scholarly journals Chronic Organic Arsenic Induced Liver Ultra Structural Damage

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida Saharudin ◽  
Norlelawati A. Talib ◽  
Nor Zamzila Abdullah ◽  
Jamalludin Ab. Rahman ◽  
Zunariah Buyong
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Organic Arsenic ◽  
Space Of Disse

Introduction: Inorganic arsenic is one of the environmental toxins that has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and vascular contributions to liver diseases. It has generally been thought to be more toxic than organic arsenic. In human liver, inorganic arsenic promotes vascular remodelling, portal fibrosis and hypertension. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether chronic exposure to organic arsenic impair liver ultrastructure as in inorganic arsenic exposure. Materials and Methods: Twenty eight male SpragueDawley rats were divided into 2 groups with their own control group. They received oral intubation of monosodium- methylarsonate (MSMA) at 63.30 mg/kg body weight for 4 and 6 months duration respectively while the control groups received distilled water. The liver of euthanized rats were perfused- fixed with glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy processing. Results: TEM revealed a marked reduction in the number of mitochondria in both treatment groups. Some typical features of apoptosis are present with pyknotic nuclei of hepatocytes and disintegrated hepatic cytoplasm in 4- month groups. The microvilli of hepatocyte are almost completely absent with the presence of many fibre bundles (collagen fibres) widening the space of Disse. In 6-month treatment group, disintegrated cytoplasms are more prominent with degrading mitochondria of varying stages. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) of 6-month treatment group are noted to have chromatin condensation with few caveolae seen. Conclusion: Chronic exposure of MSMA leads to necrotic changes of hepatocytes and apoptotic changes in LSEC and collagenisation in the space of Disse.

scholarly journals Chronic Low Dose Organic Arsenic Induced Liver Structural Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida S ◽  
Nor Zamzila A ◽  
Norlelawati AT ◽  
Jamalludin AR ◽  
Azliana AF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Organic Arsenic ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Over the decades, organic arsenic has been thought to be less toxic than inorganic arsenic. Monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA) is a potent organoarsenical herbicide that is still being used in most Asian countries. Reported studies on the effects of organic arsenic are mainly to the gastrointestinal system, however there are limited research on its impacts to the liver. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MSMA exposure on hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC). Materials and Methods: Fourteen Sprague Dawley rats (n=14) were divided equally into arsenic-exposed (n=7) and control (n=7) groups. The rats in arsenic-exposed group were given MSMA at 63.20 mg/kg daily for 6 months through oral gavage. While the rats in control group were given distilled water ad libitum. At the end of the duration, they were euthanized and underwent liver perfusion for tissue preservation. Liver tissues were harvested and processed for light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The findings were analysed descriptively. Results: MSMA had caused necrotic and apoptotic changes to the liver. Normal organelles morphology were loss in the hepatocytes while LSEC revealed defenestration. Conclusion: In this study, chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure showed evidence of toxicity to hepatocytes. Interestingly, LSEC demonstrated capillarization changes.

scholarly journals Effect of Periodontal Treatment on Preterm Birth Rate: Meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Adel S Alobaid
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Periodontal Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preterm Birth Rate

ABSTRACT Introduction During pregnancy, the prevalence and severity of gingivitis have been reported to be elevated. Studies suggest that periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), as well as low birth weight (LBW) and pre-eclampsia. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to determine whether the treatment of periodontal disease by mechanical debridement and oral hygiene instructions during pregnancy will reduce the incidence of PTB < 37 weeks. Materials and methods Literature search was conducted for all clinical trials that related to periodontal disease and PTB from 2005 to 2012. Five were selected based no randomization technique, sample size and treatment approach. There were 2,767 patients randomly assigned to treatment group, in these trials, and 2,592 subjects randomly assigned to control group. Results There were 276 (9.98%) PTBs in treatment group vs 270 (10.42%) in control group. A total of 216 (8%) LBW were seen in experimental groups and 193 (7.5%) in control group. Our results showed no significant difference in the incidence of PTB with or without received periodontal treatment during pregnancy. Risk ratio (RR) was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.74-1.33) (p = 0.97) with moderate heterogeneity 12.33. df = 4 (p = 0.02) with I2= 68%. Experimental groups showed better periodontal health after delivery. Conclusion Periodontal treatment may improve the oral health during pregnancy without affecting the pregnancy outcome however; it did not reduce the incidence of PTB and LBW. Larger meta-analysis with less heterogeneity is needed. How to cite this article Alobaid AS. Effect of Periodontal Treatment on Preterm Birth Rate: Meta-analysis. World J Dent 2013;4(4):256-261.

