Exploratory Method for Practitioners Analyzing the Impact of Integrated Fare Structures in Decentralized Metropolitan Regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2652 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Borjian ◽  
Jake Schabas ◽  
John Segal
Keyword(s):  
Market Research ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Impact

Metrolinx, the regional transportation agency tasked with improving the coordination and integration of all transportation modes in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, has developed an exploratory method for analyzing the effects of new fare structures that integrate the fare systems of multiple transit service providers in the region. The method uses a data set of all weekday trips made in the region segmented by modes used and origin–destination information. A formula derived from the mode choice modeling theory is used to obtain fare elasticity based on unit cost, mode share, and time of day. The distribution of elasticities produced is then calibrated according to a literature review of fare elasticities, and in the future, it will be done according to local market research. The result is a spreadsheet-based tool that provides analysts with an ability to test more complex changes to fare systems, including testing fare integration between agencies and introducing fares by distance, mode, time of day, or a combination of those features. Exploratory in nature, the method is not a replacement for comprehensive market research or fare pilots. However, it addresses the shortcomings of traditional fare analyses that use only aggregate elasticities for diverse market segments by better reflecting the spectrum of transit user sensitivities associated with specific travel characteristics. Furthermore, it provides analysts with a straightforward tool to test the effects of complex fare structures more commonly used in Europe and Asia enabled by smart card and open payment technology on ridership, revenue, emissions, and social equity.

Institution-Wide Quantification of Iatrogenic Blood Loss Using a Novel Informatics-Driven Methodology

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 1530-1530
Author(s):  
Donna L. Ledingham ◽  
Don Doiron ◽  
Bryan Crocker ◽  
Calvino K. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Critical Care Units ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 1530 Rationale: Anemia has been shown to have an adverse impact on patient outcomes. In the transfusion literature, various blood conservation and patient blood management systems have been proposed as a way to reduce the burden of anemia. An important component of limiting blood loss is the reduction of iatrogenic blood loss through diagnostic phlebotomy. Studies in the phlebotomy and transfusion literature largely focus on small patient populations on critical care units. Such research provides a great depth of information about those settings, but the impact of diagnostic phlebotomy on the broader inpatient population is unknown. We present a novel method, not previously described in the literature, characterising the extent of iatrogenic blood loss in inpatients at our institution. Methods and results: Following a pilot project, data from September 1 to December 1, 2009 were queried from the institution's laboratory information system. This comprehensive dataset included records of tests conducted during 7503 admissions of patients (n=6733) at twelve individual facilities within Capital District Health Authority (CDHA). There were 70,790 unique laboratory orders, for which a total of 397,770 individual tests were performed. This required a total of 120,398 tubes of blood drawn for a cumulative volume of 648,350 mL from the entire population. The majority of tests were done on a “routine” basis (44,820/ 70,790 orders, 63%); most testing was also done after the first day of admission (59,051/ 70,790 orders, 83%). Patient demographics and testing burden are contrasted by gender in Table 1; males appear to experience a higher testing burden than females, despite similar mean length of stay. There were 618 (9%) of 6733 inpatients having ≥250mL (approximately 1 unit of packed red cells) phlebotomised (Table 1). Phlebotomy volumes are unevenly distributed across the age range, with patients in the two youngest age groups demonstrating lower mean cumulative volumes than older patients (Table 2). When individual admissions are examined, phlebotomy volume per patient is greater in hospitals providing tertiary care, as contrasted to other facilities. At the nursing unit level, the cumulative phlebotomy volume exceeded the population average on patients admitted to critical care units, long term care units and medical wards. This trend was also reflected in the testing performance of service providers, where patients cared for by critical care physicians and internal medicine teams had greater than average phlebotomy volumes. Conclusions: The study demonstrates consistent findings with the critical care literature and identifies a patient population – elderly males – who may be at risk for greater phlebotomy volumes. This study also demonstrates that informatics-based methods can be used to quantify phlebotomy-related blood loss across a broad range of facilities, and identify patient and institution-related variables associated with higher total blood loss. This data set will also provide the ability to model the impact of interventions such as small-volume tubes, direct clinician education initiatives, and could be the basis for a feedback tool in the future. Given the widespread use of laboratory information systems throughout the industrialized world, this approach is readily transferable to other institutions, where it may be used to help reduce iatrogenic blood loss, reduce testing costs and improve patient outcomes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Impact of the gate-keeping policies of China’s primary healthcare model on the future burden of tuberculosis in China: a protocol for a mathematical modelling study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e048449
Author(s):  
Xinyi You ◽  
Jing Gu ◽  
Dong Roman Xu ◽  
Shanshan Huang ◽  
Hao Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Gate Keeping ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionIn the past three decades, China has made great strides in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, the TB burden remains high. In 2019, China accounted for 8.4% of global incident cases of TB, the third highest in the world, with a higher prevalence in rural areas. The Healthy China 2030 highlights the gate-keeping role of primary healthcare (PHC). However, the impact of PHC reforms on the future TB burden is unclear. We propose to use mathematical models to project and evaluate the impacts of different gate-keeping policies.Methods and analysisWe will develop a deterministic, population-level, compartmental model to capture the dynamics of TB transmission within adult rural population. The model will incorporate seven main TB statuses, and each compartment will be subdivided by service providers. The parameters involving preference for healthcare seeking will be collected using discrete choice experiment (DCE) method. We will solve the deterministic model numerically over a 20-year (2021–2040) timeframe and predict the TB prevalence, incidence and cumulative new infections under the status quo or various policy scenarios. We will also conduct an analysis following standard protocols to calculate the average cost-effectiveness for each policy scenario relative to the status quo. A numerical calibration analysis against the available published TB prevalence data will be performed using a Bayesian approach.Ethics and disseminationMost of the data or parameters in the model will be obtained based on secondary data (eg, published literature and an open-access data set). The DCE survey has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University. The approval number is SYSU [2019]140. Results of the study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, media and conference presentations.

