scholarly journals Burden of Enteropathogens Associated Diarrheal Diseases in Children Hospital, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeevan B Sherchand ◽  
Michiyo Yokoo ◽  
Ojaswee Sherchand ◽  
Arun R Pant ◽  
Osamu Nakogomi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Stool Samples

Diarrheal disease caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. Methods currently used in public health laboratories do not allow for the identification of rotavirus, Cyclospora and pathogenic E.coli infection though they represent as an etiology in large proportion of patients with diarrhea, the possibility exists that a portion of the undiagnosed illness may be attributable to one or more of the above enteropathogens. In a view to determine the causative agents of diarrhoea, the current study described the various enteropathogens associated with diarrhoea in hospitalized children. Stool samples were collected from children under 11 years of age who developed diarrhoea and were admitted to Kanti Children's Hospital between May to October 2007 and investigated in Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicine, Health Research Laboratory; by using both the combination of microbiological and immunological tools ( EIA for rotavirus detection, standard parasitological procedure for Cyclospora and other intestinal parasites, and selective culture method and serotyping were used to differentiate the species of bacteria). A total of 440 diarrhoeal stool samples were collected and 285 (64.8%) enteropathogens were identified. The highest infection was due to intestinal parasites 104/285 (36.5%) followed by rotavirus 92/285 (32.3%); pathogenic bacteria 57/285 (20%) and Cyclospora 32/285 (11.2%). Among the pathogenic bacteria (20%) isolated, the predominant bacteria were Shigella species (36.8%); Vibrio species (26.3%); Escherichia coli (22.8%) and Salmonella species (14.03%) respectively. Various enteropthogens responsible for diarrhoea especially rotavirus, different pathogenic bacteria and Cyclospora infection, which are not examined routinely in public health laboratories, were found in significant proportion as a cause of diarrhoeal illness in children. The infection was peak in children under 2 years of age and was highest in rainy season. Key words: Burden; Diarrhea; Enteropathogens; Children; Nepal. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3830Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.71-75

Multiple Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis That Were Associated with 16 Funerals and a Unique Caterer and Spanned 6 Days, 2011, Québec, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1582-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLETTE GAULIN ◽  
SOULYVANE NGUON ◽  
MARIE-ANDREE LEBLANC ◽  
DANIELLE RAMSAY ◽  
SOPHIE ROY
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time

In January 2011, multiple acute gastroenteritis outbreaks that spanned many days and were related to attendance at funerals were reported to public health units in Quebec. An epidemiological investigation was initiated to identify the source of the contamination and to explain the extent of the contamination over time. Thirty-one cohorts of individuals attended different funerals held between 14 and 19 January. All attendees were served a cold buffet made by the same caterer. Of these 31 cohorts, 16 (with a total of about 800 people) contained individuals who reported being ill after the funeral. Symptoms were mainly diarrhea (89 to 94% of individuals), vomiting (63 to 90%,) and fever (26 to 39%), with a median incubation period of 29 to 33 h and a median duration of symptoms of 24 to 33 h, suggesting norovirus-like infection. Among the 16 cohorts, 3 were selected for cohort studies. Among those three cohorts, the mean illness rate was 68%. Associations were found between those who fell ill and those who had consumed pasta salad (relative risk [RR] = 2.4; P = 0.0022) and ham sandwiches (RR = 1.8; P = 0.0096). No food handlers reported being sick. No stool samples were provided by individuals who became ill. Environmental and food samples were all negative for causative agents. Although the causative agent was not clearly identified, this investigation raised many concerns about the importance of preventing foodborne transmission of viral gastroenteritis and generated some recommendations for management of similar outbreaks.

scholarly journals Antibodies Are Major Drivers of Protection against Lethal Aerosol Infection with Highly Pathogenic Burkholderia spp.

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Hogan ◽  
Eric R. Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Burkholderia Mallei ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Aerosol Infection

ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly pathogenic bacteria, and there is concern regarding their emergence as global public health (B. pseudomallei) and biosecurity (B. mallei) threats. In this issue of mSphere, an article by Khakhum and colleagues (N. Khakhum, P. Bharaj, J. N. Myers, D. Tapia, et al., mSphere 4:e00570-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00570-18) describes a novel vaccination platform with excellent potential for cross-protection against both Burkholderia species. The report also highlights the importance of antibodies in immunity against these facultative intracellular organisms.

scholarly journals Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers attending public health laboratories in Khartoum State, Sudan

