Past, Present, and Future of Peripheral Mobilities in Portugal

Transfers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-137
Author(s):  
Hugo Silveira Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Railway System ◽  
Critical Overview

In the Portuguese railway system, narrow-gauge lines were an important part of the network, accounting for a fifth of the extent and roughly a sixth of the traffic. Portuguese historiography about these railways focuses on partial aspects of their evolution and does not provide a general critical overview of their history. In this article, I propose the analysis of Portuguese narrow gauge as a Large Technological System connecting the Portuguese center(s) to its periphery(ies) in different stages of its evolution, from its implementation to its decline. Using available literature and unpublished statistical data of operation, I demonstrate how narrow gauge was unable to compete with automobility and ceased to be an alternative for long-distance transportation, but is resurfacing with different uses and goals.

scholarly journals Az El Camino zarándokút egészségügyi kockázatai. Tanulságok és tanácsok

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (38) ◽  
pp. 1535-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Felkai
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Travel Medicine ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
The Way

Abstract: The Way of St. James (El Camino) is getting more and more popular. Analysis of the age groups of the pilgrims shows that the number of young pilgrims (30< years) is decreasing, but the number of middle-aged people (30–60 years) is slightly increasing, while the number of elderly people (>60 years) has considerably increased. The statistical data of the Pilgrims’ office in Santiago de Compostela also display the continuous elevation in the number of the “pilgrims” who had completed the El Camino without any religious or spiritual reason. Therefore this pilgrim route became a long-distance trekking – in the point of view of travel medicine. The old age is a high risk for travellers moreover in this long distance trekking. Therefore pre-travel counselling would be vital for aged pilgrims. Unfortunately, a few articles have been published only on the medical problems of El Camino. Taking into consideration the possible health damages during the 800 km long “Camino”, the author describes its health hazards. This study could be a useful guideline for pre-travel advice for El Camino pilgrims as only limited information can be gained from the Pilgrims’ Reception Office (PRO) in Santiago de Compostela. Some information was collected from the relevant pages of the internet. Therefore the author could draw limited consequences from the statistical data. Yet, the analysis of the medical causes of the deceased pilgrims told more about the hazards of ‘The Way’. Although the number of female and male pilgrims was equal in the statistical data, yet the mortality rate of the male pilgrims is much more higher than that of the female pilgrims (93–7%). The most frequent cause of death was acute coronary syndrome or its suspicion (40–34%). The second most frequent cause of death was road traffic accident (17,5–25%). The most vulnerable pilgrims are the cyclists in this respect. The exacerbation of any chronic disease was also different among the genders (3–25%) but homicide is a more frequent cause of death in the female group (2%–8%). The cause of death was exhaustion, stroke, hypothermia and drowning (because of the ritual bathing in the sea, after the route completed) as well. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(38): 1535–1542.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription: how are distant synaptic signals conveyed to the nucleus?

F1000Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Matamales
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
Transcription Regulators ◽  
Membrane Depolarisation ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Critical Overview

Synaptic activity can trigger gene expression programs that are required for the stable change of neuronal properties, a process that is essential for learning and memory. Currently, it is still unclear how the stimulation of dendritic synapses can be coupled to transcription in the nucleus in a timely way given that large distances can separate these two cellular compartments. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain long distance communication between synapses and the nucleus, the possible co-existence of these models and their relevance in physiological conditions remain elusive. One model suggests that synaptic activation triggers the translocation to the nucleus of certain transcription regulators localised at postsynaptic sites that function as synapto-nuclear messengers. Alternatively, it has been hypothesised that synaptic activity initiates propagating regenerative intracellular calcium waves that spread through dendrites into the nucleus where nuclear transcription machinery is thereby regulated. It has also been postulated that membrane depolarisation of voltage-gated calcium channels on the somatic membrane is sufficient to increase intracellular calcium concentration and activate transcription without the need for transported signals from distant synapses. Here I provide a critical overview of the suggested mechanisms for coupling synaptic stimulation to transcription, the underlying assumptions behind them and their plausible physiological significance.

Owners and Masters: Management and Managerial Skills in the Finnish Ocean-Going Merchant Fleet, c. 1840-1880

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijö Kaukiainen
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Merchant Marine ◽  
Managerial Skills ◽  
Merchant Shipping

This chapter examines the system of management in merchant shipping, notably the role and importance of a long-distance shipmaster, during the 1800s, and uses the Finnish merchant marine as a case study to examine the weakness in shipping management and to determine the usefulness of long-term strategic planning. Also presented in the essay is statistical data analysing the significance of language skills.

scholarly journals Risk assessment for rail freight transport operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-488
Author(s):  
Lucyna Szaciłło ◽  
Marianna Jacyna ◽  
Emilian Szczepański ◽  
Mariusz Izdebski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Risk Assessment Process ◽  
Rail Freight ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Railway System ◽  
Risk Areas

