scholarly journals MONEY LAUNDERING RISK ASSESSMENT REGARDING THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tajana Petrović ◽  
◽  
Sonja Cindori ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
National Level ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Illegal Activities

The assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing risks is conducted at the supranational and national level, including risk factors and risk variables. Based on the mentioned, the accounting profession is required to provide risk assessments at the level of obliged entities, which results in suspicious transactions reports. The number of suspicious transactions reported in the Republic of Croatia, as well in the world, is notably small, which speaks in favor of insufficient awareness of the threats posed by such conduct. The susceptibility of the accounting profession to illegal actions through the possibility of adjusting financial statements within the framework of creative accounting is evident, while due to non-compliance with legal regulations, unprofessionalism, and unethical needs, there is a need for forensic accounting. The peculiarities of the accounting profession support its ambiguous role in the detection of money laundering and other illegal activities, however, such measures are always implemented a posteriori.

scholarly journals UPAYA PUSAT PELAPORAN DAN ANALISIS TRANSAKSI KEUANGAN DALAM PENANGGULANGAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Community ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Financial Transaction ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Black List ◽  
The Republic

The issue of crime not only from the public spotlight in the local and national level, but also a serious concern of the international community. One crime that is now often used as a discussion by scholars of law, economics and banking apparatus of government and law enforcement are on the money laundering crime (money laundering), especially with the notion that the Republic of Indonesia is "heaven" for these practices criminal offenses or the crime of money laundering. The legal issues increasingly into the spotlight with the inclusion of the Republic of Indonesia in the black list or black list. Keywords: Center for Financial Transaction Reporting and Analysis, Money Laundering

scholarly journals Dlaczego potrzebujemy nowej ustawy o humanitarnej ochronie zwierząt?

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 73-85
Author(s):  
Michał Rudy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cruelty To Animals

WHY A NEW ACT ON THE HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION OF ANIMALS IS NEEDED?Legal regulations concerning animals protection clearly state that man owes to respect the animal and each animal requires humane treatment that must be understood by taking into account the needs and protection of animals, as far as care providing. Systematic law amendments, which are concerned to protect the animals from suffering, including unjustified or inhumane killing or cruelty to animals, should be considered as the duty of state authorities. In particular it should be done due to taking into account that animals are recognized as the “subjects of law”, for which there is a special legal regime determined by the provisions devoted to the humanitarian animals protection.The main objective of this article is to identify the aspects, which — according to the author — affect the need to make amendments to the existing provisions concerning humanitarian protection of animals. This includes lack of law transparency, containing its precision and often contradictory regulations. Also, adapting to European regulations should be considered as important issue. Failure in application of European rules to national law means that the Republic of Poland violates its obligation as the Member State of the European Union. The author also notes that the current range of the requested changes proposed by law doctrine, state authorities, as well as by social organizations whose statutory purpose is humanitarian protection of animals is so broad, concerns so conflicting values and interests, as well as some of them are so “revolutionary”, that it requires a comprehensive and systemic look at the humanitarian issue of animal protection at the national level. Hence, instead of performing complicated amendments creation of avery new act on the humanitarian protection of animals should be considered.

scholarly journals Another image of accounting - creative accounting

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
Ana-Maria Andrei Comandaru ◽  
Sorina-Geanina Stanescu ◽  
Cristina Mihaela Toma ◽  
Adriana Horaicu Păduraru
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
National Level ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
Accounting Unit ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
The Many ◽  
A Company

Creative accounting emerged during the last century in the English-Saxon economies as a result of the growing complexity of the economic reality. Creative accounting can be defined as the set of techniques used by a company’s accounting unit to modify the presentation of its accounts in a manner favourable to its expectations. Creativity in accounting can be used depending on the intention of the accountant, both in order to manipulate the financial statements and to find new solutions and accounting methods to the problems faced by a company. The positive or negative side of creative accounting is given by the many motivations for using it. The objective of this research is to present the main techniques and principles of creative accounting and its applicability at the national level in order to identify the advantages or limitations of using this new ‘creative accounting’ paradigm. The research methodology used in this scientific article is based on the study of the specialised literature in the field using theoretical documentation and comparative analysis.   Keywords: Creative accounting techniques, Principles, Reports.     .

scholarly journals The Quality of Financial Reporting in the Republic of Serbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadija Đ Đukić ◽  
Miloš Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
National Level ◽  
Reporting Quality ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Reporting Quality ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Quality Reporting ◽  
The Republic

AbstractHigh quality financial statements should truly and objectively reveal the financial position, business results and changes of a business entity. Satisfied users of financial statements according to which they make decisions represent the best confirmation of high quality financial reporting. The paper deals with the conceptual framework of financial reporting and with an attempt to create unified and revised conceptual framework as a joint project by FASB and IASB. Moreover, it considers novelties that the framework brings. Also, the paper points to the current state in terms of financial reporting quality in the Republic of Serbia. Furthermore, the paper points to some shortcomings of accounting regulation at the national level as a prerequisite of high quality reporting. Finally, the authors propose certain measures and activities for enhancing financial reporting quality in the current economic and political conditions in the Republic of Serbia.