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarig A. Gamar ◽  
Hassan H. Musa ◽  
Hisham N. Altayb ◽  
Mogeeb Kabbashi ◽  
Yassen Alsayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Food Handler ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Background:  Infections by intestinal pathogens especially protozoans and helminths are considered to pose a real health problem, particularly in the tropics.  They cause considerable morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The high prevalence of these infections is closely correlated with poverty, poor environmental hygiene, and impoverished health services. This study aimed to detect prevalence and frequency of parasitic infections among food handlers in Khartoum Sudan.  Methods: Three hundred and fifty Food-handlers, attending public health laboratories in Khartoum, Sudan, for an annual medical check-up, were screened for intestinal parasites by four laboratory techniques viz. direct faecal examination, formal-ether concentration, Baermann technique and agar culture method. Results: The infection rate was 23.7% by Formol-Ether Concentration technique, followed by direct saline stool preparation (7.1%). Out of 83 positive samples the infection rate among different nationalities was as follows: Sudanese 68 (81.9%), Ethiopians 13 (15.7%), Syrians 2 (2.4%) and Egyptians 0 (0%). Intestinal parasites were more prevalent among males (73; 25.1%) than female food handlers (10; 16.9%). Three protozoans, nematodes, two tap worms and one trematode worm were detected among infected population: their frequency were as follows: Entamoeba histolytica (7.4%), Entamoeba coli (6.86%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Schistosoma mansoni (1.40%), Necator americanus (1.43%), Hymenolepis nana (0.68%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.68%), Taenia saginata (0.57%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.57%) and Trichostrongylus species (0.29%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of protozoan infections among food handler in Khartoum state, Sudan was 20.26% while the helminthic infections was 5.97%. Formol-ether concentration technique is better for detection of intestinal parasites than the direct faecal smear technique. Likewise, Barmann’s technique confirms detection of nematodes worms especially hookworms.

Incidence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin in Two Types of Mexican Fresh Cheeses

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. TORRES-VITELA ◽  
M. MENDOZA-BERNARDO ◽  
J. CASTRO-ROSAS ◽  
C. A. GOMEZ-ALDAPA ◽  
L. E. GARAY-MARTINEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
E Coli

Handcrafted fresh cheeses are popular among consumers in Mexico. However, unsafe raw materials and inadequate food safety practices during cheese manufacture and preservation make them a potential public health risk. The incidence of Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and staphylococcal enterotoxin was analyzed in two types of fresh cheese (panela and adobera) commonly marketed in Mexico. A total of 200 samples, 100 panela and 100 adobera, were acquired from 100 wholesale milk product distributors who supply small retailers in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, Jalisco State, Mexico. Pathogens were identified using culture and immunoassay (miniVidas) methods. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin was determined by an immunoassay method. Of the 200 analyzed samples, 92 were positive for at least one of the pathogens. The incidence in the panela samples was 56%: 34% Salmonella, 16% E. coli O157:H7, and 6% L. monocytogenes. In the adobera samples, incidence was 36%: 20% Salmonella, 4% E. coli O157:H7, and 12% L. monocytogenes. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was not detected in any of the 200 samples. Choice of technique had no effect on detection of pathogen incidence, although the immunoassay method identified more Salmonella serotypes than the culture method. Handcrafted panela and adobera fresh cheeses in Mexico frequently contain pathogenic bacteria and therefore pose a public health risk.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitosis in Children of a Primary School in Pedro Juan Caballero - PY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 424-426
Author(s):  
Kayque Wellek Delgado do Amaral ◽  
Cristiane Venturini Garlet ◽  
Daniel Contreira Júnior ◽  
Marcus Tadeu Fernandes Gomes da Silva ◽  
Laura Simões Cogorno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Sedimentation Technique ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Introduction: Parasitosis is a type of endoparasitism, which is directly related to sanitary conditions and is an important public health problem in developing countries. Objective: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children attending a primary public school in Pedro Juan Caballero - PY. Materials and Methods: 85 (eighty-five) stool samples were analyzed using the centrifugal sedimentation technique. Results: Cysts and/or parasite eggs were observed in the stool samples of 67 (78.8%) children. Giardia lamblia cysts were those that showed the highest incidence in the children. Conclusion: The high Giardia lamblia index demonstrates the lack of access to drinking water for consumption, inadequate sanitation and the absence of a public health network. This study highlights the importance of encouraging the use of serial analysis of stool, strengthening preventive measures for parasitosis, developing protocols for their approach, and designing a strategy that includes the preschool population in the programs that periodically evaluate the development of children.

scholarly journals The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among Kosovar and Serbian school-children in Kosovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
K. Korzeniewski ◽  
A. Lass ◽  
A. Augustynowicz ◽  
M. Konior
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Military Institute ◽  
The Military

SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of species of intestinal parasites in the Balkans on the example of Kosovar and Serbian residents from the region of Gnjilane ineastern Kosovo,where the epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections remains unknown. Parasitological examination of stools pecimens was performed in 2017 and 2018. Stool samples were collected from asymptomatic school-children aged 6–17 years: 530 Kosovars from the municipality of Kaçanik and310 Serbs from the municipalities of Kamenica and Strpce. Each patient provided two stool samples collected every second day,fixed in SAF preservative and 70 % spiritus vini, transported to the Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine at the Military Institute of Medicine in Poland,and tested by light microscopy using three diagnostic methods: directs mearin Lugol’s solution,decantation in distilled water, and Fülleborn’s flotation. A total of 101 Kosovar children (19.1 % of the study group)were found to be infected with intestinal parasites: nematodes (n=20), cestodes (n=2), trematodes (n=2), and protozoa (n=79). Only 13 Serbian children (4.2 %) were found to beinfected with nematodes (n=4),cestodes (n=3),and protozoa (n=6). Giardia intestinalis was themost prevalent intestinal parasite in both groups (14,9 % vs. 1.9 % children). The prevalence ofasymptomatic parasitic infections was significantly higher in Kosovars in comparison to the Serbsliving in the same region of eastern Kosovo. This fact shows that there may be significant differencesin the quality of health care and sanitation as well as feed hygiene between these two communities.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Diarrheagenic Bacteria Isolated from Stool of Under-five Children in Dar Es Salaam. Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Benjamin Enos Ngoso ◽  
Lucy Andrew Namkinga ◽  
Gamba Nkwengulila
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
District Hospitals ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
And Control ◽  
Diarrhea Disease

<p class="jbls"><span lang="EN-GB">Diarrhea is a daily public health song in developing countries like Tanzania. The causative agents are theoretically known almost to everybody. However, the eradication of this killer disease for the under-fives is an enigma. This study aimed to provide update advantages of molecular diagnostic versus conventional methods as regards to acute diarrhea, and to determine bacterial causes of diarrhea among children aging five years and below in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, using multiplex PCR technique. </span></p><p class="jbls"><span lang="EN-GB">Samples were collected from the under-fives from district hospitals in Dar Es Salaam city between June 2010 and February 2014. This included children admitted due to acute and/ or chronic diarrhea. A total of 3600 stool samples were analyzed, of which 1800 samples were from diarrhea cases and 1800 samples from normal control cases. About 1080 (60%) of the patients recruited were aged less than 3 years and 983 (54.6%) were males. Diarrheagenic bacteria were isolated and identified using conventional stool cultures then were characterized by mPCR. </span></p><p class="jbls"><span lang="EN-GB">Pathogenic bacteria were detected in 67.7% of the cases and in 20% of the controls. The pathogenic bacteria most strongly associated with diarrhea disease were diarrheagenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (21.6% of cases, 6% of controls), <em>Shigella</em> spp. (16.1% of cases, 5% of controls) and S<em>almonellae, (</em>10.6% of cases, 3% of controls. The pathogenic bacteria were mostly from children aging from 24 months and above.<strong> </strong></span></p><p class="jbls"><span lang="EN-GB">Diarrheagenic bacteria play an important role in relation to childhood diarrhea aging from two years and above. Proper diagnostic methods, prevention and control through fostering good hygiene and sanitation to water and food should be emphasized especially to oral-faecal age.</span></p>

scholarly journals The prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in school-going children from informal settlements in Nakuru town, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Chege
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

BackgroundIntestinal parasites are a major public health problem in the developing world and have attracted increasing levels of interest from health researchers over the past decade. Epidemiology-based studies have shown that the prevalence of intestinal parasites is high and they frequently recur in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate sewerage facilities. In this study, we determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites, their egg intensities per sample, and associated risk factors in an informal settlement.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in three randomly selected public primary schools located in the informal settlements of Nakuru town. A total of 248 stool samples were collected from asymptomatic pupils and screened, using the Kato Katz technique, for infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STH). A random subset of stool samples (n=96) was also screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect intestinal protozoa. Socio-demographic variables were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire; these data were analysed to identify risk factors for infection. ResultsThe overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 17.3% (43/248 pupils). The overall prevalence of both STH and intestinal protozoan parasites was 1.2% and 41.7%, respectively. The most commonly diagnosed STH infection was Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), followed by hookworms (0.4%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.4%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites ranged from 0% to 38.5% and included Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba coli. All infections were light, with an egg intensity <100 for each of the STH infections. The prevalence of multiple infections, including intestinal protozoan parasites, was 5.2% (n=5) and 0.4% (n=1) for STH in the subset samples. Finally, our analysis identified several significant risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections, including goat rearing (p=0.046), living in a home with an earthen floor (p=0.022), the number of rooms in the household (p=0.035), and the source of food (p=0.016). ConclusionThe low prevalence of intestinal parasites in the informal settlements of Nakuru may be attributed to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, deworming, and general good health practices that are facilitated by the Department of Public Health.

Probiotics Slow the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowles H. L.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Commercial Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when ingested in sufficient amounts, confer health benefits to the host by improving the gut microflora balance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether commercial probiotic products containing multitude of commensal bacteria would reduce the growth rate of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Growth curves were established, and the growth rates were compared for samples of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Nature’s Bounty Controlled Delivery probiotic, Sundown Naturals Probiotic Balance probiotic, and cocultures of the pathogenic bacteria mixed with the probiotics. The findings of this research were that the commercial probiotics significantly reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. typhimurium when combined in cocultures. Probiotics containing multiple strains may be taken prophylactically to reduce the risk of bacterial infections caused by E. coli and S. typhimurium. Probiotics could be used to reduce the high global morbidity and mortality rates of diarrheal disease.

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