Carbon-14 Distribution in Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation Following 14CO Treatment of Intact Plants1

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E. Pattee ◽  
Elizabeth B. Johns ◽  
John A. Singleton ◽  
Timothy H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Fruit Part ◽  
Successive Feeding

Abstract Effects of sampling date and developmental stage on the distribution of radioactivity within the crude ethanol, lipid, and starch fractions from fruit, seed coat, and seed of peanut were investigated. Major differences were found between the first and fourth feeding dates in the amount of 14C-labeled photo-synthate translocated to individual peanut fruit parts. Maximum levels of radioactivity in the pericarp, seed coat, and seed were attained at progressively later developmental stages as the respective part became the dominant metabolic sink. Within the fruit, maximum radioactivity in starch was reached during early maturity (stage 3) and total radioactivity generally decreased with successive feeding dates. Thus the level of photosynthate being translocated to a given fruit decreases as more fruit develop on the plant. Observed relationships between level of radioactivity and specific activity of fruit-part components were interpreted as indicating that metabolic reserves are built up in the fruit and seed coat during early maturation and utilized later during seed development and maturation when the level of available translocated photosynthate has diminished.

Changes in Tannin-Like Compounds of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fruit Part ◽  
Microbial Attack

Abstract This study served a twofold purpose in that it investigated the relationship of tannins to maturity of peanuts and provided some information on the possible importance of tannins in resistance of peanuts to invasion by various fungi. Peanut fruits were separated into selected physiological maturity stages and divided into hull, seed coat and seed. The fruit parts in each maturity stage were analyzed for tannin using Folin-Denis reagent. Examination of physical and chemical characteristics of hull and seed coat tannins confirmed they are both condensed tannins. Presented as mg tannin per fruit part, hull tannins increased significantly after stage 9, seed coat tannins increased significantly to stage 9 then decreased, and seed tannins did not change. Fruit parts of cured peanuts containing several maturity stages were similar in tannin content to the more mature uncured fruit parts. Calculated as % fresh weight, tannins in the hull and seed coat were significantly higher in the three most mature stages. The results show a close relationship of tannin and maturity and also indicate that tannin concentrations may be sufficient to provide some measure of resistance to microbial attack.

scholarly journals Anatomy and Histochemistry of Seed Coat Development of Wild (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. et Graebn. and Domesticated Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. sativum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4602
Author(s):  
Lenka Zablatzká ◽  
Jana Balarynová ◽  
Barbora Klčová ◽  
Pavel Kopecký ◽  
Petr Smýkal
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Maternal Plant ◽  
Wild Progenitor ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Biochemical Studies

In angiosperms, the mature seed consists of embryo, endosperm, and a maternal plant-derived seed coat (SC). The SC plays a role in seed filling, protects the embryo, mediates dormancy and germination, and facilitates the dispersal of seeds. SC properties have been modified during the domestication process, resulting in the removal of dormancy, mediated by SC impermeability. This study compares the SC anatomy and histochemistry of two wild (JI64 and JI1794) and two domesticated (cv. Cameor and JI92) pea genotypes. Histochemical staining of five developmental stages: 13, 21, 27, 30 days after anthesis (DAA), and mature dry seeds revealed clear differences between both pea types. SC thickness is established early in the development (13 DAA) and is primarily governed by macrosclereid cells. Polyanionic staining by Ruthenium Red indicated non homogeneity of the SC, with a strong signal in the hilum, the micropyle, and the upper parts of the macrosclereids. High peroxidase activity was detected in both wild and cultivated genotypes and increased over the development peaking prior to desiccation. The detailed knowledge of SC anatomy is important for any molecular or biochemical studies, including gene expression and proteomic analysis, especially when comparing different genotypes and treatments. Analysis is useful for other crop-to-wild-progenitor comparisons of economically important legume crops.

scholarly journals Destruction of Immature Erythrocytes Measured by Bilirubin Excretion

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-726
Author(s):  
KIYOYASU NAGAI ◽  
EIZO KAKISHITA
Keyword(s):  
Normal State ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Bilirubin Excretion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Bile Fistula

