Genetic Change in Milk, Fat, Days Open, and Body Weight After Calving Based on Three Methods of Sire Selection

Introduction: Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. Methods: Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: n = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: n = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. Results: Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.

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Milk Yield and Composition of Mixed-Breed Goats on Rangeland during the Dry Season and the Effect on the Growth of Their Progeny

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10030220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Manuel J. Flores-Najera ◽

Venancio Cuevas-Reyes ◽

Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽

Sergio Beltrán-López ◽

César A. Meza-Herrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Dry Season ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Northern Mexico ◽

Mixed Breed

We tested whether the milk yield capacity of mixed-breed goats on a Chihuahuan desert rangeland in northern Mexico during the dry season affects milk composition, body weight gain, and weaning weight of their progeny. Milk yield and composition, and progeny postnatal growth performance, were recorded weekly. One week after kidding, mixed-breed goats (a mixture of Criollo × dairy breeds; n = 40) were allotted into medium (MP) or low (LP) milk yielding groups (20 goats per group). Mean 105-d total milk yield for MP and LP goats was 45.2 ± 12.5 and 20.7 ± 5.2 L, respectively. Milk lactose (4.3 vs. 4.2%) and solids-non-fat (SNF; 8.2 vs. 8.0) differed (p < 0.05) between MP and LP goats; milk protein content tended to differ (p = 0.08) between MP and LP goats with no difference for milk fat content (p > 0.05). Maternal body weight was positively associated with milk yield, milk lactose, and SNF content (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Goats giving birth to males produce more milk than goats giving birth to females, but milk fat percentage was higher in goats bearing females (p < 0.001). Milk yield and composition throughout lactation did not influence body weight gain (47.8 vs. 48.7 g/day for kids from MP and LP goats) and weaning weight (6.7 vs. 6.7 kg from MP and LP goats) of the offspring (p > 0.05). Birth weight and weaning weight of the progeny were positively related to maternal body weight (p ≤ 0.05). The postnatal growth of the kids was reduced, extending the time to reach market weight. Nevertheless, non-supplemented mixed-breed goats reared on semi-arid rangeland of northern Mexico have the potential for moderate milk production. Therefore, due to the limited nutrients ingested by grazing goats during the dry season, a nutritional supplement is necessary to keep up milk production and adequate growth of kids.

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Milk production and its relationship with milk composition, body and udder morphological traits in Bedouin goat reared under arid conditions

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.42552 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 42552

Author(s):

Fatima Kouri ◽

Salima Charallah ◽

Amina Kouri ◽

Zaina Amirat ◽

Farida Khammar

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Growth Traits ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Arid Conditions ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

This research aims to assess the performances of lactating Bedouin goat under arid conditions, focusing on the relationship of milk yield with body and udder morphology and growth traits. Fourteen goats and their kids were followed during early lactation (90 days post-partum). Mean daily milk yield was 0.56 kg. Milk fat, proteins, lactose, solids non-fat and minerals were respectively 34.9, 38.9, 48.8, 107 and 6.7 g L-1. Mean kids’ birth weight, adjusted body weight at 90 days of age and average daily gain were respectively 2 kg, 6.6 kg and 51.4 g day-1. Daily milk yield was correlated with goats’ body weight, withers height, rump height, udder width and udder circumference but not with linear udder score and growth performances. These results provide important data about the milk production of Bedouin goat emphasizing its correlation with body and udder morphological traits which can help to elaborate a specific breeding program for this breed.

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Effects of dietary energy levels using calcium salts of fatty acids on nutritive value of diets and milk quality in peripartum dairy goats

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000300009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 286-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rodrigo de Souza ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Bruna Hygino ◽

Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Level ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dairy Goats

Peripartum is a critical period for dairy goats, as dry matter intake (DMI) is not enough to supply the energy requirement for foetal growth and subsequent lactation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to increase dietary energy level of peripartum dairy goats and its effects on nutritive value of diets and milk quality. Twenty multiparous Saanen goats (body weight 63.5±10.3 kg) were distributed in a completely randomised design in four treatments at the following dietary energy levels: 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter (Mcal ME/kg DM) - control diet; and 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 Mcal/kg DM - with added CSFA. Goats were housed in individual stalls and evaluated in the peripartum period, by measuring body weight (BW), DMI, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of diets, blood composition, and milk quality and yield. Increasing dietary energy level to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had no effect on BW and did not limit DMI. CSFA supplementation increased intake of total digestible nutrients and did not affect fibre digestion. Blood triglycerides and cholesterol concentration increased with CSFA addition. The treatments had no effect on milk yield and composition; however, CSFA supplementation changed the fatty acid concentration of milk fat, increasing levels of polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids. In conclusion, peripartum dairy goats supplemented with CSFA to increase dietary energy level up to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had a greater supply of total digestible nutrients and showed altered fatty acid concentration of milk fat.

