Multi-drug Resistant and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Salmonella Species Isolated from Fresh Chicken Liver Samples

Background Emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbes contaminating the fresh meat products is a global public health concern as they can be easily transmitted to humans through their consumption and contact. Objective The current study was conducted to determine the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella species isolated from fresh chicken liver samples with special emphasis on extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Method A total of 200 fresh chicken liver samples were cultivated for the isolation of Salmonella and further subcultivated to detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among them. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disk diffusion method using a panel of 7 antimicrobials. Result Out of 200 samples analyzed, 61 (30.5%) samples harbored Salmonella species out of which 15 (7.5%) samples showed the presence of Salmonella Typhi. A significant association was noted in the incidence of Salmonella with various factors pertaining to the butchers, such as age, sex, literacy rate, practices of washing knives and chopping board, wearing aprons and gloves and type of water used (p < 0.05). Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (82.0%) and least sensitive to tetracycline (3.3%). All the isolates were resistant to colistin. Sixty (98.4%) isolates were identified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). The total number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers reported among Salmonella isolates was 29 (47.5%). Conclusion The results indicate that the fresh chicken liver samples sold in Bharatpur Metropolis are reservoirs of multi-drug resistant Salmonella, including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers, that could potentially be transmitted to the humans by direct contact or through inadequate cooking.

Download Full-text

Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Salmonella species isolated from fresh chicken liver samples

10.21203/rs.2.15361/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sanjib Adhikari ◽

Sujan Khadka ◽

Sanjeep Sapkota ◽

Biplove Raj Sharma ◽

Anjita Ghimire ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Meat Products ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Chicken Liver ◽

Health Concern ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Abstract Objective: Emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbes contaminating the fresh meat and meat products is a global public health concern as they can be easily transmitted to humans through their consumption and contact. The current study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella sp. from fresh chicken liver samples and determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns with special emphasis on multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Results: Out of 200 samples analyzed, 61 (30.5%) samples harbored Salmonella species among which 15 (7.5%) samples showed the presence of Salmonella Typhi isolates. A significant association was noted in the incidence of Salmonella with various factors pertaining to the butchers such as age, sex and literacy rate. Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (82.0%) and least sensitive to tetracycline (3.3%). All the isolates were resistant to colistin. Moreover, 56 isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant. The total number of ESBL producers reported among Salmonella isolates was 29 (47.5%). The study reported the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species in fresh chicken liver samples sold in Bharatpur metropolis suggesting a need of serious attention by the concerned authorities. Keywords: Salmonella , Fresh chicken liver samples, Antibiotic Susceptibility Test, Multi-drug Resistance, Extended Spectrum β-lactamase

Download Full-text

Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes prevalence in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

Microbiology Research ◽

10.4081/mr.2011.e8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Ronak Bakhtiari ◽

Jalil Fallah Mehrabadi ◽

Hedroosha Molla Agamirzaei ◽

Ailar Sabbaghi ◽

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

Resistance to b-lactam antibiotics by gramnegative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a major public health issue worldwide. The predominant resistance mechanism in gram negative bacteria particularly E. coli is via the production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) enzymes. In recent years, the prevalence of b-lactamase producing organisms is increased and identification of these isolates by using disk diffusion method and no-one else is not satisfactory. So, this investigation focused on evaluating the prevalence of ESBL enzymes by disk diffusion method and confirmatory test (Combined Disk). Five hundred clinical samples were collected and 200 E. coli isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. To performing initial screening of ESBLs was used from Disk diffusion method on E. coli isolates. A confirmation test (Combined Disk method) was performed on isolates of resistant to cephalosporin's indicators. Up to 70% isolates exhibited the Multi Drug Resistance phenotype. In Disk diffusion method, 128(64%) E. coli isolates which resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime while in Combined Disk, among 128 screened isolates, 115 (89.8%) isolates were detected as ESBLs producers. This survey indicate beta lactamase enzymes are playing a significant role in antibiotic resistance and correct detection of them in phenotypic test by using disk diffusion and combined Disk is essential for accurate recognition of ESBLs.

