scholarly journals Manifestations of the Epidemic Process of Measles and Rubella at the Present Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Pozdnyakov ◽  
O. P. Chernyavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Contact Number ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Short Time

Relevance.Measles and rubella have been known to humanity for centuries. These two infections have a number of similarities. However, despite all the similarities and a single elimination program, it is not possible to achieve the same results by the level of the incidence of these infections. Goal. Identify common features and differences in the manifestations of the epidemic process of measles and rubella at the present stage and formulate a hypothesis on their explanation.Materials and methods. Methods of retrospective epidemiological analysis of morbidity were used: Evaluation of the statistical significance of the differences in indicators with the Student’s test. To compare the rate of decrease in the incidence of measles and rubella their exponential approximations using the method of least squares were used. To process the research data, the Microsoft Excel program was used.Results.In the pre-vaccination period, the incidence of measles was 4.6 times higher than rubella. For major infections in this period characterized by a pronounced cyclic morbidity, while the intervals between cyclical rises for measles are shorter, and the amplitude of cycles is higher. As the population was vaccinated, the incidence of these infections decreased, while the rate of decline in the incidence of rubella was higher than that of measles. Also, a faster decrease in morbidity and smoothing of the cyclicity, a transition to older age groups, a gradual exit from the incidence of younger age groups confirm that the rubella has a contact number less then measles.Conclusion.The current level of population immunity is sufficient to eliminate rubella in a relatively short time. For measles, which has greater contagiousness and a contact number, and is more demanding for population immunity, this level is not enough. As a consequence, rubella shows better «manageability» in immunization than measles.

Age aspects of the incidence of chronic hepatitis C in children

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
E. A. Galova
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Public ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
Public Health Indicators ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Region

Purpose of the study: to reveal characteristics of chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) incidence in babies and preschoolers, schoolchildren, teenagers on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Materials and methods. The article presents official epidemiological information on the incidence of HCV in children in the Nizhny Novgorod region in 1995–2015. Data statistical processing was performed with Statistica 7.0. soft ware package. Zero hypotheses were rejected at significance level of the corresponding statistical criterion p < 0,05. Results. The study revealed differences of HCV-epidemic process in infants and preschoolers, schoolchildren and teenagers. The incidence of HCV in children 0–6 years old and 15–17 years old is characterized by a lack of reduction and an uncertain prognosis (p < 0,05); the positive prognosis is possible in schoolchildren aged 7–14 years (p < 0,05). There was an increase of patients of younger age groups in the proportion, and decrease of cases frequency in children 7–14-year-olds. The authors identified that the viral hepatitis C incidence is correlate with the public health indicators and with the health care institutions activities; the correlations strength and correlations pattern is depend on age. The article presents a quantitative assessment of the relationship between the children HCV incidence in different age periods and the public health indicators and activities health institutions. Conclusions. In HCV-epidemic process in children at the present there is a redistribution of older and younger age groups role in its maintenance with the leading significance of the latter. Obtained results prove the significant contribution of HCV positive women of fertile age in the HCV- epidemic process in children at the present stage.

scholarly journals The Fear of COVID-19, Demographic Factors, and Substance use in a Multinational Sample Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Ifeanyichukwu Anthony Ogueji ◽  
Rachel Bolaji Asagba ◽  
Delroy Constantine-Simms
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age Range

Abstract The global pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had mental health consequences such as fear. Scholars have argued that when people are fearful, they may use substances to escape from fear, and demographic variables can have implications on how to target interventions to people. To date, little is known about how the fear of COVID-19 and demographic factors may contribute to substance use amid the COVID-19 pandemic. From 3 June to 10 June 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 residents (Mean age = 41.77 ± 11.85; age range = 18-70 years) in 14 countries. A standardized questionnaire was utilized for data collection, SPSS (version 22.0) was utilized for data analysis, and p < .05 implied statistical significance. Descriptive statistics revealed that residents in Canada scored the highest mean score in the fear of COVID-19 scale, while residents in Australia scored highest in the substance use scale. Further, fear of COVID-19 had a negative nonsignificant relationship with substance use (r = −.07; df = 200; p > .05). Males (Mean = 18.21) scored significantly higher than females (Mean = 14.06) in substance use [t (200) = 1.9; p < .05]. The younger age group (18-28 years) scored the highest mean score in substance use compared to older age groups (29-39 years, 40-50 years, 51-61 years, and 62-72 years); however, it was not significant [F (4, 197) = 2.04; p > .05]. These data contribute to informing future studies that add more questions regarding how different variables may contribute to substance use during subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Structure of herd immunity to SARS-COV-2 in the Krasnoyarsk region population in the COVID-19 epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
E. B. Ezhlova ◽  
A. A. Melnikova ◽  
V. S. Smirnov ◽  
L. V. Lyalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Formation Of Groups