Abstract The change in radioactivity of bilirubin with time was measured after injection of glycine 2-14C into rats with a bile fistula. The total radioactivity and specific activity of bilirubin were abnormally high in rats of which erythropoiesis was increased following hemorrhage. When the newly formed erythrocytes labeled with glycine 2-14C in the peak of reticulocytosis were transfused into rats with a bile fistula, the excretion of labeled bilirubin increased rapidly. The amount of newly formed erythrocytes destroyed within 7 days after transfusion into normal animals was calculated as 4.4 per cent of the total erythrocytes formed during maximum reticulocytosis and 1.1 per cent of those formed in the normal state in Sprague Dawley rats, while in the Wistar strain, the values were 13.4 per cent and 2.2 per cent, respectively. These results provide direct evidence for increased production of short-lived erythrocytes during enhanced erythropoiesis, and the hemolysis of newly formed erythrocytes soon after they reach the general circulation may contribute to the production of shunt bilirubin.

THE METABOLISM OF VALERATE-2-C14 BY UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Reisener ◽  
A. J. Finlayson ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Water Soluble Extract

When uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici race 15B were shaken in a medium containing M/30 phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, and valerate-2-C14, about 88% of the radioactivity was removed from the buffer solution in a period of 3 hours. About 40% of the carbon-14 taken from the buffer was found in a water-soluble extract of the spores and about 15% was respired as carbon dioxide. The result is compared with an earlier report that carbon 1 of valerate is more extensively released as carbon dioxide and less extensively incorporated into spore components. Glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and alanine of high specific activity were isolated. It was estimated from partial degradation that more than one-half of the carbon-14 of glutamic acid occurred in position 4 and that carbon 5 was very weakly labelled. Citric acid was also of high specific activity and was labelled predominantly in the internal carbons.It is concluded that respiring rust spores utilize externally supplied valerate by β-oxidation, which releases carbons 1 and 2 in a form which is metabolized as acetate by the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid-1-C14 was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when they had matured and the incorporation of carbon-14 studied. About one-third of the carbon-14 administered was found in the upper portions of the mature plants, much of the remaining radioactivity having apparently been respired. About 85% of the carbon-14 recovered was found in the kernel. The protein fractions of these were most radioactive, but an appreciable amount of carbon-14 also appeared in the starch. Glutamic acid had the highest specific activity of the amino acids isolated from the gluten, but proline and arginine were also strongly labelled. Since these three amino acids were labelled predominantly in carbon-1 their close metabolic relationship in the wheat plant seems probable.

Reproductive strategy of Scyliorhinus canicula (L., 1758): a holistic approach based on macroscopic measurements and microscopic observations of the reproductive organs

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Kousteni ◽  
Persefoni Megalofonou
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula

Understanding reproductive features of elasmobranchs that affect population recovery and natural mortality is essential for conservation management planning. Considering macroscopic and microscopic observations of the reproductive tract in 2253 individuals, sampled in Hellenic waters over a 7-year period, four reproductive stages were described. The presence of advanced spermatocyst stages in immature testes supported the early gamete development and long maturation process. The simultaneous presence of follicles of all developmental stages in mature ovaries indicated a protracted egg-laying season. An extended reproductive period was also supported by monthly records of egg-laying females, sexually active males, large egg cases and high values of the gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indices. Size at maturity was similar for both sexes. Females and males exhibited no depth segregation compared with individuals of different maturity stages regardless of sex. Sex, size and maturity stage significantly affected GSI, HSI and the relative condition factor. All three somatic indices showed a similar monthly variation, supporting a fat assimilation rate that follows maturation rate, with both affecting physiological condition. The severe population decline that Scyliorhinus canicula has recently undergone should focus our attention on future research supporting robust population modelling to help management of the species.

Liquid and protein dynamics using a new minimally invasive pleural catheter in rabbits

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Broaddus ◽  
M. Araya
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Protein Marker ◽  
Pleural Catheter

