scholarly journals Extracting Trading Locus: Where we are in Indo-Nepal Trade?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Khom Raj Kharel ◽  
Dhan Raj Chalise
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Import Trade

Nepal and India have had trade relations since time immemorial. Nepal was known as an exporting nation in the ancient times. Before the trade agreement between Nepal-Britain Treaty in1923, Nepal's trade with India was more than 95 percent. Despite various treaties and agreements between Nepal and India, Nepal's trade with India now accounts for around 65 percent of total trade. Despite the trade and mutual relations between Nepal and India, India has been treating Nepal on the basis of benefits. In different time periods, India has been creating problems in trade and transit, contrary to international norms and trade and transit treaties, under various pretexts. The objective of this paper is to review of Indo-Nepal trade and transit treaties and analyzing the present status. Descritptive and analytical research design is applied and simple statistical tools are used to analyze the growth and direction of foreign trade of Nepal. Linear regression model is applied to measure the total trade with India and total volume of foreign trade of Nepal. This study has found that there has been significant contribution of total trade with India to the total volume of foreign trade of Nepal. The import trade of Nepal with India is extremely high in comparison to export trade and total trade balance and trade balance with India has been increasing with a huge deficit.

scholarly journals INDIAS TRADE RELATIONS WITH SAARC - SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SAFTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Pushia K.P. ◽  
Jain Jacob ◽  
Jayesh G
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trade Bloc ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Import Trade

India played a proactive role in determining the of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) due to its economic strength. This study highlights recent trends in Indias total trade relationship with SAFTA economies in general, and with each trade bloc members particularly during the period, from 2010 to 2019.The paper employs the compound annual growth ratetechnique to find out the growth rate of Indias exports and imports. Also, a trend analysis has been made on Indias exports and imports, total tradebalance of trade with south Asian countries. The trend shows that in general both imports and exports were increasing over time except a negative export and total trade balance with Pakistan and import trade balance with Maldives. Bhutan and Bangladesh were the leading trade partners of India in south asian region. However, depending up on the economic and political conditions of the trading countries exhibit a characteristic trend unique to their own country in trading with India.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA'S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UKRAINE

Economics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Economic Ties

The title of the article - "Development of Georgia's Trade Relations with Ukraine" shows Georgia's trade relations with Ukraine. According to the information presented in the article, which is spread over the years 2016-2020, in this 5-year period, the total trade turnover and export-import are increasing, which does not apply to the last 2020. This year, all the above indicators have been reduced - turnover by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6%. The author connects this situation with the cooling of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Because of Saakashvili's personality and emphasizes that this situation has improved today. Georgia has a special close economic and economic ties with Ukraine among the countries of the world. This applies not only to the export-import of goods, but also to tourist traffic, investment, employment, etc. Sh. This relationship was established in 1995 with the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement [1]. One of the characteristic features of foreign trade between Ukraine and Georgia is the fact that Georgia's share in the total foreign trade of Ukrainian goods is insignificant (about 0.5%), while Ukraine's share in Georgia's total trade turnover reaches 5.1%. According to the results of January-September 2020, among all Georgia's trading partners, Ukraine ranks 7th in terms of trade turnover, 5th in terms of exports of goods and 8th in terms of imports of goods. Georgia-Ukraine turnover in 2020 compared to 2019 has decreased - by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6% (Table 1). Under these conditions, there is an increase in some goods, in particular, an increase in imports:  Beef - by 43%;  Copton – by 17%;  Milk and cream – by 29%;  Flat rolled- by 10%. As for exports from Georgia to Ukraine, the export of ferroalloys (17 times) and the export of scrap (6 times) have increased. Key words: Ukraine, Georgia; Trade relations; Export-import.

scholarly journals СПОЉНОТРГОВИНСКА РАЗМЕНА СРБИЈЕ И ЗНАЧАЈ АГРАРНОГ СЕКТОРА

TEME ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Драгица Божић ◽  
Марија Николић
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Large Deficit

The foreign trade of the Serbian economy is characterized by a large deficit and unfavourable structure. The importance of the agrarian sector in total trade is reflected in the constant positive trade balance and increasing participation, particularly in export. The aim of the paper is to analyze the basic characteristics of foreign trade of Serbia, as well as to point out the importance of the agrarian sector in the period 2005-2014. In the first part of the paper are analyzed trends of export, import, and the level of openness of Serbian economy. In the following part the structure of export and import is discussed, and the concentration index presented, or the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index, as well as the diversification index which indicates the difference between the structure of Serbian export and import and the international average. In addition to these indicators, the revealed comparative advantage index was calculated. The analysis of foreign trade of Serbian overall economy indicates a significant presence of agricultural and food products in its structure, particularly in export, and confirms that the agrarian sector is one of few sectors with a constant surplus. Determined indicators show that the comparative advantage in the overall economy trade of Serbia with the world is achieved in primary products and products of lower processing phase, of which a significant part is from the agrarian sector. Therefore, in the final part of the paper the participation of the agrarian sector in the total foreign trade of Serbia is shown.

