scholarly journals THE MAIN EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THYROID GLAND (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
О.І. Tiron
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Temperature Irradiation ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
And Function

Despite the important role of the thyroid gland in regulating the functions of the body, the gland is quite sensitive to the adverse effects of various factors on the body. The purpose of the work is to analyze modern sources of scientific literature devoted to the study of the influence of exo- and endogenous factors on the morpho-functional properties of the thyroid gland. Literary data on the influence on the thyroid gland of various environmental chemicals, insufficient or excessive consumption of iodine and selenium, vitamin D deficiency, exposure to pharmaceuticals, smoking, environmental temperature, irradiation, infections, stress, as well as factors of the internal environment, such as atherosclerosis and pregnancy. There are a small number of modern scientific studies concerning the influence on the structure and function of the thyroid gland consequences of thermal injury of the skin.

Carboxylesterase overexpression in the male reproductive tract: a universal safeguarding mechanism?

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Mikhailov ◽  
M. Torrado
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hypothetical Explanation

Data on expression patterns of carboxylesterases in the male reproductive tract of different animal groups (i.e. bivalve mollusks, fruitflies and rodents) are summarized to highlight some particularly interesting questions in the context of sperm differentiation, maturation and function. The male reproduc-tive system, in spite of extreme variation in the anatomical/morphological organization in different species, is characterized by similar patterns of male-dependent carboxylesterase overexpression. The phenomenon of conserved carboxylesterase overexpression indicates similar male sex-associated functions of the enzymes. There is possible evidence of carboxylesterase recruitment by male reproductive-tract tissues indi-cating that it could be adaptive for spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and sperm use. Moreover, this idea can be extended to include a sperm cell lineage protection. This issue is discussed in the light of recent data on environmental reproductive xenobiotics that can provide a basis for a hypothetical explanation of car-boxylesterase overexpression in the male reproductive tract. Based on a well-known role of car-boxylesterases in detoxification of environmental chemicals such as organophosphate pesticides, it is proposed that various male genital tract carboxylesterases may be characterized by a similar physiological function to protect the male reproductive system against xenobiotic influences that could provoke its dys-function, thus altering sperm differentiation and maturation.

scholarly journals A Triple Threat? The Role of Diet, Nutrition, and the Microbiota in T1D Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma E. Hamilton-Williams ◽  
Graciela L. Lorca ◽  
Jill M. Norris ◽  
Jessica L. Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Beta Cell ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Beta Cell Function ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Islet Autoimmunity ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
And Function

In recent years the role of the intestinal microbiota in health and disease has come to the forefront of medical research. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota and several of its features have been linked to numerous diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). To date, studies in animal models of T1D, as well as studies in human subjects, have linked several intestinal microbiota alterations with T1D pathogenesis. Features that are most often linked with T1D pathogenesis include decreased microbial diversity, the relative abundance of specific strains of individual microbes, and altered metabolite production. Alterations in these features as well as others have provided insight into T1D pathogenesis and shed light on the potential mechanism by which the microbiota plays a role in T1D pathogenesis, yet the underlying factors leading to these alterations remains unknown. One potential mechanism for alteration of the microbiota is through diet and nutrition. Previous studies have shown associations of diet with islet autoimmunity, but a direct contributing factor has yet to be identified. Diet, through introduction of antigens and alteration of the composition and function of the microbiota, may elicit the immune system to produce autoreactive responses that result in the destruction of the beta cells. Here, we review the evidence associating diet induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and their contribution to T1D pathogenesis. We further provide a roadmap for determining the effect of diet and other modifiable factors on the entire microbiota ecosystem, including its impact on both immune and beta cell function, as it relates to T1D. A greater understanding of the complex interactions between the intestinal microbiota and several interacting systems in the body (immune, intestinal integrity and function, metabolism, beta cell function, etc.) may provide scientifically rational approaches to prevent development of T1D and other childhood immune and allergic diseases and biomarkers to evaluate the efficacy of interventions.

Post Translational Modification and its pathologic association in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A brief perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnupreetha Vasudevan ◽  
Prachi Agnihotri ◽  
Sagarika Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Bone Pain ◽  
Cyclic Peptide ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Living System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inflammatory Autoimmune Disease

: Post Translational Modification (PTM) is the process in which covalent addition of functional groups on protein happens to maintain their structure, function and stability. Every PTM process in our living system happens to increase the functional diversity of protein. But sometimes it happens without any regulation and occurrence of this specific change in proteins are leading to autoimmunity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one such chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease that affects joints. Proper treatment can be manageable for RA, but it is not completely curable. Delayed diagnosis of RA can cause severe bone pain, stiffness, inflammation, redness in joints and affect other parts of the body such as liver, kidney etc. Early diagnosis of disease is preferable to cure it effectively. Currently, Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide (Anti-CCP) are considered as biomarkers to diagnose RA. Other than citrullination several other PTM’s are also involved in generation of autoantibodies such as, carbamylation, glycosylation, glycation, acetylation, ubiquitination, proteolysis, phosphorylation, lipidation. Aim of this review is to elucidate several considerable changes in form, nature and function of above PTMs in RA, affecting joints and day to day life. This review will give a recent overview on the role of PTMs in the pathogenesis of RA, focusing on the modifications.

scholarly journals Regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs in brown/beige adipogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohai Xu ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Lei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
And Function ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