The aim of this article is to assess the risk of performance of rail freight transport on the basis of an analysis of identified risk areas based on statistical data on the causes of accidents that occurred on the lines of railway transport in Poland. A critical review of selected scientific studies relating to the risk assessment process for identified areas of the railway system has been undertaken. Based on statistical data, the authors analysed the causes of accidents on railway lines in 2019 in Poland and determined the probability of occurrence of a given cause. In addition, the article calculates the probability of vehicle delays for different emergency situations occurring in the performance of rail freight transport operations. This enabled the authors of the article to carry out a risk assessment of freight train delays on railway lines.

scholarly journals The Classification of South American Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev Michael
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Distance Relationship ◽  
Critical Overview

With some 108 independent genealogical units, South America is the linguistically most diverse region of our planet and presents a particular challenge to linguists seeking to understand the genealogical relationships among human languages. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the internal classification of South American language families, and this article provides a critical overview of research in this very active area, focusing on the seven largest language families of the continent: Arawakan, Cariban, Jê, Panoan, Quechuan, Tukanoan, and Tupian. The strengths and weaknesses of major classification proposals are examined, and directions for future research discussed. Several long-distance relationship proposals that South Americanists are actively debating, including Tupi-Cariban, Pano-Takanan, Quechumaran, TuKaJê, and Macro-Jê, are also examined. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Dynamika rozwoju biegów masowych w Polsce — analiza statystyczna

Ekonomia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Tomasz Waniowski ◽  
Sylwia Żakowska
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quantitative Development ◽  
Mass Participation

The dynamic of development of mass-participation running events in Poland: Statistical analysisThe quantitative development of mass-participation running events in Poland, especially in recent years, is huge. Nowadays, there are more than 4,000 runs organized every year and they are open for everyone. These running events have a different number of participants from as little as 10 people, up to even afew thousands and they are organized in many places by various institutions and or­ganizations. Furthermore, we can distingusih long-distance runs mainly marathons and half-mara­thons and shorter-distance runs e.g. 10 km.The aim of this of article is to analyze mass-participation running events in Poland statistically, taking into account many criteria: quantity, location, distance and sex. The following statistical methods are used: chain indexes and average annual rate of change. Statistical data were obtained directly from organizers, their websites and different publications about mass-participation running events in Poland. The authors present a versatile statistical view on Polish mass running events in tabular and chart forms.

scholarly journals Dynamics of labor migration in the Republic of Bashkortostan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-278
Author(s):  
G. F. Akhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Temporary Labor ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Demographic Potential

The article considers some indicators of the widespread social phenomenon in Russia - labor migration, which, according to the data for 2019, involves about 2.9 million Russians, or 4% of the employed population. These are internal labor migrants who temporarily work outside their regions. This type of labor migration of Russians has common features with temporary employment in the United States, Canada, and Australia (long distance commuting - LDC), fly-in/fly-out - FIFO). The empirical basis of the article consists of the statistical data (results of the labor force survey by the Federal State Statistics Service for 2011-2019) and the results of sociological research conducted in the region with a high level of shift employment - the Republic of Bashkortostan - in 2015-2019. The statistical data prove regional differences in the Russian shift employment: the majority (72%) of internal labor migrants live in a third of the regions with high and medium levels of temporary labor migration; in some regions, the level of temporary labor migration decreases. The sociological data show different involvement in shift employment depending on place of residence, gender and age, marital status and level of education. The same social-territorial and social-demographic features are evident at the national level. At the federal level, internal labor migration, as a tool for social-economic development, helps to solve the problem of labor shortage in certain areas and sectors of economy; therefore, such labor migration is supported by legal acts. At the regional level, it decreases the labor and demographic potential of the regions that provide labor migrants. To preserve the economic and demographic potential and to strengthen the competitiveness of such regions, we need to develop regional labor markets and labor mobility within regions.

scholarly journals Creation of a complex electronic map of agriculture and agro-geo databases using GIS techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 03020
Author(s):  
Rustam Oymatov ◽  
Sanjarbek Safayev
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Electronic Map ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Internet Networks

This article is devoted to the creation of complex electronic maps of agriculture and agro-geo databases on the basis of geoformation systems (GIS) and technologies. Scientific and practical research on the mapping of the agricultural sector conducted by scientists from foreign countries, the Commonwealth of Independent States and Uzbekistan. Analyzing the research on the classification of agricultural maps, the classification of agricultural maps for the Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed. Content elements of maps covering agricultural sectors and infrastructure objects have been developed by studying topo geodesic, field research, statistical data and classification of agricultural maps. Analyzing the scientific and applied research work on the creation of maps of the studied area, a technological system for creating an electronic map of agriculture using GIS and technologies was developed. This technological system involves the initial data collection, software selection, thematic layer development, conditional character processing, printing, and other processes in creating an agricultural map. A technological system for creating an agro-geo databases has been developed using the proposed content elements, topographic and geodetic works, statistical data and the capabilities of GIS technologies. The agro-geo databases are a standard environment that can be integrated into computers, Internet networks and mobile devices, as well as manage, store and edit agricultural data using ArcGIS software.

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Hügli ◽  
Koella ◽  
Jeanneret
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patients’age. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

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