Experimental Study on Load Bearing Capacity of Cement Stabilized Unburnt Clay Bricks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Z. Mohamed ◽  
◽  
K.A.B.P. Kuruppu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The World

Clay brick is one of the most widely used conventional materials in the masonry construction throughout the world. Despite living in cement age, bricks still have a defined space in our societies. Clay bricks are good for construction activities in dry zones because of its better thermal insulation and moisture control properties. With around 39 percent of the home’s energy use going towards maintaining a pleasant temperature, it has become increasingly important to build a home that will minimize the energy required for heating and cooling, from both a cost savings and sustainability perspective [1]. Bricks made with clay material can be the better option to neutralize the above condition since bricks offer superior thermal mass.

scholarly journals Thermal mass and the effects on heating and cooling demands – an experimental study of an exposed concrete floor

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Alessandro Nocente ◽  
Steinar Grynning
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Wooden Floor ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Experimental Campaign ◽  
Office Rooms ◽  
Positive Effect

The increase of thermal mass in buildings is discussed as a useful measure for reducing the energy demand for heating and cooling while contributing to improve the internal comfort. Several studies confirmed its positive effect, but few conducted a solid comparative measurement campaign and rarely in comparative conditions. The present work reports the results of an extensive comparative campaign in a test cell facility, where the internal conditions are measured in two identical rooms. One of the rooms was equipped with a large concrete mass while the other was constructed with a thin wooden floor. Measurements were conducted for circa a month, divided in four phases. The internal temperature of the two rooms was kept within typical boundaries of actual office rooms by a water-based cooling and heating systems. The energy demand of both heating and cooling was measured. Occupancy was simulated by a mannequin and by the lighting, both active only in office hours. The results demonstrated a positive impact of the thermal mass on the energy use. Since the test rooms are highly insulated, the energy use associated to cooling was dominant. During the experimental campaign, a reduction of up to 44% of the energy demand due to cooling was registered.

scholarly journals Energy cost savings based on the UPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 4237
Author(s):  
Phu Tran Tin ◽  
Duy Hung Ha ◽  
Minh Tran ◽  
Quang Sy Vu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Source Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Storage Units

Energy-saving, improving energy efficiency, and finding a new efficient way to use energy are considered as an urgent problem in over the world. In this paper, we consider the economics of energy use in combination with energy storage units where two forms of electricity exist in the power system. Then the problem of optimizing the installation capacity (to optimize the investment costs for energy storage) is presented and investigated in connection with the conversion systems. The topic opens a very significant result, including the introduction of a mathematical model to calculate the simulation in optimizing the installation capacity of the equipment in the system, multi-source power, as well as voltage and power stability benefits.

scholarly journals Component sequence and thermal mass effects on the transient thermal performance of concrete walls

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012091
Author(s):  
B Salehpour ◽  
M Ghobadi ◽  
T Moore ◽  
H Ge
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Transient Thermal

Abstract The increased requirements of buildings to reduce energy use have highlighted the importance of accounting for all factors that influence energy use in buildings. One consideration that requires further study in the envelope design of concrete-based wall assemblies is the placement of the thermal mass layer. In this study, two thermally massive walls, Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) and tilt-up walls, with the same thermal resistance but different sequencing of layers are investigated. In addition, a wall made of a homogeneous insulation layer with an identical thermal resistance was considered to further investigate the thermal mass effect on the potential for energy savings. Results of the numerical simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics® software indicate that, for the transient scenarios investigated, thermal mass can contribute to shifting and dampening peak heating and cooling loads, as well as saving energy. Also, less intense fluctuations were observed in the heat fluxes when considering the ICF wall. Energy savings during the primary seasons (i.e. winters in Montreal and summers in Miami) are found to be marginal but the existence of a thermally massive layer considerably reduced the demands during secondary seasons i.e. summers in Montreal and winters in Miami.