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Milk, Fat, Protein, Somatic Cell Score, and Days Open Among Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Their Crosses

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2006-889 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 90 (7) ◽

pp. 3542-3549 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

C.D. Dechow ◽

G.W. Rogers ◽

J.B. Cooper ◽

M.I. Phelps ◽

A.L. Mosholder

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Somatic Cell Score ◽

Brown Swiss ◽

Days Open

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5 A SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM IN COQ9 AFFECTS MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, BODY WEIGHT CHANGE AFTER CALVING, AND FERTILITY IN HOLSTEIN COWS

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv28n2ab5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 132

Author(s):

M. S. Ortega ◽

S. Wohlgemuth ◽

D. J. Null ◽

J. B. Cole ◽

P. J. Hansen

Keyword(s):

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Body Weight ◽

Electron Transport ◽

Transport System ◽

Respiratory Function ◽

Electron Transport System ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Days Open

A single nucleotide polymorphism for COQ9 has been associated with genetic merit for fertility in 2 separate populations of Holstein cattle, with the A allele associated with higher fertility. COQ9 is necessary for the synthesis of coenzyme Q10, a component of the electron transport system of the mitochondria. We evaluated the effect of COQ9 genotype on the electron transport system, body weight changes after calving, and phenotypic measurements of fertility and production in Holstein cows. The single nucleotide polymorphism in COQ9 was genotyped using a Sequenom MassARRAY® (Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). In the first study, cows ≥200 days in milk were selected for analysis of mitochondrial oxygen consumption [COQ9 genotype: AA (n = 12), AG (n = 12), and GG (n = 12)]. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and respiration assessed using the Oroboros O2k high-resolution respirometer to evaluate routine respiration, R; leak respiration, L; and electron transport system capacity, E. There were additive effects of genotype on respiratory function (P < 0.05): R was 3.4 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.3, and 4.9 ± 0.3 pmol of O2/s per 106 cells, L was 1.9 ± 0.3, 2.7 ± 0.3, and 3.0 ± 0.3 pmol of O2/s per 106 cells, and the uncoupling control ratio (E/R) was 3.4 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.2, and 2.1 ± 0.2 for AA, AG, and GG, respectively. In a second study, body weight was recorded for AA (n = 106), AG (n = 223), and GG (n = 86) cows during the first 20 weeks postpartum for 2 consecutive lactations. In both lactations, body weight postpartum was affected by genotype × time postpartum (P < 0.001), with cows of the AA genotype experiencing less weight loss than AG (second lactation only) and GG cows. Days open, services per conception, and 305-day milk yield (MY) for the first 2 lactations were evaluated in a population of 2273 Holstein cows grouped based on predicted transmitting ability for daughter pregnancy rate: ≤–1 (n = 1220) and ≥1.5 (n = 1053). Continuous data were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and categorical data were analysed using the GLIMMIX procedure. The model included farm, genotype, and the numerator relationship matrix to account for (co)variances among animals. Additive and dominance effects were estimated. Genotype affected each trait (P < 0.05). Values for AA, AG, and GG for the first lactation were as follows: days open, 123.6 ± 3.5, 134.3 ± 2.8, and 139.4 ± 3.5 days; services per conception, 2.4 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.1, and 2.7 ± 0.1; and MY, 11 278 ± 65, 11 416 ± 51, and 11 478 ± 65 kg. For the second lactation COQ9 affected (P < 0.05) days open (133.2 ± 4.7, 142.9 ± 3.1, and 147.9 ± 3.9 days) and services per conception (2.5 ± 0.1, 2.6 ± 0.8, and 2.7 ± 0.1), but there was no effect (P = 0.63) on MY (11 486 ± 66, 11 502 ± 52, and 11 526 ± 57 kg). Results indicate that the same genotype associated with genetic merit for fertility (AA) is associated with more efficient respiratory function and less body-weight loss postpartum. Moreover, the favourable genotype was associated with higher phenotypic measurements of fertility and lower MY. Results indicate the single nucleotide polymorphism in COQ9 could be a potential marker for fertility and that allelic variants may affect fertility by altering respiratory efficiency. Study was supported by USDA AFRI 2013–68004–20365.

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Addition of protected and unprotected fish oil to diets for dairy cows. I. Effects on the yield, composition and taste of milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029902005770 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 511-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

