scholarly journals Sensors and Their Application in Precision Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533
Author(s):  
Mladen Jurišić ◽  
Ivan Plaščak ◽  
Željko Barač ◽  
Dorijan Radočaj ◽  
Domagoj Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Remote Sensors ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost

The paper depicts sensors in precision agriculture. It encompasses the most significant and frequently used sensors in agriculture. Furthermore, the paper explains the main sensor types according to their design, the recorded range of electromagnetic spectrum, as well as the way of detection, recording, measuring, and representation of the detected energy. The development of remote research has provided deeper understanding of remote sensors and their advantages. The sensors installed on soil testing equipment, fertilizing and crop protection machinery, as well as crop picking machinery have been analyzed relative to precision farming. The paper depicts widely known sensors OptRx, ISARIA and VRT technology. The results of the paper assess the data collected by sensors and processed in order to produce maps for agrotechnical operations. The application of maps decreases the employment of human resources, heightens the capacity of data collection, increases the precision of agricultural activities, and finally results in decreasing the cost of final products. The technological progress over the past decade has enabled the development of technology with variable application standards (VRT) that, according to current needs, enables input optimization.

Developments in CVD-Diamond Synthesis During the Past Decade

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Butler ◽  
Henry Windischmann
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Diamond Growth ◽  
Diamond Synthesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

The last decade and a half has seen an explosive growth in the synthesis of diamond materials by a variety of chemicalvapor-deposition (CVD) processes driven by both scientific curiosity and technological exploitation for diverse applications in the fields of hard coatings, tools, optics, passive and active electronics, thermal management, corrosion protection, and radiation detection. Beginning in the 1980s, micron-sized diamond particles were reported by a few groups using hot filaments and a seemingly magical (alchemical) recipe of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Now near the end of the 1990s, the basic science of diamond growth by CVD is well-understood. Diverse plasma- and thermal-based techniques have been developed for deposition of diamond. Polycrystalline films several mm thick and over 12 in. (30 cm) in diameter are a reality. Many companies are commercializing a wide range of products, and the cost of deposition has dropped by over three orders of magnitude. This article reviews these developments and highlights challenges for the future. It is organized along two themes: scientific advances and technological progress.

scholarly journals The Research on the Outpatient Cost Adjustment Framework of the Urban Workers in a Southern China City During 2013 to 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 004695801989409
Author(s):  
Na Wang ◽  
Ruiming Liu ◽  
Jinglin Lu ◽  
Peng Quan ◽  
Zongfu Mao
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
Outpatient Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Compensation Function

Based on a large amount of data, the study aimed to analyze all expenses of outpatients in a southern China city from 2013 to 2015. It draws a conclusion that the total cost of outpatient has increased in the past 3 years, and various cost indexes either increased or decreased in different ways. Drug costs and treatment fees are the main influencing factors for the change in total outpatient cost. The structural change from 2013 to 2015 was 70.15%. Drug costs, laboratory fees, and inspection fees are the main indexes that account for the increasing total outpatient costs. This study puts emphasis on the cost of human resources, which eliminates the phenomenon of “Yi Yao Yang Yi” (support medical cost with medicine) and “Yi Xie Yang Yi” (support medical cost with medical device). This study also focuses on the balance of outpatient cost, as well as the compensation function of medical insurance, which encourages multiple participation and coordinated adjustment.

Retraining and Advanced Training of Employees and Specialists

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Р. Закиева ◽  
R. Zakieva
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Production ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost

Personnel training is one of the key conditions for the successful functioning of any organization. This has become especially important in the modern world, when an increase in the pace of development of scientific and technological progress greatly accelerates the process of obsolescence of professional knowledge and skills. The contradiction of the qualifications of employees to the needs of the company is negatively manifested in the results of its activities. The growing sense of vocational training for the organization and a noticeable increase in the need for it over the past forty years have shown that the first companies in the market have taken up the improvement of the skills of their employees. Preparation of the implementation of vocational training has become the leading direction of personnel management, and the cost of it is the highest (after wages) in the list of expenses of many companies. Professional development is the process of equipping an employee with the knowledge to perform assigned tasks, new production functions, to obtain new positions, without the difficult solution of new tasks. In huge multinational corporations there are special professional development departments, managed by a manager with the rank of director or vice president, which emphasizes their great importance to the company. The need for professional development for current organizations is also described by the fact that the motives in this border are drawn up into personal plans (from the implementation of which the employee’s earnings are proportionally calculated) by the heads of most corporations: presidents, regional vicepresidents, directors of national companies