Download Full-text

Presence of different beta-lactamase classes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing AmpC beta-lactamase enzyme

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.497 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 239-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Supriya Upadhyay ◽

Malay Ranjan Sen ◽

Amitabha Bhattacharjee

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Enzyme Detection

Introduction: Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat as the majority of isolates exhibit varying degrees of beta-lactamase mediated resistance to most of the beta-lactam antibiotics. It is also not unusual to find a single isolate that expresses multiple β-lactamase enzymes, further complicating the treatment options. Thus the present study was designed to investigate the coexistence of different beta-lactamase enzymes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methodology: A total of 202 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were tested for the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme. Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase was performed by disk antagonism test and a modified three-dimensional method, whereas detection of ESBL was done by the combined disk diffusion method per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and MBL were detected by the Imipenem EDTA disk potentiation test. Results: A total of 120 (59.4%) isolates were confirmed to be positive for AmpC beta-lactamase. Among them, 14 strains (7%) were inducible AmpC producers. Co-production of AmpC along with extended spectrum beta-lactamase and metallo beta-lactamase was reported in 3.3% and 46.6% isolates respectively. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the high prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa producing beta-lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms. Thus proper antibiotic policy and measures to restrict the indiscriminative use of cephalosporins and carbapenems should be taken to minimize the emergence of this multiple beta-lactamase producing pathogens.

Download Full-text

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Uropathogens Isolated from Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Pyelonephritis

The Open Urology & Nephrology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874303x01508010071 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 71-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Olga I Chub ◽

Aleksandr V Bilchenko ◽

Igor Khalin

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Chronic Pyelonephritis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Tract Infections

Background : Increased multidrug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) compromises the efficacy of treatment of urinary tract infections. Objective : The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing uropathogens from hospitalized patients with chronic pyelonephritis and to identify the presence of genes involved in the resistance. Methods : A cross-sectional study of 105 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, treated in Kharkiv City Clinical Emergency Hospital, Ukraine was carried. Bacterial isolates were collected, antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and screening for the presence of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M ESBL genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results : 84 (80%) patients had positive urine cultures. Eschеrichia coli wаs the most common microorganism isolated. Among them, 29 (25.2%) were found to be ESBL producers. Out of 53 E. coli isolates, 10 (18.9%), 4 (7.5%) and 6 (11.3%) were identified to carry bla(TEM), bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) beta-lactamase genes, respectively. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin (75.9%), ciprofloxacin (48.3%), levofloxacin (41.4%) and gentamicin (41.4%). Beside this, only meropenem (96.6% susceptibility), nitroxolinum (86.2%) and fosfomycin (72.4%) exhibited a good enough activity against ESBLs-producing urinary strains. Conclusion : Isоlation and detеction of ESBL-prоducing strаins are еssential fоr the sеlection оf the mоst effеctive antibiоtic for the empiric trеatment.

Download Full-text

First Global Report of Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Sheep in Portugal

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1403

Author(s):

Josman Dantas Palmeira ◽

Marisa Haenni ◽

Jean-Yves Madec ◽

Helena Maria Neto Ferreira

Keyword(s):

One Health ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Extended Spectrum

Resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and colistin are One Health issues since genes encoding these resistances can be transmitted between all sectors of the One Health concept, i.e., human, animal, and the environment. Among food-producing animals, sheep farming has long been overlooked. To fill in this knowledge gap, we looked for ESC- and colistin resistance in 21 faecal samples collected from sheep in one farm in the south of Portugal. ESC-resistant isolates were selected on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime. Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method according to CLSI, while colistin MIC was determined by broth microdilution. ESC- and colistin-resistance genes were identified by PCR, and the clonality of all isolates was assessed by XbaI-PFGE. The replicon content was determined by PCR according to the PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) scheme. Sixty-two non-duplicate ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were identified, which all presented an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype, mostly due to the presence of CTX-M genes. One CTX-M-1-producing E. coli was concomitantly colistin-resistant and presented the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. Nearly all isolates showed associated resistances to non-beta-lactam antibiotics, which could act as co-selectors, even in the absence of beta-lactam use. The results showed a high proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli in sheep faeces. Their dissemination was very dynamic, with the spread of successful clones between animals, but also a large diversity of clones and plasmids, sometimes residing in the same animal. This study highlights the need for global surveillance in all food-producing sectors, in order to avoid the dissemination of genes conferring resistance to last-resort antibiotics in human medicine.

