scholarly journals Suitability of Recycled PLA Filament Application in Fused Filament Fabrication Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-497
Author(s):  
Tomislav Breški ◽  
Lukas Hentschel ◽  
Damir Godec ◽  
Ivica Đuretek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Design Of Experiment ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Printing Parameters

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is currently one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes due to its simplicity and low running and material costs. Support structures, which are necessary for overhanging surfaces during production, in most cases need to be manually removed and as such, they become waste material. In this paper, experimental approach is utilised in order to assess suitability of recycling support structures into recycled filament for FFF process. Mechanical properties of standardized specimens made from recycled polylactic acid (PLA) filament as well as influence of layer height and infill density on those properties were investigated. Optimal printing parameters for recycled PLA filaments are determined with Design of Experiment methods (DOE).

Variance Quantification of Different Additive Manufacturing Processes for Acoustic Meta Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. 2708-2723
Author(s):  
Manuel Bopp ◽  
Arn Joerger ◽  
Matthias Behrendt ◽  
Albert Albers
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Different Levels

Many concepts for acoustic meta materials rely on additive manufacturing techniques. Depending on the production process and material of choice, different levels of precision and repeatability can be achieved. In addition, different materials have different mechanical properties, many of which are frequency dependent and cannot easily be measured directly. In this contribution the authors have designed different resonator elements, which have been manufactured utilizing Fused Filament Fabrication with ABSplus and PLA, as well as PolyJet Fabrication with VeroWhitePlus. All structures are computed in FEA to obtain the calculated Eigenfrequencies and mode shapes, with the respective literature values for each material. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of multiple instances of each structure is measured utilizing a 3D-Laser-Scanning Vibrometer under shaker excitation, to obtain the actual Eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. The results are then analyzed in regards to variance between different print instances, and in regards to accordance between measured and calculated results. Based on previous work and this analysis the parameters of the FEA models are updated to improve the result quality.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3859 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez ◽  
Ramon Jerez-Mesa ◽  
Jordi Llumà ◽  
Oriol Traver-Ramos ◽  
Giovanni Gomez-Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Layer Orientation ◽  
Rotating Bending ◽  
Flexural Resistance ◽  
Optimal Set

This paper aims to analyse the mechanical properties response of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured through fused filament fabrication. The influence of six manufacturing factors (layer height, filament width, fill density, layer orientation, printing velocity, and infill pattern) on the flexural resistance of PLA specimens is studied through an L27 Taguchi experimental array. Different geometries were tested on a four-point bending machine and on a rotating bending machine. From the first experimental phase, an optimal set of parameters deriving in the highest flexural resistance was determined. The results show that layer orientation is the most influential parameter, followed by layer height, filament width, and printing velocity, whereas the fill density and infill pattern show no significant influence. Finally, the fatigue fracture behaviour is evaluated and compared with that of previous studies’ results, in order to present a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of the material under different kind of solicitations.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts Subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez ◽  
Ramon Jerez-Mesa ◽  
Jordi Llumà ◽  
Oriol Traver-Ramos ◽  
Giovanni Gomez-Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Layer Orientation ◽  
Rotating Bending ◽  
Flexural Resistance ◽  
Optimal Set

This paper aims to analyse the mechanical properties response of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured through fused filament fabrication. The influence of six manufacturing factors (layer height, filament width, fill density, layer orientation, printing velocity, and infill pattern) on the flexural resistance of PLA specimens is studied through an L27 Taguchi experimental array. Different geometries have been tested on a four-point bending machine and on a rotating bending machine. From the first experimental phase, an optimal set of parameters deriving in the highest flexural resistance have been determined. Results show that layer orientation is the most influential parameter, followed by layer height, filament width, and printing velocity, whereas the fill density and infill pattern show no significant influence. Finally, the fatigue fracture behaviour is evaluated and compared with previous studies results, to present a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of the material under different kind of solicitations.

scholarly journals Effect of Porosity and Crystallinity on 3D Printed PLA Properties

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Liao ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Bartolomeo Coppola ◽  
Giuseppina Barra ◽  
Luciano Di Maio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Crystalline Forms

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technology for the rapid tooling and fabrication of complex geometry components. Among all AM techniques, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique for polymers. However, the consistency and properties control of the FFF product remains a challenging issue. This study aims to investigate physical changes during the 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA). The correlations between the porosity, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the printed parts were studied. Moreover, the effects of the build-platform temperature were investigated. The experimental results confirmed the anisotropy of printed objects due to the occurrence of orientation phenomena during the filament deposition and the formation both of ordered and disordered crystalline forms (α and δ, respectively). A heat treatment post-3D printing was proposed as an effective method to improve mechanical properties by optimizing the crystallinity (transforming the δ form into the α one) and overcoming the anisotropy of the 3D printed object.

Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Electroosmotic Pumps

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Wu ◽  
Stephen Beirne ◽  
Joan-Marc Cabot Canyelles ◽  
Brett Paull ◽  
Gordon G. Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Electroosmotic Pump ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Electroosmotic Pumps

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) offers a flexible approach for the production of bespoke microfluidic structures such as the electroosmotic pump. Here a readily accessible fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing...

scholarly journals Evaluation of the influence of design in the mechanical properties of honeycomb cores used in composite panels

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072098519
Author(s):  
A Miranda ◽  
M Leite ◽  
L Reis ◽  
E Copin ◽  
MF Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Composite Panels ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Subtractive Manufacturing