Measuring the cost of environmental compliance for Waikato dairy farmers - a survey approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
T.O.R. Macdonald ◽  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
F.G. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Environmental Compliance ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Survey Approach

The link between dairy farm systems and cost of environmental compliance is not always clear. A survey of Waikato dairy farmers was conducted to establish the real (non-modelled) cost of compliance with environmental regulation in the region. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to improve understanding of compliance costs and implementation issues for a range of Waikato farm systems. The average oneoff capital cost of compliance determined through a survey approach was $1.02 per kg milksolids, $1490 per hectare and $403 per cow. Costs experienced by Waikato farmers have exceeded average economic farm surplus for the region in the past 5 years. As regulation increases there are efficiencies to be gained through implementing farm infrastructure and farm management practice to best match farm system intensity. Keywords: Dairy, compliance, farm systems, nitrogen, Waikato

Attraction of prey

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Horner ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno ◽  
Ulrike Bauer ◽  
Bruno Di Giusto
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prey Attraction

The ability to attract prey has long been considered a universal trait of carnivorous plants. We review studies from the past 25 years that have investigated the mechanisms by which carnivorous plants attract prey to their traps. Potential attractants include nectar, visual, olfactory, and acoustic cues. Each of these has been well documented to be effective in various species, but prey attraction is not ubiquitous among carnivorous plants. Directions for future research, especially in native habitats in the field, include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of visual cues, volatiles, and nectar; temporal changes in attractants; synergistic action of combinations of attractants; the cost of attractants; and responses to putative attractants in electroantennograms and insect behavioral tests.

scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

scholarly journals A Technical Study on UAV Characteristics for Precision Agriculture Applications and Associated Practical Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Nadia Delavarpour ◽  
Cengiz Koparan ◽  
John Nowatzki ◽  
Sreekala Bajwa ◽  
Xin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Radiometric Correction ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Technical Study ◽  
Agricultural Operations

The incorporation of advanced technologies into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) platforms have enabled many practical applications in Precision Agriculture (PA) over the past decade. These PA tools offer capabilities that increase agricultural productivity and inputs’ efficiency and minimize operational costs simultaneously. However, these platforms also have some constraints that limit the application of UAVs in agricultural operations. The constraints include limitations in providing imagery of adequate spatial and temporal resolutions, dependency on weather conditions, and geometric and radiometric correction requirements. In this paper, a practical guide on technical characterizations of common types of UAVs used in PA is presented. This paper helps select the most suitable UAVs and on-board sensors for different agricultural operations by considering all the possible constraints. Over a hundred research studies were reviewed on UAVs applications in PA and practical challenges in monitoring and mapping field crops. We concluded by providing suggestions and future directions to overcome challenges in optimizing operational proficiency.

Does the Cost Paradox Preclude Technological Progress under Imperfect Competition?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
RABAH AMIR ◽  
CHRISTINE HALMENSCHLAGER ◽  
MALGORZATA KNAUFF
Keyword(s):  
Imperfect Competition ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
The Cost

Are Apprenticeships Still Relevant in the 21st Century? A Case Study of Changing Youth Training Arrangements in German Banks

ILR Review ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Finegold ◽  
Karin Wagner
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Transferable Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Youth Training

The authors present a detailed case study of the evolution of apprenticeships in German banking over the past two decades to analyze why employers continue to be willing to invest in these programs that provide workers with transferable skills. They explain employers' motivation in terms of two “logics.” Some considerations stemming from the logic of consequences, such as recruitment cost savings and enhanced workplace flexibility, encourage retention of the apprenticeship system. On balance, however, the cost calculus that is at the heart of the logic of consequences would, if unopposed, encourage head-hunting for apprentices trained by other firms, eventually undermining the system. The countervailing logic of appropriateness, however, discourages defections from the system by fostering trust among employers, encouraging new firms to participate in the system, supporting the strong reputational effect associated with training, and creating mechanisms with which banks can have a hand in keeping the system efficient.

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