scholarly journals 341. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Use and Prescribing Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients Receiving Tocilizumab

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S274-S275
Author(s):  
Barbara Barsoum ◽  
Kai-Ming Chang ◽  
Nicole Mulvey ◽  
Henry Donaghy ◽  
Thien-Ly Doan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients experience systemic inflammation and respiratory distress, which appears to be associated with increased cytokine release. During the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tocilizumab was used to treat critically ill patients with potential cytokine storm. However, tocilizumab has an increased risk of developing serious infections. Methods This retrospective observational chart review was approved by Institutional Review Board and evaluated patients admitted from March to November 2020, who were SARS-CoV-2 positive and received tocilizumab for the treatment group and no tocilizumab for the control group. The primary endpoint is usage of antimicrobials. The secondary endpoints are development and outcomes of secondary infections and hospital length of stay and mortality. Chi-square test was used for categorical data and Mann-Whitney test was used for continuous data. Results A total of 160 patients were included in analysis, with 80 in each arm. 60% of patients in the treatment group required antibiotics compared to 35% in the control group (p = 0.0015), with the highest usage of anti-MRSA coverage, beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and carbapenems in both groups. Antifungal therapy was required in 21.3% of patients in the tocilizumab group compared to 6.3% in the control group (p = 0.0059), with echinocandins being the most used class in both groups. The median days of antimicrobial use in the tocilizumab group was 14 (IQR 7, 24.5) compared to 9 (IQR 6.5, 19) in the control group (p = 0.3346). In the treatment group, 60% of patients developed a secondary infection compared to 35% of patients in the control group (p &lt; 0.0017). Secondary infection treatment failure was observed in 75% of tocilizumab patients compared to 60.7% of control patients (p = 0.1910). In hospital mortality was 50% in patients who received tocilizumab compared to 27.5% in the control group (p &lt; 0.0039). Conclusion Patients on tocilizumab received more antimicrobials, but with a similar spectrum of antimicrobial coverage. Patients who received tocilizumab had higher odds of developing secondary infections and expiring during their hospital stay. There were similar durations of antimicrobial therapy and treatment outcomes. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Adverse effects of endometriosis on pregnancy: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayo Miura ◽  
Takafumi Ushida ◽  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Yoshinori Moriyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Endometriosis is a common disease occurring in 1–2% of all women of reproductive age. Although there is increasing evidence on the association between endometriosis and adverse perinatal outcomes, little is known about the effect of pre-pregnancy treatments for endometriosis on subsequent perinatal outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with endometriosis and to investigate whether pre-pregnancy surgical treatment would affect these outcomes. Methods This case-control study included 2769 patients who gave birth at Nagoya University Hospital located in Japan between 2010 and 2017. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between the endometriosis group (n = 80) and the control group (n = 2689). The endometriosis group was further divided into two groups: patients with a history of surgical treatment such as cystectomy for ovarian endometriosis, ablation or excision of endometriotic implants, or adhesiolysis (surgical treatment group, n = 49) and those treated with only medications or without any treatment (non-surgical treatment group, n = 31). Results In the univariate analysis, placenta previa and postpartum hemorrhage were significantly increased in the endometriosis group compared to the control group (12.5% vs. 4.1%, p <  0.01 and 27.5% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.04, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, endometriosis significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) for placenta previa (adjusted OR, 3.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–6.50, p <  0.01) but not for postpartum hemorrhage (adjusted OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.66–1.98, p = 0.64). Other maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between the two groups. In patients with endometriosis, patients in the surgical treatment group were significantly associated with an increased risk of placenta previa (OR. 4.62; 95% CI, 2.11–10.10, p <  0.01); however, patients in the non-surgical treatment group were not associated with a high risk (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.19–6.59, p = 0.36). Additionally, other maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between the two groups. Conclusion Women who have had surgical treatment for their endometriosis appear to have a higher risk for placenta previa. This may be due to the more severe stage of endometriosis often found in these patients. However, clinicians should be alert to this potential increased risk and manage these patients accordingly.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Perbandingan Efek Suplementasi Tablet Tambah Darah Dengan Dan Tanpa Vitamin C Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Usiakehamilan 16-32 Minggu Di Desa Keniten Kecamatan Mojo Kabupaten Kediri