The aerospace, automotive, and marine industries are heavily reliant on sandwich panels with cellular material cores. Although honeycombs with hexagonal cells are the most commonly used geometries as cores, recently there have been new alternatives in the design of lightweight structures. The present work aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of metallic and polymeric honeycomb structures, with configurations recently proposed and different in-plane orientations, produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing processes. Structures with configurations such as regular hexagonal honeycomb (Hr), lotus (Lt), and hexagonal honeycomb with Plateau borders (Pt), with 0°, 45°, and 90° orientations were analyzed. To evaluate its properties, three-point bending tests were performed, both experimentally and by numerical modeling, by means of the finite element method. Honeycombs of two aluminum alloys and polylactic acid were fabricated. The structures produced in aluminum were obtained either by selective laser melting technology or by machining, while polylactic acid structures were obtained by material extrusion using fused filament fabrication. From the stress distribution analysis and the load–displacement curves, it was possible to evaluate the strength, stiffness, and absorbed energy of the structures. Failure modes were also analyzed for polylactic acid honeycombs. In general, a strong correlation was observed between numerical and experimental results. The results show that the stiffness and absorbed energy increase in the order, Hr, Pt, Lt, and with the orientation through the sequence, 45°, 90°, 0°. Thus, Lt structures with 0° orientation seem to be good alternatives to the traditional honeycombs used in sandwich composite panels for those industrial applications where low weight, high stiffness, and large energy-absorbing capacity are required.

scholarly journals Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties

e-Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 571-599
Author(s):  
Ricardo Donate ◽  
Mario Monzón ◽  
María Elena Alemán-Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Bone Scaffolds ◽  
Regeneration Of Bone

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used materials in the biomedical sector because of its processability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Among the different techniques that are feasible to process this biomaterial, additive manufacturing (AM) has gained attention recently, as it provides the possibility of tuning the design of the structures. This flexibility in the design stage allows the customization of the parts in order to optimize their use in the tissue engineering field. In the recent years, the application of PLA for the manufacture of bone scaffolds has been especially relevant, since numerous studies have proven the potential of this biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review contains a description of the specific requirements in the regeneration of bone and how the state of the art have tried to address them with different strategies to develop PLA-based scaffolds by AM techniques and with improved biofunctionality.

scholarly journals On preventing the dripping effect of overhang constraints in topology optimization for additive manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Garaigordobil ◽  
Rubén Ansola ◽  
Igor Fernandez de Bustos
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Local Minimizers ◽  
Constraint Function ◽  
Temporary Support

AbstractThis article falls within the scope of topology optimization for Additive Manufacturing processes and proposes an alternative strategy to prevent the phenomenon known as the Dripping Effect. The Dripping Effect is when an overhang constraint is imposed on topology optimization processes for Additive Manufacturing and is defined as the formation of oscillatory contour trends within the prescribed threshold angle. Although these drop-like formations constitute local minimizers of the constraint function, they do not provide a printable feature, and, therefore, they neither eliminate the need to form temporary support structures. So far, there has been no general agreement on how to prevent the Dripping Effect, so this work aims to introduce a strategy that effectively prevents it, and that at the same time may be easy to extrapolate to other types of geometric overhang restrictions. This paper provides a study of the origin of the Dripping Effect and gives detailed instructions on how the proposed prevention strategy is applied. In addition, several benchmark examples where the Dripping Effect is prevented are shown.

Temperature-compensated constitutive model of fused filament fabrication 3D printed PLA materials with full extrusion temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiyang Zhu ◽  
Zichen Deng ◽  
Shi Dai ◽  
Yajun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Extrusion Temperature ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Interlayer Bonding

Purpose This study aims to focus on the effect of interlayer bonding and thermal decomposition on the mechanical properties of fused filament fabrication-printed polylactic acid specimens at high extrusion temperatures. Design/methodology/approach A printing process, that is simultaneous manufacturing of contour and specimen, is used to improve the printing accuracy at high extrusion temperatures. The effects of the extrusion temperature on the mechanical properties of the interlayer and intra-layer are evaluated via tensile experiments. In addition, the microstructure evolution affected by the extrusion temperature is observed using scanning electron microscopy. Findings The results show that the extrusion temperature can effectively improve the interlayer bonding property; however, the mechanical properties of the specimen for extrusion temperatures higher than 270°C may worsen owing to the thermal decomposition of the polylactic acid (PLA) material. The optimum extrusion temperature of PLA material in the three-dimensional (3D) printing process is recommended to be 250–270°C. Originality/value A temperature-compensated constitutive model for 3D printed PLA material under different extrusion temperatures is proposed. The present work facilitates the prediction of the mechanical properties of specimens at an extrusion temperature for different printing temperatures and different layers.

Impact of quasi-isotropic raster layup on the mechanical behaviour of fused filament fabrication parts

2021 ◽  
pp. 095400832110419
Author(s):  
Lovin K John ◽  
Ramu Murugan ◽  
Sarat Singamneni
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Anisotropic Behaviour ◽  
Oriented Samples ◽  
Weak Interlayer ◽  
Special Concern

The development of fused filament fabrication has extended the range of application of additive manufacturing in various areas of research. However, the mechanical strength of the fused filament fabrication–printed parts were considerably lower than that of parts fabricated by other conventional methods, owing to the observed anisotropic behaviour and formation of voids by weak interlayer diffusion. Intense studies on the effect of design and process parameters of the printed parts on the mechanical properties have been done, whereas studies on the effect of build orientations and raster patterns needs special concern. The main aim of this work is to fabricate parts printed using quasi-isotropic laminate arrangement of rasters, achieved by a raster layup of [45/0/−45/90]s, and to compare their mechanical properties with those of the commonly used 0°/90° (cross) and 45°/−45° (crisscross) raster oriented parts. The quasi-isotropic–oriented samples were observed with improved mechanical behaviour in tensile, compressive, flexural and impact tests compared to the commonly employed raster orientations.

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