%), acute medicine (33.3%) and general internal medicine (30.3%), with lower rates observed in participants working in intensive care (14.8%). BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) ethnicity was associated with a significantly increased risk of seropositivity (OR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.23, p=0.01). Working on the intensive care unit was associated with a significantly lower risk of seropositivity compared with working in other areas of the hospital (OR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.78, p=0.02).Conclusions and relevanceWe identify differences in the occupational risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 between hospital departments and confirm asymptomatic seroconversion occurs in healthcare workers. Further investigation of these observations is required to inform future infection control and occupational health practices.

scholarly journals Prevalence of MDR organism (MDRO) carriage in children and their household members in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta R Singh ◽  
Bunsoth Mao ◽  
Konstantin Evdokimov ◽  
Pisey Tan ◽  
Phana Leab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The rising incidence of infections caused by MDR organisms (MDROs) poses a significant public health threat. However, little has been reported regarding community MDRO carriage in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Siem Reap, Cambodia comparing hospital-associated households, in which an index child (age: 2–14 years) had been hospitalized for at least 48 h in the preceding 2–4 weeks, with matched community households on the same street, in which no other child had a recent history of hospitalization. Participants were interviewed using a survey questionnaire and tested for carriage of MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) by culture followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. We used logistic regression analysis to analyse associations between collected variables and MDRO carriage. Results Forty-two pairs of households including 376 participants with 376 nasal swabs and 290 stool specimens were included in final analysis. MRSA was isolated from 26 specimens (6.9%). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli was detected in 269 specimens (92.8%) whereas ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from 128 specimens (44.1%), of which 123 (42.4%) were co-colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli. Six (2.1%) specimens tested positive for CPE (4 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae). The prevalence ratios for MRSA, ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae carriage did not differ significantly in hospital-associated households and hospitalized children compared with their counterparts. Conclusions The high prevalence of ESBL-E across both household types suggests that MDRO reservoirs are common in the community. Ongoing genomic analyses will help to understand the epidemiology and course of MDRO spread.

scholarly journals Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based rapid diagnostic kits in Pakistan: formulation of COVID-19 national testing strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Saeed ◽  
Sara Rizwan Uppal ◽  
Zahra Zahid Piracha ◽  
Azhar Rasheed ◽  
Zubair Aftab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Results

AbstractRapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 during pandemic enables timely treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of rapid diagnostic testing kits is crucial for surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in general population, injection drug users, multi-transfused populations, healthcare workers, prisoners, barbers and other high risk populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance and effectiveness of nasopharyngeal swab (NSP) and saliva based rapid antigen detection testing kits in comparison with USFDA approved triple target gold standard real-time polymerase chain reaction. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 33,000 COVID-19 suspected patients. From RT-PCR positive patients, nasopharyngeal swab (NSP) and saliva samples were obtained for evaluation of rapid COVID-19 testing kits (RDT). 100/33,000 (0.3%) of specimens were RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. Among RT-PCR positive, 62% were males, 34% were females, and 4% were children. The NSP-RDT (Lepu Medical China) analysis revealed 53% reactivity among males, 58% reactivity among females, and 25% reactivity among children. However saliva based RDT (Lepu Medical China) analysis showed 21% reactivity among males and 23% among females, and no reactivity in children. False negative results were significantly more pronounced in saliva based RDT as compared to NSP-RDT. The sensitivity of these NSP-RDT and saliva based RDT were 52% and 21% respectively. The RDTs evaluated in this study showed limited sensitivities in comparison to gold standard RT-PCR, indicating that there is a dire need in Pakistan for development of suitable testing to improve accurate COVID-19 diagnosis in line with national demands.

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