scholarly journals الاشتراك في نية الصيام بين الفرض والنفل: دراسة فقهية (Shared-Intention in Obligatory and Voluntary Fasting: A Fiqh Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
إيمان بنت محمد يوسف صالح
Keyword(s):  
Shared Intention ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
The Masses

  لما كان الصيام من أعظم العبادات التي يتقرب بها إلى الله عز وجل، وهو الركن الرابع من أركان الإسلام، ولما كانت النية معيارًا لتصحيح الأعمال؛ فحيث صلحت النية صلح العمل، وحيث فسدت النية فسد العمل، وإنما شُرعت النية لتمييز العادة من العبادة، أو لتمييز رُتَب العبادة بعضها عن بعض، ولما كانت مسألة الاشتراك في النية من المسائل التي تناثرت أطرافها بين كتب الفقه المذهبي وكتب الفقه عموماً، وكتب الفروع الفقهية، مما أوجد لبسًا لدى كثير من الناس، وكثرت أسئلة العوام للمفتين عنها، حيث يسعى المرء لتحصيل الخير والثواب، ومن ذلك أن يعدد النيات للعمل الواحد والعبادة الواحدة، فإن الهدف من هذا البحث هو بيان مدى مشروعية التشريك في نية الصيام سواء كان بين فرضين، أو نفلين، أو فرض ونفل. الكلمات المفتاحية: الصوم الواجب، صيام النافلة، النية، الاشتراك والتداخل. Abstract Fasting has always been one of the greatest devotional rites whereby one can achieve proximity with Allah. It is the fourth pillar in Islam. According to Islam, the intention is considered as the basis for the uprightness of an act. If the intention is sincere, the whole act based on that shall be surely correct, and if the intention is insincere, the whole act shall be incorrect. The intention is from the angle of Islamic jurisprudence looked at as a criterion legalized to differentiate habits from devotional practices and to discern various levels of devotional acts. The issue of relationship between intention and the acts has been thoroughly discussed in the sources of Islamic jurisprudence. Yet, the issue is unclear and rather confusing due to the doctrinal approach to the issue of intention. Generally, the people feel embarrassed over this situation. It is because the masses feel concerned over the true rewards of their acts in general and the devotional rituals in particular. This research is aimed at reidentifying the extent of legitimacy of combining fasting intentions either in obligatory prescriptions (fard), or in voluntary acts (nafl). Keywords: Obligatory Fasting, Supererogatory Fasting, Intention, Combination and Interference.

Serge Moscovici's "Réflexions sur la popularité des conspiracy mentalities"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Klein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The People ◽  
Social Representation Theory ◽  
The Masses

This is a pdf of the original typed manuscript of a lecture made in 2006. An annotated English translation will be published by the International Review of Social Psychology. I this text, Moscovici seeks to update his earlier work on the “conspiracy mentality” (1987) by considering the relationships between social representations and conspiracy mentality. Innovation in this field, Moscovici argues, will require a much thorough description and understanding of what conspiracy theories are, what rhetoric they use and what functions they fulfill. Specifically, Moscovici considers conspiracies as a form of counterfactual history implying a more desirable world (in which the conspiracy did not take place) and suggests that social representation theory should tackle this phenomenon. He explicitly links conspiracy theories to works of fiction and suggests that common principles might explain their popularity. Historically, he argues, conspiracism was born twice: First, in the middle ages, when their primary function was to exclude and destroy what was considered as heresy; and second, after the French revolution, to delegitimize the Enlightenment, which was attributed to a small coterie of reactionaries rather than to the will of the people. Moscovici then considers four aspects (“thematas”) of conspiracy mentality: 1/ the prohibition of knowledge; 2/ the duality between the majority (the masses, prohibited to know) and “enlightened” minorities; 3/ the search for a common origin, a “ur phenomenon” that connects historical events and provides a continuity to History (he notes that such a tendency is also present in social psychological theorizing); and 4/ the valorization of tradition as a bulwark against modernity. Some of Moscovici’s insights in this talk have since been borne out by contemporary research on the psychology of conspiracy theories, but many others still remain fascinating potential avenues for future research.

scholarly journals The Borneo Islamic Heritage and The Significance of Idahan Jawi Manuscript