scholarly journals Breaking Funding Barriers to Cancer Prevention Communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 137s-137s
Author(s):  
M. Kabalega
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Cancer Awareness ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Background and context: The Cancer Communiqué was founded in May 2017 and adopted a Strategic Plan 2017-2022 which defined an effective communications strategy to guide much needed cancer prevention communication in Uganda. The immediate challenge identified in commencing the identified communication activities was funding. The leadership team deliberated and agreed to use social media as a cost effective and impactful initial means of reaching out to the public. Aim: To identify and implement unique cancer prevention communication campaigns that drive strong early detection messages utilizing social media as a primary platform. Strategy/Tactics: The communications strategy adopted the following tactics to support an effective approach to reaching the targeted audiences: building strong external partnerships with private entities to provide support for the social media campaigns through mobilizing staff participation in the campaigns to generate a viral atmosphere and also to magnify the impact of the campaigns by utilizing their social media platforms to spread the key messages. Another tactic was building partnerships with private health care service providers to enable provision of free or highly subsidized screening camps. Utilization of mainstream media primarily radio was used in the form of radio interviews and talk shows to generate awareness about the social media campaigns. Leveraging existing cancer awareness platforms and localizing them to suit local market appeal was also key with campaigns such as #PinkOctoberUG, #MovemberUG and #SmearForSmearUG used. Finally, leveraging existing experiential events like sports tournaments to drive key messages. All the above tactics were implemented simultaneously on various platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Program/Policy process: The process included the following steps: ideation of the social media activity and its mechanics including clearly ascertaining relevant target audiences and platforms to be used; identification of budget and key campaign resources required; engagement of potential partners to facilitate execution of the campaigns and finally execution of the campaigns. Outcomes: The outcome was a successful set of social media campaigns that were implemented from September 2017 to January 2018. The campaigns were unique as they communicated cancer prevention messages in ways that spoke to the target audiences and stood out from the information clutter as well as enabling people to participate in fun ways like wearing themed colors as well as lipstick smudges, all in support of spreading awareness about different types of cancer within key cancer awareness months. What was learned: This strategy highlighted the fact that even without sufficient funding, social media is an affordable and powerful platform that can be used to effectively spread cancer awareness messages. Something can be done without funding and much more can be done with sufficient funding.