BAT (brown adipose tissue) is specialized to burn fatty acids for heat generation and energy expenditure to defend against cold and obesity. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that manipulation of BAT activity through various strategies can regulate metabolic homoeostasis and lead to a healthy phenotype. Two classes of ncRNA (non-coding RNA), miRNA and lncRNA (long non-coding RNA), play crucial roles in gene regulation during tissue development and remodelling. In the present review, we summarize recent findings on regulatory role of distinct ncRNAs in brown/beige adipocytes, and discuss how these ncRNA regulatory networks contribute to brown/beige fat development, differentiation and function. We suggest that targeting ncRNAs could be an attractive approach to enhance BAT activity for protecting the body against obesity and its pathological consequences.

scholarly journals Unity, Continuity, Structure, and Function. The Ongoing Search for a Deeper Understanding of the Many Roles Attributed to Fascia in the Living Human Body - An Osteopathic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Colin Armstrong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Form ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Progress in technologies, notably in vivo and in situ methods, has equipped scientists with the necessary skills to explore the living human body in increasingly minute detail. This has led to a better understanding of the dynamic interplay between the various elements that make up the living human body. To further understand the interplay, this research focuses on the insights and observations of the founders of osteopathy, who placed great importance on the role of fascia in the body. Modern anatomical investigation still relies heavily on dissection to describe the structural organization of living organisms. Therefore, at present, a major challenge faced by modern anatomists is to move towards a more holistic and integrative understanding of the unity, continuity, and dynamic interplay between the various elements that come together to create the living human form.

scholarly journals Prof. S. Chiriev. —Clinical notes from the nervous department of the Kiev military hospital. II. To the treatment of morbus Basedowii

2020 ◽  
Vol VII (1) ◽  
pp. 179-180
Author(s):  
V. Obraztsov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Heart Activity ◽  
Clinical Notes ◽  
Decay Products

Having briefly touched on the main symptoms of Graves' disease and rejecting the current theory about the role of the thyroid gland in neutralizing the decay products of proteinaceous substances in the body, the author recommends the following treatment, which gave completely satisfactory results in his cases. In the evenings, or every other day, lubrication of the gland with one tincture and a compress; in a day faradization of the gland. Inside potassium iodide with sodium iodide and with an admixture of bromides. To regulate heart activity with tinct. convallariae majalis. From Migrnin headache at 0, 75-1, 0 at night; in the evenings, warm baths at 35 C.

Masyarakat Mantap

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Siti Maryam Qurotul Aini ◽  
Sukandar Sukandar ◽  
Hafidul Umami
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Education ◽  
Asset Based Community Development ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

The role and function of the mosque in rural Takmir often still dwell on the management and service, has not touched on the empowerment efforts of pilgrims. Takmir Mosque has the opportunity to develop community based education. In this case the role of the college in the mentoring of the mosque Takmir indispensable. This mentoring uses an ABCD (asset based community Development) approach conducted in Jatipunggur Lengkong Nganjuk village. The result of mentoring managed to realize community based education in the form of empowering the mosque Takmir to build worshippers in terms of the care of the body and to overcome femininity problems. This achievement can be achieved because the process of mentoring from the stage of social analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation is done with all the mosque stakeholders. Takmir Mosque managed to get mentoring to organize community based education by involving administrators, village apparatus and religious and community leaders.

scholarly journals An acetylation rheostat for the control of muscle energy homeostasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. T101-T113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keir Menzies ◽  
Johan Auwerx
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function

In recent years, the role of acetylation has gained ground as an essential modulator of intermediary metabolism in skeletal muscle. Imbalance in energy homeostasis or chronic cellular stress, due to diet, aging, or disease, translate into alterations in the acetylation levels of key proteins which govern bioenergetics, cellular substrate use, and/or changes in mitochondrial content and function. For example, cellular stress induced by exercise or caloric restriction can alter the coordinated activity of acetyltransferases and deacetylases to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and function in order to adapt to low energetic levels. The natural duality of these enzymes, as metabolic sensors and effector proteins, has helped biologists to understand how the body can integrate seemingly distinct signaling pathways to control mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin sensitivity, glucose transport, reactive oxygen species handling, angiogenesis, and muscle satellite cell proliferation/differentiation. Our review will summarize the recent developments related to acetylation-dependent responses following metabolic stress in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals The role of endothelial glycocalyx in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Yilmaz ◽  
Baris Afsar ◽  
Alberto Ortiz ◽  
Mehmet Kanbay
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe endothelium is the largest organ in the body and recent studies have shown that the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) plays a major role in health and disease states. The integrity of eGCX is vital for homoeostasis and disruption of its structure and function plays a major role in several pathologic conditions. An increased understanding of the numerous pathophysiological roles of eGCX may lead to the development of potential surrogate markers for endothelial injury or novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a state-of-the-art update on the structure and function of the eGCX, emphasizing the current understanding of interorgan crosstalk between the eGCX and other organs that might also contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.

scholarly journals Role of Cardiac Macrophages on Cardiac Inflammation, Fibrosis and Tissue Repair

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
William P. Lafuse ◽  
Daniel J. Wozniak ◽  
Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cardiac Inflammation ◽  
And Function

The immune system plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and resolution of inflammation following insult or damage to organs. The heart is a vital organ which supplies nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. Heart failure (HF) has been conventionally described as a disease associated with cardiac tissue damage caused by systemic inflammation, arrhythmia and conduction defects. Cardiac inflammation and subsequent tissue damage is orchestrated by the infiltration and activation of various immune cells including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and T and B cells into the myocardium. After tissue injury, monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes, and function as key regulators of tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis. Disturbance in resident macrophage functions such as uncontrolled production of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and inefficient generation of an anti-inflammatory response or unsuccessful communication between macrophages and epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblasts can lead to aberrant repair, persistent injury, and HF. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of cardiac macrophages on cardiac inflammation, tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis.

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