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Siti Asiyah ◽  
Dwi Estuning Rahayu ◽  
Wiranti Dwi Novita Isnaeni
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Organ ◽  
And Control

The needed of Iron Tablet in pregnancy was increase than mother who not pregnant.  That  cause of  high metabolism at the pregnancy for formed of  fetal organ and energy. One of effort for prevent anemia in mother pregnant with giving the Iron tablet and vitamin c. The reason of  this research in 4 June – 11 July 2014 is for compare the effect of  iron tablet suplementation with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks In Desa Keniten Kecamatan Mojo Kabupaten Kediri. This research method using comparative analytical.  Research design type of Quasy Eksperiment that have treatment group and control group. Treatment group will giving by Iron tablet and 100 mg vitamin C, and control group just giving by iron tablet during 21 days. Population in this research are all of mother pregnant with Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks with Sampling technique is  cluster random sampling is 29 mother pregnant. Comparison analysis of  iron tablet suplementation effect with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks, data analysis using Mann Whitney U-test and the calculated U value (44,5) less than U-table (51). So there was difference of iron tablet suplementation effect with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks Therefore, the addition of vitamin C on iron intake is needed to increase the uptake of iron tablets. When the amount of iron uptake increases, the reserves of iron in the body will also increase, so as to prevent anemia in pregnant women; Keywords : Iron Tablet (Fe), Vitamin C, Hemoglobin level, Mother Pregnant

TLR1 and PRKAA1 Gene Polymorphisms in the Development of Atrophic Gastritis and Gastric Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintare Dargiene ◽  
Greta Streleckiene ◽  
Jurgita Skieceviciene ◽  
Marcis Leja ◽  
Alexander Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Atrophic Gastritis ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infection Susceptibility ◽  
H Pylori

Background & Aims: Previous genome-wide association studies showed that genetic polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and protein kinase AMP-activated alpha 1 catalytic subunit (PRKAA1) genes were associated with gastric cancer (GC) or increased Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection susceptibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between TLR1 and PRKAA1 genes polymorphisms and H.pylori infection, atrophic gastritis (AG) or GC in the European population.Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed in 511 controls, 340 AG patients and 327 GC patients. TLR1 C>T (rs4833095) and PRKAA1 C>T (rs13361707) were genotyped by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. H. pylori status was determined by testing for anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies in the serum.Results: The study included 697 (59.2%) H. pylori positive and 481 (40.8%) H. pylori negative cases. We observed similar distribution of TLR1 and PRKAA1 alleles and genotypes in H. pylori positive and negative cases. TLR1 and PRKAA1 SNPs were not linked with the risk of AG. TC genotype of TLR1 gene was more prevalent in GC patients compared to the control group (29.7% and 22.3% respectively, p=0.002). Carriers of TC genotype had a higher risk of GC (aOR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.26–2.83, p=0.002). A similar association was observed in a dominant inheritance model for TLR1 gene SNP, where comparison of CC+TC vs. TT genotypes showed an increased risk of GC (aOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.26–2.75, p=0.002). No association between genetic polymorphism in PRKAA1 gene and GC was observed.Conclusions: TLR1 rs4833095 SNP was associated with an increased risk of GC in a European population, while PRKAA1 rs13361707 genetic variant was not linked with GC. Both genetic polymorphisms were not associated with H. pylori infection susceptibility or the risk of AG.

Pathological features of the sequence in pregnant women with delayed fetal growth

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
V.O. Golyanovskiy ◽  
◽  
Ye.O. Didyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have an increased risk of adverse perinatal and long-term complications compared with the birth of children with normal body weight. Thus, IUGR is one of the main challenges for the global health system, especially in poor and developing countries. Morpho-functional studies of the placentas help in determining the causes of IUGR, and therefore, timely prevent complications in pregnant women with IUGR. The objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate various morphometric and pathomorphological changes in the placenta, including inflammatory, in cases of IUGR, and to establish a correlation of these results with the etiology and complications for the fetus. Materials and methods. In the current study, 54 placentas of the fetuses with IUGR (the main group) were compared with 50 placentas of the fetuses with normal development (control group). The criteria for the inclusion of IUGR were gestational age more than 30 weeks and all fetuses with a weight less than 10th percentile for this period of pregnancy. The placenta material was studied pathomorphologically with laboratory screening for infection and inflammation. Similarly, the results were determined for placentas of the fetuses with normal development compared to placentas with IUGR. Results. The placenta study showed the presence of calcification in the case of IUGR, as well as in the case of prolonged pregnancy. However, calcification of the placenta in the case of IUGR was more progressive compared with placenta in the normal pregnancy. In addition, the presence of intrauterine infection and inflammation was observed, which could also lead to an adverse outcome for the further progression of pregnancy with IUGR. Conclusion. A comparative macro- and microscopic pathomorphological study of the placentas in the two groups has shown a significant increase in the pathological changes in all the anatomical structures of the fetuses with IUGR. Key words: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal weight, pathomorphological changes of the placenta.