Forest management and hotter droughts: tree-growth monitoring during 2018/2019 in northeastern Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cruz-García ◽  
Leona Frieboese ◽  
Tobias Scharnweber ◽  
Ilse Alejandra Siller-Aguillón ◽  
Johannes Kalbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Northeastern Germany ◽  
The Impact

<p> Forests are vital ecosystem service providers and are thought to play an important role as carbon sinks in climate-warming mitigation. Climate change can modify environmental forcing of tree growth, bringing changes in growth performance and ultimately in ecosystem community composition. Thus, studying how trees and forests react to a changing environment is required to preserve and manage them sustainably. It is largely unexplored how extreme weather events, such as the so called “hotter-droughts”, interact with silvicultural interventions (thinning). To address this problem, we explore a monitoring data set from 2017-2020 of three broadleaved species native to the Central European temperate forest (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L., <em>Quercus robur</em> L., <em>Betula pendula</em> Roth). To investigate the effect of thinning interventions and weather conditions on intra-annual growth, an experimental gap was created at the end of 2016 in the studied stands. Trees standing next to the gap and others on closed-stand conditions were equipped with band-dendrometers, which were read out bi-weekly throughout the four vegetation periods. The obtained growth-curves were used to compare absolute and relative growth between experimental conditions (gap vs. closed), and non-linear models were fitted to derive the phenology of stem-growth. In general, trees under gap conditions revealed smaller increments than trees in closed stands during the drought years 2018/2019, but especially for 2019. Species differences indicate beech was most sensitive to the extreme summer drought, as expected given the conclusions of several dendroecological studies. The results indicate different sensitivities to extreme events on the years following silvicultural interventions between tree species. As gap-formation occurs also naturally in temperate forests, these results suggest a possible mechanism through which legacy-effects and variability in individual climate responses arise, which can help unravel climatic signals in tree-rings and explain how they are modulated by ecological conditions and management interventions. Monitoring of tree-growth in a high-temporal resolution seems a valuable approach to understand the impact of extreme events and climate change on tree-growth. The obtained insights are relevant for improving sustainable silvicultural management, as the suitability of a species for a site might change upon further warming and more frequent drought spells. We recommend continuing to explore tree-growth at finer time-scales to shed light on species performance under climate change.</p>

scholarly journals Does an Increase in Population Density Increases Transit Mode Split? Going Beyond the Contemporaneous Correlation Between Built Form and Public Transit Mode Share

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanaz Dorrani Arab ◽  
Murtaza Haider
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Transit Ridership ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the relationship between public transit mode share and population density. It critically reviews the long-held belief that an increase in population density (compact built form) will result in an increase in public transit ridership. The research developed a longitudinal data set of travel behavior, transit supply, and proxies of built form for 1996 and 2016 for the City of Toronto. The data set is spatially disaggregated at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level such that the TAZs that divide the City into 480 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive zones. The paper found that a cross-sectional analysis of population density and transit mode share captures mostly the contemporaneous relationship between the two and does not, by default, lend credence to the argument that if the density increases over time at a place, it will subsequently result in higher public transit ridership. Such a question will require a longitudinal analysis where the impact of a change in public density over time is examined to determine its impact, if any, on transit ridership. Using Linear Mixed Models for longitudinal data, the paper found that the contemporaneous relation between density and transit mode share holds, but the change in population density over time does not automatically correlate with an increase in transit ridership

scholarly journals IMPACT ANALYSIS OF PROFILE INJECTION ATTACKS IN RECOMMENDER SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 472-478
Author(s):  
M Ashish Kumar, Yudhvir Singh, Vikas Siwach, Harkesh Sehrawat
Keyword(s):  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Injection Attacks ◽  
Attack Scenario ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Recommender systems are the backbone of all the prediction-based service platforms e.g. Facebook, Amazon, LinkedIn etc. Even companies now a days are using the recommender systems to show users personalized ads. These service providers capture the right audience for their services/ products and hence, improve overall sales. Social networking platforms are using recommender systems for connecting people of similar interests which is almost impossible without recommender systems.  Collaborative filtering-based recommender system is most widely used recommender system. It is used in this research to predict the rating for a specific movie. Accuracy of the prediction define the performance of the overall system. The quality of predictions is degraded by the attackers by injection of fake profiles. In this paper, the various types of profile injection attacks are explained and the attack scenario gets extended to measure the performance of these attacks. Empirical results on the real world publicly available data set shows that these attacks are highly vulnerable. The impact of these attacks in several conditions has been measured and it is tried to find the scenarios where these attacks are more powerful.

scholarly journals Does an Increase in Population Density Increases Transit Mode Split? Going Beyond the Contemporaneous Correlation Between Built Form and Public Transit Mode Share