Purpose. Determination of the SARS-CoV-2 population humoral immunity among the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. The study was carried out as a part of project for assessing population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of Russian Federation using unified methodology developed by Rospotrebnadzor, with the participation of the Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology named by Pasteur, and taking into account the recommendations of the WHO. The work involved 2907 volunteers, selected by the online survey and randomization by age and territory. All volunteers were divided into 7 age groups: 1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70 and older (70+), including a total 246–449 people. Population immunity testing was carried out during the formation of groups (1st stage), and then twice more, with the interval of 6–8 weeks. Serum was obtained from venous blood samples obtained from volunteers, in which antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. The results were analyzed by methods of nonparametric statistics: median, interquartile range, rank correlation coefficient were calculated in the Excel statistical package. The confidence interval to seroprevalence indicators (95% CI) was calculated using the WinPepi statistical package (version 11.65). The statistical significance of the differences was assessed with a probability level of p ≤ 0.05.Results. The seroprevalence of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the 5-month period of seromonitoring had increased 3.3 times from 12.8% (95% CI 11.3–14.4) to 41.7% (95% CI 39.4–4.0) , while the grouping by age had not revealed any peculiarities throughout the study. The trend towards a decrease in the incidence was formed on the 6th week of 2021. The seroprevalence of convalescents after COVID-19 during the initial testing was 61.5% (95% CI 40,6–79.8), among those who were in contact with patients with COVID-19 or convalescents –23.8% (95% CI 13.9–36.2) . Among the volunteers, 347 seropositive persons were identified, 324 of which were observed asymptomatic course.Conclusion. The structure of the population humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of he population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has been investigated. It was found that an increase in seroprevalence to 41.7% (95% CI 39.4–4.0) was accompanied by a decrease in morbidity.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Epidemic Process of HIV Infection in a Region With a High Level of HIV Prevalence Over a Long Period of Time (Example of the Tyumen Region)

MediAl ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 30-32
Author(s):  
S. Е. Kondratova ◽  
A. N. Marchenko ◽  
E. A. Kashuba
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Epidemic Process

The purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the development of the HIV epidemic process in the Tyumen region in 1993–2018 (without autonomous okrugs).Materials and methods. The work used epidemiological, descriptive-evaluative, analytical and statistical research methods, with the calculation of intensive (incidence, incidence) and extensive indicators (structure of incidence, incidence), determining the trend of the epidemic process.Results and conclusions. As of the end of 2018, more than 1,2% of the population is infected with HIV in the Tyumen region. The average long-term growth rate is +259,9% (expressed). Over the 26 years of HIV registration, men have been predominantly infected, the route of infection is parenteral (narcotic). Since 2002, the proportion of sexual transmission of HIV has doubled, sexual heterosexual transmission has become the leading one at the present stage of the development of the epidemic process (59,8%). A «portrait» of a modern HIV-infected person in the region can be considered a predominantly unemployed man or woman (taking into account the trend) aged 40–49 years and older, with a secondary specialized education, subject to deviant behavior (including when using drugs). At the present stage, there is an obvious redistribution of the structure of the identified HIV-infected people towards the predominance of older age groups and pensioners with an increase in HIV +52,8%. The decrease in the growth rate and the incidence rate of HIV over the past 3 years is a positive trend amid the generalized nature of the spread of HIV.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ROTAVIRUS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN IN UZBEKISTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
IIkham M. Norboev
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Serological Study ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Republic

The article presents the results of epidemiological studies of the role of rotavirus in the development of acute diarrheal diseases in children in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Practice of new epidemiological criteria allowed to differentiate the different intensity of the epidemic process and the manifestation of epidemiological patterns of rotavirus infection depending on the region of the republic. The probability of participation of rotaviruses in the formation of the epidemic process in acute diarrheal diseases is proved. The study was conducted in two regions of the republic differing from each other by economic and social conditions. The material for this study was the data obtained as a result of a serological study of feces samples taken from patients with acute diarrheal diseases before the age of 5 years. When examining 1597 children with acute diarrhea in 532 (33.3%) cases, we were able to establish the presence of rotavirus antigens in the feces. Summarizing the above, we can assume that in the Republic of Uzbekistan, rotaviruses occupy one of the leading places in the etiological structure of acute diarrheal diseases, especially in younger age groups.

scholarly journals Characteristic of herd immunity among the population of Stavropol region amid the COVID-19 epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
E. B. Ezhlova ◽  
A. A. Melnikova ◽  
V. S. Smirnov ◽  
L. V. Lyalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
First Case ◽  
Asymptomatic Volunteers