Effect of HylocereusPolyrhizus Rind Extract Toward Interleukin-1β, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression, Endometriosis Implant Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
YanuarEka P. ◽  
Hendy Hendarto ◽  
Widjiati .
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Fruit Rind

Retrograde menstruation lead to I Kappa B Kinase (IKK) fosforilation in peritoneum macrophage and cause secretion of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin1β then stimulate endometriosis cell to produce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor which lead to increasing of endometriosis lession seen as endometriosis implant area. Cytokine secretion was inhibited through prevention of NF-κB activation by dragon red fruit rind extract (Hylocereuspolyrhizus). The aim of this reserach is to know the effect of dragon red fuit rind extract with 0,25; 0,5; and 1 mg/g bodyweight dosage toward IL-1β, VEGF expression and implant area in endometriosis mice model. The design of this experiment was randomized post test only control group design.Endometrios mice model were made in 14 days and split into two group, positive control group and treatment group after two week negative control group and postive control group were given Na-CMC 0,5% solution consequetively, and treatment group were given dragon red fruit extract with different dosage. Signification number for IL-1β is p>0,05, signification number for VEGF is p>0,05, and implant area signification number is p>0,05. Administration of dragon red fruit rind extract can decrease IL-1β, VEGF, and implant area.

Comparative analysis of polymorphic variants of IL-17A and MMP-1 genes with the risk of developing chronic periodontitis in petrochemical workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 687-693
Author(s):  
Iskander I. Zaidullin ◽  
Denis O. Karimov ◽  
Lilija K. Karimova ◽  
Milyausha F. Kabirova ◽  
Rasima R. Galimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Dental Examination ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Harmful Substances

The susceptibility to the development and progression of inflammatory periodontal diseases, which depends on genetic and external factors (smoking, stress, oral hygiene), varies widely. In the development of these diseases, an important role is played not only by the presence of periodontal pathogenic microorganisms, but also by the presence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, immunoregulatory defects. The immune system plays a key role in the physiological and pathological processes of periodontal tissues. In this regard, IL17, produced by CD4+ Th cells, which has both Pro-inflammatory and protective activity, is of particular interest in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The aim of study was to identify the relationship between polymorphic loci of the IL-17A (rs2275913) and MMP-1 (rs1799750) genes and clinical manifestations of chronic periodontitis in petrochemical workers. Dental examination was performed in 92 ethylene oxide production workers with chronic periodontitis and 74 patients with chronic periodontitis who did not come into contact with chemical factors (control group). Genotyping of polymorphisms rs2275913 of the IL17A gene and rs1799750 of the MMP1 gene was performed by allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hygienic assessment of the degree of air pollution of the working area with harmful substances was carried out by gas chromatography according to the guidelines for the determination of harmful substances in the air № 5098-89, № 3119-84. When comparing the results of studies of both groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency distributions of allelic variants and genotypes of the IL-17A and MMP-1 genes. The AA/AG genotypes of the IL-17A gene were associated with an increased risk of severe disease compared to the GG genotype in workers in the main group (OR=6.1; 95% CI 1.33-28.5; p=0.021) and in the control group (OR=7.26; 95% CI 1.34-39.25; p=0.016). Carriers of the A allele in the control group increased the risk of severe chronic periodontitis by 2.4 times compared to carriers of the G allele (OR=2.41; 95% CI 1.19-4.87; p=0.014). During the dental examination of employees of the ethylene oxide plant, the clinical course of periodontal diseases was more severe in comparison with the control group, and the number of patients with severe periodontitis was twice as high. It was found that the AA/AG genotypes of the IL-17A gene and the carrier of the A allele are associated with increased susceptibility to the development of severe chronic periodontitis. The association between the MMP-1 gene polymorphism and the risk of severe forms of chronic periodontitis has not been established. A risk factor for the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases in employees of the petrochemical complex is a complex of harmful production factors.

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