Al-Albab ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Suraya Sintang ◽  
Rosdiana Onga ◽  
Siti Aidah Hj Lukin ◽  
Asmady Idris
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Native People ◽  
The Third ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Borneo Island is the third largest island in the world, rich in natural resources, biodiversity and cultural diversity. The uniqueness of Borneo is that it is home to three countries; Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam, each with their own valuable cultural heritage. One of the unique aspects of the Borneo archipelago is the shared wealth of civilizations derived from the dissemination of Islam. Treasures known as the “Borneo Islamic Heritage" are not only valuable as cultural artefacts that need to be preserved, but they can also be elevated and commercialised as regional economic drivers. This paper discusses the Idahan manuscript written in Jawi script as one of the treasures of Islamic intellectual legacy in Borneo. The method of study is based on content analysis which depicts the descriptive history of the discovery of the Idahan Jawi manuscript. This manuscript not only serves as evidence of the early embrace of Islam in Sabah, but also as a reference to matters pertaining to religion and the laws of Islamic jurisprudence. This factor leads the Idahan community be considered as the first native people embracing Islam at the east coast of Sabah. The contribution of this study is to enhance understanding of the development of Islamic heritage in Borneo Island and to inculcate the spirit of solidarity among the people living in the region.

scholarly journals The strategy of demagoguery in Donald Trump’s thankful speech

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Specific Strategy ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Views ◽  
National Convention ◽  
Local Strategy ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Linguistic Means

The article is focused on identifying local and speech strategies (tactics) that are subjected to the global strategy of demagoguery in American political discourse. The article concerns analysis of the definitions and synonyms of the term demagoguery. Such analysis confirmed the appropriateness of considering demagoguery as a specific strategy of political discourse. The results of the research ascertain that the term demagoguery is perceived differently in Ukrainian and English linguistic cultures. Ukrainians perceive demagoguery as a tool for deceiving and manipulation, while Englishmen think of it as of a method of leading a political game and broadening the voter base. The recipients of demagoguery in Ukrainian linguistic culture are uneducated groups of people, while in English linguistic culture the recipient is the people as a whole. Demagoguery as a specific strategy of political discourse is mainly used to influence the electorate through appealing to the feelings, instincts, and prejudices and through forming required political views and preferences. The analysis of the American sociologists’ works enabled us to identify the main features of demagoguery. They are the following: the focus on broadening the audience, using propaganda for manipulating the masses and entertaining character. Analysis of empirical evidence, Donald Trump's thankful speech, which was given at the Republican national convention in 2016, allows us to single out local strategies of demagoguery. The local strategies of demagoguery, which are typical for American political discourse, are the following: populism, manipulation, subjectivation, fascination, and information simplification. Moreover, the article identifies and describes speech tactics that are typical for each local strategy. Among them, there are tactics of empty promises, lies, accusing, ridicule, using slogans, vulgarization, intimidation, and a tactic of finding a scapegoat. The research also concerns analysis of the linguistic means used for the realization of every local strategy and speech tactic. The most frequently used linguistic means are usage of expressive language with positive and negative meaning, repetition, anthroponomy, and subjectivation.

scholarly journals The Impact of (Lot Upon Dispute) Maxim on Judiciary - A Comparative Study between Islamic Jurisprudence and Positive Law in the Sultanate of Oman-: أثر قاعدة (القرعة عند التَّشَاحِّ) في القضاء – دراسة مقارنة بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون الوضعي في سلطنة عمان –

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Khamis Ahmad Al- fahdi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Impact

The importance of this research lies in identifying the significance of giving due regard to the jurisprudential maxims, especially those related to judicial work. Islamic jurists have paid attention to the maxim of “lot upon dispute” to console the souls and reconcile litigants. This maxim represents the highest and loftiest degrees of social interactions in the Islamic community depending on a prudent Quranic provision and wise prophetic Sunnah. This study is divided into three subjects: First: the definitions of study terms. Second: the researcher addresses the impact of the maxim in the judiciary literature and related topics in the code of procedures, personal affairs and civil transactions. Third: the researcher mentions some exceptions of maxim and the characteristic of lot, then clarifies the legal status of the maxim. The researcher concludes the study with the most important results, such as the jurisprudential maxim combines different issues in a phase of an eloquent meaning and precise wording. Jurists adopt this maxim more than the people of law do in order to achieve justice and block the accusation door. The study refers also to the necessity that those who work in the judiciary work should consider these jurisprudential maxims through establishment and application. Judge or arbitrator shall also act upon this maxim, and seek to reconcile between people through balloting. In addition, the specialized colleges and universities shall adopt the “lot upon dispute” maxim, and exert due diligence in studying it and any subdivided contemporary issues.