Introduction. The first pandemic in the 21st century, caused by the pathogenic representative of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where the first outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia was recorded in December 2019. The disease spread so quickly around the world that already on February 11, 2020, WHO was forced to declare a pandemic of the “coronavirus disease 2019” COVID-19. The first case of COVID-19 in the Stavropol Territory was registered on March 20, 2020, and three weeks later, starting from the 15th week of the year, a steady increase in the incidence began, which lasted until the 52nd week. During the study period, the incidence increased from 21.1 to 28.3 per hundred thousand of the population. Growth 1.3 times.Purpose: to determine the dynamics of population immunity among the population of the Stavropol Territory in 2020-2021. during the period of an epidemic increase in the incidence of COVID-19. Materials and methods. The SARS-CoV-2 study was carried out according to a unified methodology within the framework of the program for assessing the population immunity of the population of the Russian Federation, developed by Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the St. Pasteur. In total, 2688 people were examined, divided into 7 age groups. In the examined individuals, the level of specific IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid was determined by the enzyme immunoassay.Results. The level of seroprevalence among residents of the Stavropol Territory was 9.8%. The largest proportion of seropositive individuals was found in the age groups 1-6 and 7-13 years old (19.2% and 19.7%, respectively). Seroprevalence had no gender differences and ranged from 9.3% to 10.8%. When assessing the distribution of the proportion of seropositive persons in different geographic territories of the region, it was found that the maximum proportion was found in the Kochubeevsky district (23.1%), the minimum in Kislovodsk (7.7%). Among convalescents, the content of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was noted in 73.3%, which is 7.8 times higher than the average population level. When conducting seromonitoring in the 2nd half of 2020, a 10-fold increase in seroprevalence was recorded, accompanied by a decrease in incidence from the 5th week of 2021. Among asymptomatic volunteers in whom SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction, antibody titers to viruses were found in 78.6%, which corresponds to the seroprevalence of convalescents. The proportion of seropositive persons among those who have come into contact with COVID-19 patients was 16.4%, (1.8 times higher than the average for the population). Out of 262 seroprevalent volunteers, the asymptomatic form of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 92% of the examined, which indicates a significant role of the number of asymptomatic forms of infection in the epidemic process of COVID-19.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity of the population of the Stavropol Territory indicate that it has not yet reached the threshold level at which a decrease in the intensity of the COVID-19 epidemic process can be expected. 

scholarly journals The age-specific death-rates in England and Wales

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Made In

In the period following the last war a large acceleration has occurred in the rate of decline of the death-rates of the younger age groups. The oldest age groups have not shared in this improvement. This course of the death-rates is in striking contrast to the predictions of two decades ago when it was thought that any substantial improvement in the age specific rates was most likely to occur at the older ages. A large part of the fall at younger ages has been due to the decrease in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis. The death-rates at ages 5–24 are now probably almost at a minimum and if a further appreciable improvement is to be made in them the death-rate from violence must be reduced. Violent deaths account for roughly one-third of all deaths in this age range.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ROTAVIRUS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN IN UZBEKISTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
IIkham M. Norboev
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Serological Study ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Republic

The article presents the results of epidemiological studies of the role of rotavirus in the development of acute diarrheal diseases in children in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Practice of new epidemiological criteria allowed to differentiate the different intensity of the epidemic process and the manifestation of epidemiological patterns of rotavirus infection depending on the region of the republic. The probability of participation of rotaviruses in the formation of the epidemic process in acute diarrheal diseases is proved. The study was conducted in two regions of the republic differing from each other by economic and social conditions. The material for this study was the data obtained as a result of a serological study of feces samples taken from patients with acute diarrheal diseases before the age of 5 years. When examining 1597 children with acute diarrhea in 532 (33.3%) cases, we were able to establish the presence of rotavirus antigens in the feces. Summarizing the above, we can assume that in the Republic of Uzbekistan, rotaviruses occupy one of the leading places in the etiological structure of acute diarrheal diseases, especially in younger age groups.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

MONITORING RESULTS OF SAZAN (CYPRINUS CARPIO CARPIO LINNAEUS, 1758) POPULATION IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE TAGANROG BAY AND THE DON RIVER DELTA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Balykin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Startsev ◽  
G.E. Guskov ◽  
A.S. Grin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio Carpio ◽  
Don River ◽  
Taganrog Bay ◽  
Biological State

The materials for 2003-2018 on the biological state of sazan of the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay and the Don River delta were summarized. It has been shown that the catches of sazan in the study area consisted of more than half of the fish of younger age groups, the length of which was less than the commercial measure. The ratio of linear and weight growth of sazan is shifting towards a decrease in the mass of one-dimensional specimen, which is indirect evidence of the deterioration of the natural living conditions of semi-migratory fish. In 2019, the carp parasite fauna was represented by 7 species related to monogenes - 2 species, cestodes - 3 species, nematodes - 1 species, crustaceans - 1. The state of the sazan population needs further research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document