A Study of India's Trade Relations with China in WTO Era

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendar Singh ◽  
R. C. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
India And China

China's joining of WTO in 2001 has completely changed its economic structure and its entry in WTO proved to be a landmark event in the global economy. As a result, China's trade relations with the world have improved significantly particularly with India. Both, India and China are the fastest growing economies in the world since they have grown at rate of 8% and 10% GDP respectively. The total trade between India and China was reached to $60 billion in 2010. However, the major change in the trade relations between India and China has come after China's joining of WTO in 2001. In the above background, this paper is divided into three parts. The first part of the paper examines the direction of foreign trade of China after becoming a member of WTO and, the second part analyzes India's trade relations with China (Pre and Post China's joining of WTO). The final section of the paper delineates the major constraints between India and China for improving trade relations.

scholarly journals Development and efficiency of agri-food foreign trade of the Slovak Republic in the international context

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
J. Gálik
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Context ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Trade Performance ◽  
Mutual Relations

The contribution is aimed at changes in the foreign trade of the Slovak Republic with agricultural and food products from 2004. The attention was paid to mutual relations of the imported and exported agricultural products. The contribution was supplemented by the comparison of the SR agri-food trade performance with the other EU member countries. To attain the objective, an unconventional methodical practice based on the calculation of trade balance per one inhabitant was used.

AZERBAIJAN FOREIGN TRADE AFTER INDEPENDENCE AND THE DIMENSION OF COMMERCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKEY AND AZERBAIJAN IN RECENT YEARS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (28) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Özlem SÖKMEN GÜRÇAM
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Declaring its independence in 1991, Azerbaijan faced many economic, financial and political problems, but since 1995 the country has grown substantially. The most important economic power in the country is on oil, natural gas and suitable agricultural lands. After Azerbaijan gained its independence, it started to search for markets and headed for foreign trade and in this way continued its dependence in the region. In the first years of its independence, a significant share of the country's foreign trade was with the Commonwealth of Independent States. In foreign trade, the country has an important share, especially in terms of oil and natural gas exports. Since Azerbaijan exports more than its imports every year, it is a country that gives a surplus in foreign trade balance. Turkey was the first country that accepts the independence of Azerbaijan. Declared the independence of Azerbaijan and Turkey should accept the independence of both political and economic issues of both countries have shown they are friendly. Current conjuncture in Turkey and Azerbaijan as a nation they were two brothers and two friendly states with state motto always wished they bring. It was first represented as Consulate and the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Turkey. Also at the same time, economic relations and trade relations have kept alive only Azerbaijan political relations with Turkey aimed at animation. For this reason, the two countries have signed a Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement. Trade relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan still maintains its sustainability today. This study examines the foreign trade of Azerbaijan's economy in the coming period and the course has a very significant share of the Azerbaijan foreign trade with Turkey until today. Keywords: Foreign Trade, Export, Import, Azerbaijan and Turkey.

Trends and Patterns of India’s Trade with Six EU Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-60
Author(s):  
SANDEEP KAUR BHATIA ◽  
Amandeep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Six Nations ◽  
Average Share ◽  
Trade Competitiveness

India and European Union trade relations go back to 1960s. Both sides started their bilateral trade relations after their first summit which, was held in 2000 and after that India-EU has gone through various rounds of summits and negotiations for improving the bilateral trade ties. As a result, Free Trade Agreement was agreed upon between them in 2007 but it is still not fully implemented. EU is India’s largest trading partner which has accounted 14.8 percent in its total trade in 2011. The study has taken up six nations of EU namely Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and UK as   India has a large average share of trade with these countries during 1996-2011. The study strives to find out the trade trends of India with these six EU countries namely Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and UK. The study  is an attempt to find out the trade competitiveness and patterns of India with these countries by using various indices like Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (RSCA) and Intra Industry Trade Index (IIT).  The study finds out that  European debt crisis have vigorously affected Indian pattern of trade with these six countries.   