scholarly journals Advertising photography during the 1930s: Victor Keppler's strike cigarette campaign

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreto Pinochet
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
Advertising Agency ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The People ◽  
Print Advertisement ◽  
Colour Photography ◽  
The Masses

The Great Depression was a decade in the United States which was characterized by high unemployment, budget cuts and low income. Citizens, especially the working class did not have the financial resources to purchase the same amount of goods previous to this economic crisis. The advertising business took this opportunity to sell products to the masses, during a time when purchasing luxury goods were not a priority or even a possibility. This created many changes in how advertisements were produced and how they looked. Using Victor Keppler as an example, this thesis will describe how the advertising agency Lord & Thomas used colour photography for their Lucky Strike cigarette advertisement campaign, the Witnessed Statement Series. It will describe how the colour carbro print became the mass reproduced advertisement found in magazines and newspapers. The thesis will describe this process and the people who were involved in creating the final print advertisement.

scholarly journals المبادئ العامّة للفكر الأصول-فقهي الإسلامي في تعامله مع النّصّ

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (77) ◽  
pp. 43-13
Author(s):  
أيمن صالح
Keyword(s):  
The People ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
The Common ◽  
Context Of Situation

هدف هذا البحث إلى استقراء المبادئ الكلّيّة الّتي حكمت ولا تزال تحكم علم أصول الفقه الإسلامي في تعامله مع النّصّ الدينيّ، وتعيينها، وعرضها عرضاً موجزاً. هذا العلم الذي يرسم منهجيّة البحث بالنّسبة للعلوم الدّينيّة الأخرى والفكر الإسلاميّ بعامّة. وقد استطاع الباحث أن يتوصّل إلى اثني عشر مبدأً، هي تقريباً محلّ اتّفاقٍ بين الأصوليّين. وهذه المبادئ هي: 1) الاحتكام إلى النّصّ. 2) صِدْق النّصّ ومعقوليته. 3) شمول النّصّ بلفظه ومعناه للوقائع. 4) عموم النّصّ في الأشخاص إلى يوم القيامة. 5) إعْمال مَقاصد النّصّ. 6) انسجام النّصّ وتكامله. 7) عربيَّة النّصّ. 8) حمل النّصّ على ظاهِره إلا لدليل. 9) إعْمال الحال في مقال النّصّ. 10) الاحتِجاج بالنّصّ الثّابت الدّالّ الْمُحكم الرّاجح. 11) احترام تفسيرات المجتهدين للنّصّ. 12) اشتِراط أهليَّة المجتهد في النّصّ. This study aimed at deducting and briefly demonstrating the general principles that dominated and still dominating the science of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al Fiqh), the branch of Islamic science, which dictates the methodology of dealing with the holy Islamic text to other branches of Islamic sciences and consequently to the Islamic thought in general. The researcher managed to conclude twelve general principles, which are agreed upon by all the scholars of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al Fiqh) or the vast majority of them. These principles are: 1) the command of Text. 2) The Truthfulness and reasonability of the Text. 3) The comprehension of the Text to the events. 4) The comprehension of the text to the people until the judgment day. 5) The empowerment of the text aims. 6) The harmony and integration of the Text. 7) The arabisizm of the text. 8) Interpreting the text depending on the common meanings unless proven false. 9) Empowering the context of situation. 10) Using the proven true, to the point, unabrogated and superior Text in arguments. 11) Respecting the different scholars' interpretations of the text. 12) The necessity of being illegible to interpret the Text.

scholarly journals POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE MODERN WORLD: EPOCHAL TRANSFORMATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihor Oleksiiovych Polishchuk ◽  
Tetiana Mykolaivna Maksimishyna
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
The People ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Modern Era

The article is devoted to the topical problem of political and cultural transformations in the interaction between political power and its only source in democratic discourse, the people. This eternal problem of political science and policy is considered in chronological order in the global context and in today’s Ukraine. In traditional societies, there was a remote and alienated coexistence of state institutions and the masses. The exception was the democratic republics of ancient polises. The modern era generates a contractual theory of the origin of the state, which considers the institutions of power as the result of a social agreement between the sovereign people and the governors. In the modern era in the middle of the twentieth century, the concept of the welfare state was formed. In the postmodern era, unstable life forces citizens to behave in relation to state power, depending on the actualization of a particular guise of their own existence. Citizens are losing a clear, unambiguous idea of state power, its functions, place and role in society.