Legal and Institutional Functionality in the Protection of Women – Victims of Domestic Violence in the Republic of Macedonia – Present Situation and Future Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Zorica Saltirovska Professor ◽  
Sunchica Dimitrijoska Professor
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Women Victims ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
National Level ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that prevents women from enjoying the rights and liberties on an equal level with men. Inevitably, domestic violence shows the same trend of victimizing women to such a degree that the term “domestic violence” is increasingly becoming synonymous with “violence against women”. The Istanbul Convention defines domestic violence as "gender-based violence against women", or in other words "violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately." The situation is similar in the Republic of Macedonia, where women are predominantly victims of domestic violence. However, the Macedonian legal framework does not define domestic violence as gender-based violence, and thus it does not define it as a specific form of discrimination against women. The national legislation stipulates that victims are to be protected in both a criminal and a civil procedure, and the Law on Prevention and Protection from Domestic Violence determines the actions of the institutions and civil organizations in the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of victims. The system for protection of victims of domestic violence closely supports the Law on Social Protection and the Law on Free Legal Aid, both of which include provisions on additional assistance for women victims of domestic violence. However, the existing legislation has multiple deficiencies and does not allow for a greater efficacy in implementing the prescribed measures for the protection of victims of domestic violence. For this reason, as well as due to the inconsistent implementation of legal solutions of this particular issue, the civil sector is constantly expressing their concern about the increasingly wider spread of domestic violence against women and about the protection capabilities at their disposal. The lack of recognition of all forms of gender-based violence, the trivial number of criminal sentences against persons who perform acts of domestic violence, the insufficient support offered to victims – including victim shelters, legal assistance, and counseling, and the lack of systematic databases on domestic violence cases on a national level, are a mere few of the many issues clearly pointing to the inevitable conclusion that the protection of women-victims of domestic violence is inadequate. Hence, the functionality and efficiency of both the existing legislation and the institutions in charge of protection and support of women – victims of domestic violence is being questioned, which is also the subject for analysis in this paper.

THE PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Сергей Иванович Вележев ◽  
Антон Михайлович Седогин
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Criminal Groups

В статье рассмотрены актуальные вопросы уголовно-правовой охраны нефтяной отрасли Российской Федерации от преступных посягательств корыстной направленности. Иллюстрирован существенный ущерб, причиняемый преступными группами охраняемым общественным отношениям на национальном и международном уровнях. Проведен статистический и сравнительно-правовой анализ наиболее эффективных норм законодательства России и Казахстана, применяемых в ходе борьбы с подобной противоправной деятельностью. Предложено направление дальнейшего совершенствования российского уголовного закона. Нефтяная промышленность является одной из ведущих отраслей Российской Федерации, структурными сегментами которой являются в том числе объекты добычи, хранения, переработки и транспортировки нефти, а также объекты транспортировки, хранения и сбыта нефтепродуктов. Данные обстоятельства требуют принятия мер по ее защите от противоправных действий по хищению нефти и нефтепродуктов. Наряду с охранными, режимными и организационными мерами, которые осуществляют хозяйствующие субъекты, немаловажное значение имеет защита отрасли от преступных посягательств уголовно-правовым способом. В статье указывается необходимость совершенствования законодательства по обеспечению безопасности деятельности нефтяной отрасли, учитывая ее значение для экономики страны. Отмечается, что положительные результаты в поиске возможных путей совершенствования законодательства дает применение сравнительно-правового анализа уголовных норм СНГ по борьбе с преступностью в этой сфере деятельности. The article examines current issues of the criminal law protection of the oil industry of the Russian Federation from criminal attacks for mercenary reasons. The considerable damage caused by criminal groups to protected public relations at the national and international levels is illustrated. A statistical and comparative legal analysis of the most effective norms of the legislation of Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan applied in the fight against such illegal activities has been carried out. The direction of further improvement of the Russian criminal law is proposed. The oil industry is one of the leading industries of the Russian Federation, the structural segments of that are the objects of oil production, storage, refining and transportation, as well as the objects of transportation, storage and marketing of oil product. Under these circumstances it is required totake measures for protection it from unlawful actions connected with stealing of oil and oil products. Along with security, safeguards and organizational measures that are implemented by business entities, protection of the industry from criminal attacks by a criminal law method is of no small importance. The article indicates the need to improve legislation to ensure the safety of the oil industry, based on its importance for the country's economy. It is noted that positive results in the search for possible ways to improve the legislation are provided by the use of a comparative legal analysis of the criminal norms of the CIS in the fight against crime in this area of activity.