Download Full-text

High Carrying Rate of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae by Slaughterhouse Workers in Lomé, Togo in 2019

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i1130281 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-41

Author(s):

Amivi Mawussi Godonou ◽

Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi ◽

Novissi Tsogbale ◽

Fiali Lack ◽

Sika Dossim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Food Chains ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum

Introduction: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) represent a real public health concern because of their spread. The role of agri-food chains in transmitting of digestive ESBL-producing bacterial strains in the community, was demonstrated but little work was done in our settings (Togo, west Africa). The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of digestive carrying ESBL producing enterobacteriacae in slaughterhouse workers in Lomé, Togo. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in three slaughterhouses in Lomé. Fresh stools of 60 slaughterhouse workers and socio-demographic data were collected during the period of September to October 2019 after obtaining the consent of each participant. The bacterial strains of interest were isolated on the selective medium Purple Bromocresol + Ceftazidime at 6µg/l. UriselectÒ and API 20E media were used for identification. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed in Mueller-Hinton agar plate diffusion method (Kirby Bauer technic) and according to CASFM-EUCAST recommendations. Results: The digestive carriage rate of ESBL producing enterobacteriacae among professionals of three slaughterhouses of Lomé was 80% (n=48/60). Escherichia coli was the main bacteria 78.2% (n = 43/55) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 16.4% (n = 9/55) and Enterobacter cloacae 5.4% (n = 3/55). The antibiotic profile of ESBL producing enterobacteriacae showed resistance to Amoxycillin + Clavulanic Acid (26%), Ticarcillin + Clavulanic Acid (86%), Piperacillin + Tazobactam (14%), Cefoxitin (7%) Ciprofloxacin (63%), Levofloxacin (49%), Nalidixic Acid (42%), Chloramphenicol (33%), Gentamicin (21%), Sulfamethoxazole-Trimetoprim (93%). These bacteria were 100% sensitive to Imipenem, Ertapenem, Amikacin and Fosfomycin. Conclusion: This study revealed a very high carriage rate of ESBL producing Enterobacteriacae among Slaughterhouse Workers in Lomé. It confirmed the major potential role of the agri-food chains in the spread of ESBL producing bacteria in the Community.

Download Full-text

Coproduction of Extended Spectrum, AmpC and Metallo β- Lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from a Super Speciality Center

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 176-184

Author(s):

Ashna Bhasin Poonam Loomba ◽

Abha Sharma Bibhabati Mishra ◽

Ashish Bajaj

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the leading causes of hospital as well as community acquired infections. They’re strenuous to treat as most of isolates exhibit various degrees of beta- lactamase mediated resistance to majority of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Single isolate can express multiple β- lactamase enzymes, further limiting the treatment options. Therefore, this study was outlined to research the coexistence of various beta-lactamase enzymes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The aim of the study was to detect the co-prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta lactmases (ESBL), AmpC and Metallo β-Lactamases (MBL) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a superspeciality center. Fifty clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were tested for the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase, extended spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme. Discernment of AmpC beta-lactamase was performed by disk antagonism while ESBL detection was done by the combined disk diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and MBL were detected by the Imipenem EDTA disk potentiation test. Eleven of 50 (22%) isolates were confirmed to be positive for AmpC and Extended spectrum beta lactamases. Co-production of AmpC along side ESBL and MBL was reported in 12 % isolates. The study shows the high prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa producing beta-lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms. Consequently, formulation of a correct antibiotic policy and taking measures to restrict the indiscriminative use of cephalosporins and carbapenems should be taken to mitigate the emergence of this multiple beta-lactamase producing pathogens.

Download Full-text

Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of ESBL producing Klebsiella strains by Phenotypic methods

RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences ◽

10.37962/jbas.v9i1.147 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Malik Taqdees ◽

Asma Naim ◽

Asma Saeed

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Species ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Klebsiella Spp ◽