To obtain continuous access to the pleural space without causing injury, we tested a new transdiaphragmatic pleural catheter for its ability 1) to drain the pleural space without injury and 2) to drain liquid at a rate equal to normal pleural liquid production. In 13 anesthetized rabbits, we opened the abdomen and dissected through the diaphragm to insert a flared-tip catheter into the ventral pleural space on one side and then turned the rabbit prone. In 10 of the rabbits (8 for 6 h, 2 for 24 h), we continuously collected draining pleural liquid, and in 3 rabbits (6 h), we did not open the catheter. We injected radiolabeled albumin intravenously as a protein marker. Terminally, we collected pleural liquid from both pleural spaces and lavaged for total radioactivity. In 14 awake control rabbits without catheters, we measured normal pleural liquid production by the rate of equilibration of radiolabeled albumin from plasma to pleural liquid. We found that, although the percentage of neutrophils was increased on the side with the catheter (54 vs. 1% in control rabbits), the pleural liquid volume, protein concentration, specific activity of albumin, and total radioactivity in the pleural space were the same on the side with the catheter as on the opposite side and in the control rabbits. The liquid flow rate through the catheter over 6 h was 53 +/- 23 microliters/h [0.017 +/- 0.008 (SD) ml.kg-1.h-1], which was not significantly different from the computed rate of normal pleural liquid production in the control rabbits, 49 +/- 14 microliters/h (0.016 +/- 0.004 ml.kg-1.h-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Transport of oestrone sulphate by the mammary gland in the goat

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Heap ◽  
M. Hamon ◽  
I. R. Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Oestrone Sulphate ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Endogenous Compound ◽  
Tracer Kinetic ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Venous Plasma

ABSTRACT During pregnancy in goats the concentration of endogenous oestrone sulphate in milk increased more than twofold, and that in arterial and mammary venous plasma 10- and 20-fold respectively. The concentration in milk was higher than that in arterial plasma, particularly in lactating goats during mid-gestation. This was partly related to mammary production of oestrone sulphate (or of a closely related steroid which cross-reacted in the radioimmunoassay) since in tracer infusion studies the specific activity of oestrone sulphate in milk was significantly lower than that in arterial or mammary venous plasma. It was also related to the existence of a mechanism within the gland which concentrates oestrone sulphate in milk since when infused close-arterially into the mammary gland of a non-pregnant goat with undetectable levels of the endogenous compound in the circulation, a concentration ratio of 7·4:1·0 was reached for oestrone sulphate in milk: arterial plasma. Tracer kinetic studies showed that mammary extraction of [3H]oestrone sulphate was variable (up to 41·3 ± 30·6%, mean ± s.e.m.). During intravenous or close-arterial infusion, radioactivity in arterial and mammary venous plasma at steady state was mainly in the form of [3H]oestrone sulphate (range, 64± 10·6 to 80·2 ± 5·9% of total radioactivity in plasma). The remainder was in the form of compounds chromatographically similar to oestradiol-17β-3-monosulphate, oestradiol-17α-3-monosulphate and unconjugated oestrogens. The distribution of radioactivity between these different steriods was similar in arterial mammary venous plasma indicating a low level of selective mammary metabolism or extraction. The amount of labelled oestrone sulphate transferred into milk was low, and it was significantly less in pregnant (range, 0·11 ±0·07 to 0·27 ± 0·16% of total infusate) than in non-pregnant animals (3·23±0·50%). Studies of the rate of transfer of [3H]oestrone sulphate from blood to milk indicated the presence of a transcellular route with peak activity in milk occurring about 110 min after the start of the infusion. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 221–230

Laboratory Studies on the Feeding Preference and Feeding Behaviour in Lygaeus equestris (L.) (Het. Lygaeidae)1

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Kugelberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Lygaeus Equestris

AbstractThe seed-feeding bug Lygaeus equestris changes and extends its food plant spectrum during its life-cycle. Whether this is the result of only the natural succession of the food plants, or also includes a change in the insect's food preference during its life, was the primary question of the present paper. Feeding-choice tests using ripe seeds from important food plants in the laboratory showed that Cynanchum vincetoxicum seeds were preferred during all stages of life. Among the lesser preferred seeds tested, a shift in preference occurred during the bug's development. It seems probable that this shift may be due as much to the physical as to the chemical properties of the seeds. It is suggested that most of the other plant species exploited for feeding by L. equestris probably serve mainly as substitute food when suitable developmental stages of C. vincetoxicum are absent or in short supply. Furthermore the paper gives some notes on duration of feeding upon seeds and effects of seed coat at initiation of feeding on Cynanchum and Helianthus seeds. During the third larval instar, the preference switches from the endosperm to the seed coat for initiation of feeding on Cynanchum seeds, and so it remains during the following stages. On Helianthus seeds, only adult L. equestris feed as willingly through the coat as directly from the endosperm.

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