Money Laundering in the Republic of Kosovo During the Years 2013-2015

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatos Haziri
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
The Republic

scholarly journals Regulatory Arbitrage and Non-Judicial Debt Collection in Central and Eastern Europe - Tax Sheltering and Potential Money Laundering

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin-Gabriel Stanescu ◽  
Camelia Bogdan
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Regulatory Arbitrage ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Debt Collectors ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Debt Collection

AbstractNon-judicial recovery of debts is now rampant in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The reason is two-fold. On the one hand, the significant number of defaults in the poorer areas of Europe makes the CEE region a very attractive market for debt-collection. On the other hand, the activity is almost entirely unregulated, especially regarding abusive debt collection practices. The CEE region still lacks mature, strong, and experienced supervisory agencies that could tackle borderline activities. This enables companies involved in debt collection to comply easily with the minimal legal provisions and to circumvent the actual purpose of the law, including through tax sheltering and money laundering. The main argument developed in the paper is that the debt collection system it is designed to maximize profits, minimize tax base and, potentially, can serve as money laundering mechanism. The system functions in a triadic relationship: the debt-seller (a credit institution), the debt-buyer (usually an investment company), and the debt-administrator (a debt-collection agency, either fully owned by, or under the control of the debt-buyer), where debt portfolios are purchased at huge discounts (varying between 90 and 95% of face value). By revealing the mechanism used by debt-collectors, the paper calls for legislative intervention to seal the gap and ensure adequate taxation of debt-collection activities. The nature of regulatory arbitrage involved relates both to tax law as well as to regulatory standards, such as licensing requirements. Debt buyers benefit from the EU passport rule, make high returns on their 'investments' and optimize their taxes on profits obtained. Debt administrators perform their activity at almost no liability and no tax payable to the state. This mechanism creates favorable premises for money laundering and financing of illegal activities, as the web of offshore companies behind the debt-buyer renders the verification of the origin of their investment money extremely difficult. Using Romania as a case study, the paper addresses not only the aforementioned practices and risks, but also the potential reasons behind the state's inability either to adopt adequate legislation, or to enforce it. In doing so, the paper employs empirical evidence regarding the activity of ten Romanian debt collection agencies and relevant case law thereof. The paper concludes with the authors' proposal for a potential solution, which can be extended beyond Romania.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Measuring Techniques for Manipulating Financial Statements

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Ioana Lavinia Safta ◽  
Andrada-Ioana Sabău (Popa) ◽  
Neli Muntean
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
Measuring Techniques ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Over Time

Creative accounting has its background since early studies in 1975, until the present time. It continues to be a subject of great interest for the companies and interested parties. Thus, the current paper will aim to answer the following proposed research questions: 1. Which are the most used methods for detecting the manipulation of financial statements in the literature? 2. Which are the terms that are most frequently encountered in the literature associated with “creative accounting? 3. Which are the journals that have the highest frequency of articles written on the topic “creative accounting”? 4. Over time, how did research evolve in the field of creative accounting? 5. Which countries are most preoccupied in publishing regarding this topic? To answer the research question 1, the models published in the literature for measuring manipulation techniques through creative accounting were reviewed and analyzed. For the remaining research questions, a bibliometric analysis for the publications in this area was performed. For collecting the sample, articles on this topic were selected from the international Web of Science database. Following this, a bibliometric analysis of the articles was performed, using the VOSviewer program. A total of 4045 publications on creative accounting were identified. Through the bibliometric analysis we have answered research question 2, by identifying the key words that have the closest proximity to creative accounting. To answer the remaining research questions, we identified the journals with the highest frequency of publication and the countries with the highest interest on the topic. It is especially important to evaluate the quality of this many research papers and to obtain valuable information.

Portugal: 19 July 1987

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Regime

THE PORTUGUESE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OF 19 JULY 1987 initiated a profound change in the Portuguese party system and in the system of government. From 1974 onwards, Portugal had moved peacefully towards a democratic political system, enshrined in the 1976 Constitution. This evolution lasted about eight years and culminated in the revision of the Constitution in 1982. From 1982 onwards the present political regime has been a democratic one, coexisting with a capitalist economic regime attenuated by state monopoly in key sectors and by public companies which were nationalized between 1974 and 1976. It is also since 1982 that the system of government has been semi-presidential. There is pure representativeness as referendums do not exist at national level and have never been regulated at local level. But the government is semi-presidential in the sense that, owing to French influence, it attempts to balance Parliament with the election of the President of the Republic by direct and universal suffrage.

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