The Age of Em

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Career Paths ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Moral Progress ◽  
Fast Computer ◽  
The World ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Detailed Picture

Robots may one day rule the world, but what is a robot-ruled Earth like? Many think the first truly smart robots will be brain emulations or ems. Scan a human brain, then run a model with the same connections on a fast computer, and you have a robot brain, but recognizably human. Train an em to do some job and copy it a million times: an army of workers is at your disposal. When they can be made cheaply, within perhaps a century, ems will displace humans in most jobs. In this new economic era, the world economy may double in size every few weeks. Some say we can't know the future, especially following such a disruptive new technology, but Professor Robin Hanson sets out to prove them wrong. Applying decades of expertise in physics, computer science, and economics, he uses standard theories to paint a detailed picture of a world dominated by ems. While human lives don't change greatly in the em era, em lives are as different from ours as our lives are from those of our farmer and forager ancestors. Ems make us question common assumptions of moral progress, because they reject many of the values we hold dear. Read about em mind speeds, body sizes, job training and career paths, energy use and cooling infrastructure, virtual reality, aging and retirement, death and immortality, security, wealth inequality, religion, teleportation, identity, cities, politics, law, war, status, friendship and love. This book shows you just how strange your descendants may be, though ems are no stranger than we would appear to our ancestors. To most ems, it seems good to be an em.

Buildings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

scholarly journals Review of Intelligent Control Systems for Natural Ventilation as Passive Cooling Strategy for UK Buildings and Similar Climatic Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4388
Author(s):  
Esmail Mahmoudi Saber ◽  
Issa Chaer ◽  
Aaron Gillich ◽  
Bukola Grace Ekpeti
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Optimal Output ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Building Cooling

Natural ventilation is gaining more attention from architects and engineers as an alternative way of cooling and ventilating indoor spaces. Based on building types, it could save between 13 and 40% of the building cooling energy use. However, this needs to be implemented and operated with a well-designed and integrated control system to avoid triggering discomfort for occupants. This paper seeks to review, discuss, and contribute to existing knowledge on the application of control systems and optimisation theories of naturally ventilated buildings to produce the best performance. The study finally presents an outstanding theoretical context and practical implementation for researchers seeking to explore the use of intelligent controls for optimal output in the pursuit to help solve intricate control problems in the building industry and suggests advanced control systems such as fuzzy logic control as an effective control strategy for an integrated control of ventilation, heating and cooling systems.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

scholarly journals Automated Residential Energy Audits Using a Smart WiFi Thermostat-Enabled Data Mining Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2500
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Alanezi ◽  
Kevin P. Hallinan ◽  
Kefan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Furnace Efficiency ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
Energy Auditing ◽  
Energy Audits

Smart WiFi thermostats, when they first reached the market, were touted as a means for achieving substantial heating and cooling energy cost savings. These savings did not materialize until additional features, such as geofencing, were added. Today, average savings from these thermostats of 10–12% in heating and 15% in cooling for a single-family residence have been reported. This research aims to demonstrate additional potential benefit of these thermostats, namely as a potential instrument for conducting virtual energy audits on residences. In this study, archived smart WiFi thermostat measured temperature data in the form of a power spectrum, corresponding historical weather and energy consumption data, building geometry characteristics, and occupancy data were integrated in order to train a machine learning model to predict attic and wall R-Values, furnace efficiency, and air conditioning seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), all of which were known for all residences in this study. The developed model was validated on residences not used for model development. Validation R-squared values of 0.9408, 0.9421, 0.9536, and 0.9053 for predicting attic and wall R-values, furnace efficiency, and AC SEER, respectively, were realized. This research demonstrates promise for low-cost data-based energy auditing of residences reliant upon smart WiFi thermostats.

Recycling of Olive Pomace Bottom Ash (by-Product of the Clay Brick Industry) for Manufacturing Sustainable Fired Clay Bricks

Silicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghita El Boukili ◽  
Mohamed Ouakarrouch ◽  
Mahdi Lechheb ◽  
Fatima Kifani-Sahban ◽  
Asmae Khaldoune
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Clay Bricks

The Internet of Things: Making Cities — AndThe Way They Use Technology — Smarter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy W. Fok ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Minerva Tantoco was named New York City’s first chief technology officer last year, charged with developing a coordinated citywide strategy on technology and innovation. We’re likely to see more of that as cities around the country, and around the world, consider how best to use innovation and technology to operate as “smart cities.”The work has major implications for energy use and sustainability, as cities take advantage of available, real-time data – from ‘smart’ phones, computers, traffic monitoring, and even weather patterns — to shift the way in which heating and cooling systems, landscaping, flow of people through cities, and other pieces of urban life are controlled. But harnessing Open Innovation and the Internet of Things can promote sustainability on a much broader and deeper scale. The question is, how do you use all the available data to create a more environmentally sound future? The term “Internet of Things” was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, who at the time was a brand manager trying to find a better way to track inventory. His idea? Put a microchip on the packaging to let stores know what was on the shelves.

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