scholarly journals The Cultural Populism of Iosif I. Kablits (Yuzov) and its Foundations

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-653
Author(s):  
Gennadiy N. Mokshin
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses

This article reconstructs the cultural doctrine of the famous publicist of populism (narodnichestvo), I.I. Kablits (Yuzov). To just equate Kablits views with the slogan of yuzovshchina would be a narrow interpretation of his kul'turnichestvo; the slogan is characteristic for extreme right-wing populism during the upsurge of the revolutionary populist movement (narodovol'cheskoe dvizhenie). In 1880, Kablits was the first of the legal populists to pose the question, What is populism? According to the publicist, true narodnichestvo should be based on the principle that the forms of public life of the people must be in conformity with the development level of their consciousness. The author explains Kablits evolution from Bakunism to a peasant-centered narodnichestvo by his interpretation of the reasons for the split between the intelligentsia and the people. Kablits considered them antagonists, and defined the ultimate goal of the narodniki as the liberation of the people from the power of the intellectualbureaucratic minority, the latter supposedly trying to subjugate the life of the masses to its will. The article analyzes the main provisions of Kablits sociocultural concept of social transformations: apolitism, populism, and the initiative of the masses. The article identifies the differences between his program of developing the cultural identity of the people, on the one hand, and other populists' understanding of the tasks of cultural work, on the other. Particular attention is paid to Kablits-Yuzov's attitude towards the problem of educating the masses. Kablits was one of the few Russian populists who opposed the idea that the foundations of the worldview of the people must be changed, arguing that this would eliminate the traditional moral values of the village, including the sense of collectivism. The author assesses how Kablits, the leading publicist of the newspaper Nedelya, contributed to the establishment of a cultural direction in narodnichestvo at the turn of the 1870s and 1880s. According to the author, Kablits played a leading role in shaping the ideology of the right flank of the cultural direction in narodnichestvo. However, the pure populism of Kablits turned out to be too pseudo-scientific, dogmatic and irrational to attract the democratic intelligentsia for a long time; the latter had already become disillusioned with the idea of the people as the creator of new forms of social life.

A.S. Khomyakov and “people’s thought” in the epic novel by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Yury V. Lebedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
War And Peace ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The People ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
Papal Infallibility ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
Christian Love ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses

The article reveals the deep connections of the “people’s thought” and Tolstoy’s philosophy of history in “War and Peace” with the theological and literary-critical works of A.S. Khomyakova. The author of the work analyzes the dispute between Tolstoy and the cult of an outstanding personality, with the Hegelian understanding of his role in the historical process. Tolstoy is alien to the Hegelian rise of “great personalities” over the masses, the Hegelian liberation of the “genius” from moral control and evaluation. Tolstoy believes that it is not an exceptional personality, but the life of the people that turns out to be the most sensitive organism, catching the will of Providence, intuitively sensing the hidden meaning of the historical movement. Anticipating Tolstoy, Khomyakov sharply criticizes the cult of personality in the church hierarchy, the Catholic dogma of papal infallibility, of the unconditional authority of an individual in matters of conscience and faith. Khomyakov reveals deep religious roots that feed the centuries-old Western enmity towards Russia. The article proves that Tolstoy is close to Khomyakov’s idea that Divine Providence overshadows with its grace only the believing people, united into a single organism by Christian love, that the epic basis of “War and Peace” is anticipated in Khomyakov’s literary-critical works “Glinka’s Opera ‘Life for Tsar’”, “On the Possibility of the Russian Art School”, “Ivanov’s Painting. Letter to the editor of ‘Russian Beseda’”. The article proves that “War and Peace” overcomes the conflict between the individual and society, the hero and the people, and reveals the epic horizons lost in the Western European novel.

The Maze and the Masses

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Landemore
Keyword(s):  
Decision Procedure ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
The People ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Masses

This chapter argues that collective intelligence offers an attractive solution to the problem of the average citizen's ignorance and irrationality. It first illustrates this point by presenting the metaphor of the maze, inspired by Descartes' thought experiment in the Discourse on Method. Next, the chapter sets out the definition of “democracy,” which gains a certain meaning and relevance within the context of this book—as, primarily, an inclusive collective decision procedure, that is, a procedure for collective decisions characterized by the fact that it is inclusive, more or less directly, of all the members of the group for whom decisions need to be made. The chapter then considers the domain of democratic reason and politics, before turning to the concept of democratic reason as the collective intelligence of the people. Finally, the chapter closes with a brief overview of the following chapters.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document