scholarly journals POLAND IN FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN THE EARLY 1920’s

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
O. Kupchyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Representative Office ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Right

The article reveals the circumstances under which the Ukrainian SSR established trade relations with the Republic of Poland in the early 1920s. The contractual legal framework and organizational forms of the Ukrainian SSR's trade activity in Poland have been clarified. The Poles have a greater interest in trade with neighboring Soviet Ukraine than Russia. Persons of sales representatives were established (I. Khurgin, I. Ruzhytsky). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Warsaw in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian SSR is revealed. The place of the Polish market in export-import operations of the Soviet Ukraine has been determined. It is found that, in accordance with the Protocol of the Additional Protocol to the Riga Peace Treaty, concluded on March 18, 1921, the Polish Government reserved the right to «normalize» the transit of German and Austrian goods passing through the Polish territory. Instead, during the negotiations in June 1921 on the conclusion of a trade agreement, the Polish government insisted that the Ukrainian SSR should be bound by the obligation of «the greatest facilitation of Poland’s trade in Ukraine». They planned to implement this by introducing customs tariffs favorable to Poles. Because of this, the trade agreement was not concluded. It is stated that in Warsaw the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office started operating in October 1921. Then the Soviet traders established the interest of the Polish metallurgical plants in Silesia in the Ukrainian iron ore (due to the small amount of iron in the Polish ore). They investigated the interest of these plants to Ukrainian scrap (due to lack of Polish) and anthracite coal. At the same time, they determined that Poles were competitors in the timber trade. Due to the importance of the Free City of Danzig as a center for international trade, the bulk of the export goods of the Ukrainian SSR was directed to this city (market and port), not Warsaw. The Danzig Division and the Danzig Warehouses of the sales office operated in Danzig. It has been investigated that during the 1921–1921 years, the Polish market of the Ukrainian Soviet Union bought both Polish and foreign goods. Imports from Poland at that time consisted of cereals (until 1922), agricultural and agricultural machinery and tools, clothing and footwear, haberdashery, electrical goods, stationery. Ukrainian exports consisted of metals, coal, wood, minerals, livestock waste, medicinal plants. Participation of the Soviet Ukraine representatives in the Eastern Fair in Lviv in the autumn of 1922 is covered. It was established that the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office in Warsaw operated until the end of 1922, when the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office was formed.

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations between Ukraine and China: main directions of development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Zoryana Dvulit ◽  
◽  
Yulia Makarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover ◽  
Seeds And Fruits

The article is devoted to the problems of developing foreign trade relations between Ukraine and China, as China ranks first in terms of trade among other trade partners of Ukraine. The article analyzes the reasons for China's interest in Ukraine and possible benefits for our country. The countries' export, import, foreign trade turnover, and foreign trade balance indicators are studied. The calculated indicators allowed us to state a positive trade balance for most goods, which indicates the advantage of exports over imports. The growth rates of exports and imports for the main product groups are calculated. It is concluded that the dynamics of international trade for ferrous metals, seeds, and fruits export growth rates are the highest, and electric machines and flour products - the lowest. The necessity of direct investments for further development in all spheres of the economy is substantiated. The structure of investment cooperation between Ukraine and China is analyzed, and conclusions are made about the number of direct investments coming from China. Based on the research and study of literature sources on the selected topic, the following conclusions were drawn on the prospects of foreign trade relations between China and Ukraine: it is advisable to study in detail the development of China's interests to adjust Ukraine's export policy to revive cooperation partners of Ukraine; as for the Ukrainian-Chinese trade relations, the following product groups have particular prospects for development: already positive in the foreign trade balance (corn, soybeans, barley, dairy products, honey), negative in the foreign trade balance (poultry, pork, fruits, vegetables) ) and products that do not require special state permits (sunflower oil and a wide range of food products). It is expedient to develop bilateral relations in mutually beneficial areas for both countries; there is a positive trade balance for most goods. For ferrous metals, seeds, and fruits, the export growth rates are the highest. For electric machines and flour products - the lowest, we need to emphasize the stabilization of exports of commodity groups, where export growth has increased. Ukraine needs to make tremendous efforts to join the «One Belt, One Road» initiative as a participant: because our country is only a watchdog. Also, you need to show more initiative and declare your desire to join the project «16 + 1»

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations between the Republic of Korea and the United States in the context of the development of integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-841
Author(s):  
Inna V. Andronova ◽  
Natalia V. Dyuzheva ◽  
Kirill A. Andronov
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liberal Trade

The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.

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