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanaz Dorrani Arab ◽  
Murtaza Haider
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Transit Ridership ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the relationship between public transit mode share and population density. It critically reviews the long-held belief that an increase in population density (compact built form) will result in an increase in public transit ridership. The research developed a longitudinal data set of travel behavior, transit supply, and proxies of built form for 1996 and 2016 for the City of Toronto. The data set is spatially disaggregated at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level such that the TAZs that divide the City into 480 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive zones. The paper found that a cross-sectional analysis of population density and transit mode share captures mostly the contemporaneous relationship between the two and does not, by default, lend credence to the argument that if the density increases over time at a place, it will subsequently result in higher public transit ridership. Such a question will require a longitudinal analysis where the impact of a change in public density over time is examined to determine its impact, if any, on transit ridership. Using Linear Mixed Models for longitudinal data, the paper found that the contemporaneous relation between density and transit mode share holds, but the change in population density over time does not automatically correlate with an increase in transit ridership

scholarly journals The impact of using outsourcing strategy by humanitarian organizations on logistical performance: An empirical investigation from a developing country

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-133
Author(s):  
Firas Rifai ◽  
Bushra M. Ramadan ◽  
A.S.H. Yousif ◽  
Mohammad Al-Dweiri ◽  
Ayman Abdalmajeed Alsmadi
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Humanitarian Logistics ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Logistics Service Providers ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the potential benefits of outsourcing humanitarian logistics activities to commercial logistics service providers (LSPs) to improve rescue missions in the Al Zaatari Syrian refugee camp in Jordan. The study uses a quantitative research approach, a survey data set of 140 questionnaires was collected from the managers and managerial staff dealing with logistical activities. First, a comprehensive review of related literature was performed to guide this research and then to test the main hypotheses of this study, correlation and regression analysis were carried out. The findings confirmed that humanitarian organizations in Al Zaatary camp can get benefits from collaborating with LSPs on delivering primary logistic services (shelter, food, medicine, transportation, etc.) (Nurmala, de Leeuw, & Dullaert, 2017). Moreover, the findings showed that outsourcing is preferred in the response phase (Vega & Roussat, 2015). This paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge on humanitarian logistics in ways that fills a gap by empirically investigate the phenomenon, as well as it is considered well timed in the context of the still current situation due to political instability in the region. As far as the authors are aware, this research represents the first study within the humanitarian logistics sector in Jordan.

Age at Exposure to Parental Suicide and the Subsequent Risk of Suicide in Young People

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Ying Lee ◽  
Chung-Yi Li ◽  
Kun-Chia Chang ◽  
Tsung-Hsueh Lu ◽  
Ying-Yeh Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Birth Registry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parental Suicide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age At Exposure

Abstract. Background: We investigated the age at exposure to parental suicide and the risk of subsequent suicide completion in young people. The impact of parental and offspring sex was also examined. Method: Using a cohort study design, we linked Taiwan's Birth Registry (1978–1997) with Taiwan's Death Registry (1985–2009) and identified 40,249 children who had experienced maternal suicide (n = 14,431), paternal suicide (n = 26,887), or the suicide of both parents (n = 281). Each exposed child was matched to 10 children of the same sex and birth year whose parents were still alive. This yielded a total of 398,081 children for our non-exposed cohort. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the suicide risk of the exposed and non-exposed groups. Results: Compared with the non-exposed group, offspring who were exposed to parental suicide were 3.91 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.10–4.92 more likely to die by suicide after adjusting for baseline characteristics. The risk of suicide seemed to be lower in older male offspring (HR = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.57–6.06), but higher in older female offspring (HR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.05–9.22). Stratified analyses based on parental sex revealed similar patterns as the combined analysis. Limitations: As only register-­based data were used, we were not able to explore the impact of variables not contained in the data set, such as the role of mental illness. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a prominent elevation in the risk of suicide among offspring who lost their parents to suicide. The risk elevation differed according to the sex of the afflicted offspring as well as to their age at exposure.

Customer-Related Social Stressors

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dudenhöffer ◽  
Christian Dormann
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Dissonance ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
Single Data

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to replicate the dimensions of the customer-related social stressors (CSS) concept across service jobs, to investigate their consequences for service providers’ well-being, and to examine emotional dissonance as mediator. Data of 20 studies comprising of different service jobs (N = 4,199) were integrated into a single data set and meta-analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses and explorative principal component analysis confirmed four CSS scales: disproportionate expectations, verbal aggression, ambiguous expectations, disliked customers. These CSS scales were associated with burnout and job satisfaction. Most of the effects were partially mediated by emotional dissonance. Further analyses revealed that differences among jobs exist with regard to the factor solution. However, associations between CSS and outcomes are mainly invariant across service jobs.

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