PIERRE LACASSE ◽

JOHN J. KENNELLY ◽

LOUIS DELBECCHI ◽

CHARAF E. AHNADI

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

De Novo ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Long Chain

Thirty Holstein cows in mid-lactation (158±20 DIM) were given a total mixed ration based on grass silage, maize silage and rolled barley. After a preliminary period of 1 week, this diet was supplemented with nothing (control), unprotected fish oil (3.7% of dry matter, DM), or two levels of glutaraldehyde-protected microcapsules of fish oil (1.5% and 3.0% of DM, respectively). Unprotected and protected supplements contained, respectively, 74% and 58% of DM as lipids. Cows given the unprotected supplement reduced their feed intake by >25%. Consequently, these cows lost body weight and produced less milk. DM intake, body weight, and milk yield were unaffected by protected fish oil. Fish oil reduced both milk fat and protein percentages, and decreased the proportion of short-chain fatty acids, stearic, and oleic acids in milk fat. Milk trans C18[ratio ]1 fatty acids increased in cows given both unprotected and protected fish oil. Milk fat content of very-long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20[ratio ]5 and C22[ratio ]6, increased with fish oil in the diet. Accordingly, the peroxide index increased and a taste panel was able to detect unusual taste in milk from cows consuming the higher level of protected fish oil and disliked the milk from cows given unprotected fish oil. In conclusion, when lactating cows consumed fish oil, milk concentration of long-chain n3 fatty acids increased and mammary de novo synthesis of fatty acids decreased, but milk yield and milk protein content were reduced, and the milk was more susceptible to oxidation and its taste was adversely affected.

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Efficiency and performance of genetically high and low milk-producing British Friesian and Jersey cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100017888 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 161-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. P. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

High Potential ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Milk Product ◽

Potential Production ◽

Liquid Milk

ABSTRACTGenetic lines for high and low liquid milk production were established within the British Friesian and British Jersey breeds by random matings of experimental dams to the ‘best’ and ‘worst’ nationally available progeny-tested sires. Some Friesian dams could also be classified as either high or low for genetic potential for milk yield on the basis of previous, but less rigorously controlled, matings to high-or low-production sires. The dams and their high and low potential-production female progeny were reared indoors, and given a single complete pelleted diet ad libitum from weaning until leaving the experiment after their third calving. Height at withers and width at hooks were recorded monthly, cumulate food intake and body weight fortnightly and milk yield, fat and protein concentration weekly, throughout life in the experiment. Measures of lactation production, food intake and efficiency of conversion of food to milk product during the whole calving-to-calving interval were obtained. Yields were about 0-8 times national average yields. Differences between high and low genetic lines appeared similar for the two breeds. High potential-production progeny produced more liquid milk, fat and protein but at a lower fat and protein concentration than did low-potential progeny. High-potential progeny consumed more food from calving to calving and had higher food conversion efficiencies to liquid milk, fat and protein. The response in efficiency accompanying a given change in production was close to that predicted by phenotypic regression of efficiency on yield with a 0-75% increase in efficiency for every 1% increase in yield. The likelihood of smaller returns in efficiency at higher yields is discussed. High potential-production progeny lost more body weight than did low during lactation, suggesting a greater withdrawal of energy from body reserves. High-potential progeny were neither heavier nor taller but were marginally narrower at the hooks than were low-potential progeny, suggesting the possibility of increased calving difficulties as selection for increased yield continues.Friesians produced 50% more liquid milk, 13% more milk fat and 29% more milk protein and consumed 22% more food from calving to calving than did Jerseys. As a consequence Friesians were markedly more efficient at producing liquid milk (+23%) but essentially no more efficient at producing milk energy (+2%) than were Jerseys. In terms of both biological and commercial application of the results, any biases in the experiment probably operated against the Jersey relative to the Friesian.Predictions of food intake using accepted feeding standards underestimated observed total food intake during lactation by a factor of 0-8. Linear regression indicated underestimation of maintenance requirement as a likely explanation.

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Genetic studies of South Australian Merino sheep. I. Genetic change in fleece and body traits

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9810641 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 641 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

IP Gregory ◽

RW Ponzoni

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Genetic Change ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Body Weights ◽

The Mean ◽

Fleece Weight ◽

Linear Regressions ◽

Selection Differentials

During the years 1953-67 one flock of South Australian Merinos was selected on clean fleece weight (the Index flock) and another on the basis of visual appraisal (the Visual flock). A large number of qualitative and quantitative traits were recorded. Linear regressions of differences between flock means on time were estimated for each trait; not many of the regressions were significant. However, greasy and clean fleece weights of Index animals increased significantly faster than those of Visual animals, and body weights of Visual animals increased significantly faster than those of Index animals. Realized selection differentials were estimated for all traits. There were significant selection differentials for greasy and clean fleece weights and yield in the Index flock, and for body weight and greasy fleece weight in the Visual flock. The response to selection was estimated for all traits by using two methods; regression of the trait on an individual's generation number, and comparison of the deviation from the overall mean of the mean of the progeny of a 3+-year-old sire with the deviation of the progeny of the same sire as a 2+-year-old. The estimate of genetic change in body weight was higher and genetic changes in clean and greasy fleece weights lower in Index animals, which was in contrast with an earlier result. However, when the least-squares means of these traits were compared, it was concluded that the Index flock did, in fact, achieve significantly greater responses in greasy and clean fleece weights and a significantly lower response in body weight than the Visual flock. It was therefore considered that, in these particular experiments, both methods of estimating genetic change had serious limitations.

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