Esbl Producers

Multi drug resistance has now become a worldwide therapeutic challenge due to the widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Klebsiella species have significant importance in clinical field as they cause various infections in human and are considered as potential pathogens that express antibiotic resistance through their strong enzymatic activity. Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) are plasmid mediated enzymes produced mostly because of mutation and few other factors. These enzymes confer resistance against various Î²-lactam drugs including cephalosporins and monobactams. Among the genus Klebsiella, ESBLs are highly prevalent in K. pneumoniae followed by K. oxytoca. This study was conducted in Pakistan to assess the distribution of ESBL producers among Klebsiella spp., an important member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. From January 2010 to January 2012, a total of 236 gram-negative isolates were collected from different renowned microbiological laboratories. Out of the 236 gram-negative isolates, 125 were found as Klebsiella spp. by using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of these strains was performed by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of the production of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzyme was performed using double disc synergy method and combination disc method. It has been identified that Klebsiella strains are highly resistant against Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Nalidixic Acid, Cephradine, Gentamicin, co-amoxyclav with the percentage of 100%, 86%, 86%, 82%, 82% and 80% respectively. The most effective antibiotics for Klebsiella spp. were found to be Amikacin, Meropenem and Piperacillin-tazobactam, with highest sensitivities of 96%, 94% and 91%. Phenotypic detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamase production by double disc synergy test was able to identify 28% ESBL producers among Klebsiella isolates whereas 64% were detected by combination disc test.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Gram-negative Bacteria Isolated from Septicemic Neonates in a Tertiary Care Hospital

KYAMC Journal ◽

10.3329/kyamcj.v11i4.51991 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 171-175

Author(s):

Tania Rahman ◽

Momtaz Begum ◽

Sharmeen Sultana ◽

SM Shamsuzzaman

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Esbl Producers

Background: In recent years, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing microorganisms have complicated treatment of infections due to resistance of ESBL producing strains to a wide range of antimicrobials. Objective: Target of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing gramnegative bacteria in neonatal sepsis cases and to reveal the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of those isolated ESBL producers. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) over a period of 12 months from January to December in 2016. Following isolation and identification of gram-negative bacteria from blood samples of suspected septicemic neonates, antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disk-diffusion method and ESBL producers were detected by Double Disk Synergy (DDS) test. Results: Among 52 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from 106 blood samples, 34.61% ESBL producers were detected and Enterobacter spp. (45%) was predominant followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (33.33%). None of the ESBL producers was resistant to colistin and tigecycline. All ESBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii, 77.78% and 66.67% of ESBL producing Enterobacter spp and Klebsiella spp. respectively showed resistance to meropenem. All ESBL producers were resistant to piperacillintazobactam. Conclusion: Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the spread of ESBL producing strains by combining strategies for infection prevention, control and rational use of antibiotics. KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-4, January 2021, Page 171-175

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Clinical Samples in Illorin Metropolis, Kwara State Nigeria

Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology ◽

10.23880/oajmb-16000195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Eze EM

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Esbl Production ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Significant Difference

Background: This study investigated the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in Illorin metropolis using standard methods. The prevalence of ESBLs is increasingly being reported worldwide, and it varies according to geographic location and is directly linked to the use and misuse of antibiotics extended spectrum lactamases (ESBLs) are a major challenge in hospitalized patients worldwide and cause epidemic outbreaks in health care facilities, spreading in the community leading to various infections. Objectives: Screen for the extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and also determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in relation to gender, age and sample source. Methods: One hundred and sixty eight samples collected from routine clinical specimen such as high vagina swabs, urine, urethra swabs and wound swabs and sputum from October to December 2018 were studied. Fifty two enterobacteriaceae were isolated using spread plate method on macConkey and Cystein lactose electrolyte deficient media. The organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, and Proteus sp. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer standardized disc diffusion method. The antibiotics used were ceftazidine (30ug), cefuroxime (30ug), gentamicin (10ug), ciprofloxacin (5ug), ofloxacin 5ug, amoxicillin/clavulanate 30ug, nitrofurantoin 30ug and ampicillin 10ug. Ceftazidime showed a susceptibility percentage of 84.6%,, cefuroxime 61.5%, gentamicin 71.2% ciprofloxacin 46.2%, ofloxacin 51.9%, augmentin 61.5%, nitrofurantoin 71.2% and ampicillin, 44.2% with a significant difference (P< 0.05).Extended spectrum beta-lactamase ESBL, production by clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) methods showed that 15(28.9%) of isolates belonging to the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella and Proteus expressed ESBL production. The order of ESBL production by the isolates were Escherichia coli 9 (17.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia 5(9.3%) and Proteus 1(1.9%). Thus, attention needs to be given by health care personnel’s to ESBL producing organisms in order to reduce the spread.

Download Full-text