The First Decade of the BRICS Group: Evolution of the Cooperation Structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Ksenia Muratshina
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Online News ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Member States ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Permanent Structure ◽  
Cooperation Structure

This paper analyses the institutional development of the BRICS group throughout the first decade of its functioning, from 2009 to 2019. The evolution of the cooperation structure is studied through the analysis of the BRICS’ documents, such as multilateral declarations and communiqués, reports of state institutions of member countries, comments of the political leaders. The practical implementation of the agreements has been traced by studying the group’s reports and the online news archives of the mass media of the member states. The author proposes a periodisation of the BRICS structural development. 2009–2011 – the initial stage, the formation of the group’s structure. The key working mechanisms were formed at that stage. However, the first permanent institutions of BRICS were formed at the next stage, in 2012–2014, the stage of permanent structure formation for the group. Then, in 2015–2016, the group has undergone the stage of intensive structural diversification. And in 2017–2019, BRICS maintained this trend, but the key structural changes were related to the group’s joint contacts with the rest of the world. The structure of cooperation within BRICS has changed significantly during the decade. The group formed both non-institutionalised, but regular dialogue formats, and permanent institutions for cooperation. The system of the contacts between the member states covers all aspects of cooperation. At the same time, the group has not institutionalised as an international organisation and remained a forum. The reasons for this are the collective support of a non-integrating format and the divergence of the member states’ approaches to cooperation, which has also had its impact on the BRICS work.

Determinants of socio-economic transformations of technological systems: theoretical and methodical aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Svitlana Shults ◽  
Olena Lutskiv
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Member States ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Technological Paradigm ◽  
Technological Paradigms ◽  
The Eu

Technological development of society is of unequal cyclic nature and is characterized by changing periods of economic growth, stagnation phases, and technological crises. The new wave of technological changes and new technological basis corresponding to the technological paradigm boost the role of innovations and displace the traditional factors of economic growth. Currently, intellectual and scientific-technical capacity are the main economic development resources. The use of innovation and new knowledge change the technological structure of the economy, increase the elements of the innovative economy, knowledge economy, and digital economy, i.e. the new technological paradigm is formed. The paper aims to research the basic determinants of technological paradigms’ forming and development, and determining their key features, as well as to analyze social transformations of the EU Member States and Ukraine. The paper focuses attention on the research of the features of social transformations. The structural transformations are analyzed based on the Bertelsmann Transformation Index that estimates the quality of democracy, market economy, and political governance. The transformation processes are assessed on the example of the EU Member States and Ukraine. The authors argue that social transformations and structural changes in the economy are related to the change of technological paradigms that boost the economic modernization and gradual progressive development of humanity in general. The nature and main determinants of 5 industrial and 2 post-industrial technological paradigms are outlined. Their general features and main areas of basic technologies implementation emerging in the realization of a certain technological paradigm are explained. The conclusions regarding the fact that innovative technologies and available scientific-technological resources define the main vector of economic development are made. The new emerging technological paradigm is of strategic importance for society development.

Indicators for Monitoring Implementation of EU Equality Directives

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-471
Author(s):  
Emma Lantschner
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Regular Monitoring ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Comparative Review

Abstract The present article discusses the usefulness of indicators in monitoring not only the legal transposition but also the practical implementation of the two Equality Directives adopted in 2000. It focuses on those provisions of the Directives which have assigned a particular role to ngos, both in reacting to discrimination as well as in preventing discrimination and promoting equality. Indicators have been developed on the basis of a comparative review of transposition and implementation, including case studies on Romania, Hungary and Croatia. Considering the great potential of ngos in contributing to achieve the aims of the Directives and the current worrying trends as to how they are supported in (or obstructed from) taking up their role, the article proposes using these indicators not only in the pre-accession context but also for regular monitoring of all EU member states.

scholarly journals Zebrafish structural development in Mueller-matrix scanning microscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymeric Le Gratiet ◽  
Marta d’Amora ◽  
Marti Duocastella ◽  
Riccardo Marongiu ◽  
Artemi Bendandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mueller Matrix ◽  
Fluorescence Probes ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Matrix Formalism ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Biological Organization

AbstractZebrafish are powerful animal models for understanding biological processes and the molecular mechanisms involved in different human diseases. Advanced optical techniques based on fluorescence microscopy have become the main imaging method to characterize the development of these organisms at the microscopic level. However, the need for fluorescence probes and the consequent high light doses required to excite fluorophores can affect the biological process under observation including modification of metabolic function or phototoxicity. Here, without using any labels, we propose an implementation of a Mueller-matrix polarimeter into a commercial optical scanning microscope to characterize the polarimetric transformation of zebrafish preserved at different embryonic developmental stages. By combining the full polarimetric measurements with statistical analysis of the Lu and Chipman mathematical decomposition, we demonstrate that it is possible to quantify the structural changes of the biological organization of fixed zebrafish embryos and larvae at the cellular scale. This convenient implementation, with low light intensity requirement and cheap price, coupled with the quantitative nature of Mueller-matrix formalism, can pave the way for a better understanding of developmental biology, in which label-free techniques become a standard tool to study organisms.

scholarly journals Disability management in the workplace: Problems and trends in Latvia

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Zaiga Oborenko ◽  
Marga Zivitere ◽  
Elina Konstantinova
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Management ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Slow Movement ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
State Institutions

People with disabilities are a largely untapped employment resource in many countries. About 48.5% of people with disabilities are employed in the European Union (EU), compared with only 24.4% in Latvia. Although there has been some progress on employing disabled people in Latvia, as the statistical facts and figures show, the problem still remains. This paper investigates how developing disability management in the workplace could open the possibilities for work for people with disabilities. It can be matched with the opportunities to increase the employment rate according to the European Disability Strategy (2010–2020) objectives, as well as fighting against social exclusion and allowing practical implementation of the United Convention on the rights of this group of people in Latvia. The aim of this research is to analyse the employment problems for people with disabilities and investigate disability management trends in Latvia. The main findings of this research are as follows: 1) people with disabilities are not considered as a prospective labour force by employers, 2) Latvian companies generally play a passive role in recruiting disabled people, especially those who have never had work experience with disabled people, 3) employers think that they do not receive state institutions’ interest and support to encourage them to employ people with disabilities. The disability management is developing, although it shows quite slow movement in understanding people with disabilities as a valuable human resource.

The Court of Justice as a policy actor: the case of the Acquired Rights Directive

Legal Studies ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-359
Author(s):  
Jo Hunt
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Member States ◽  
Policy Actor ◽  
Court Of Justice

In 1977, the Council of the European Community unanimously adopted Directive 77/187/EEC on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses, or parts of businesses. The first half of the 1970s had witnessed an ever increasing incidence of business restructuring throughout the territory of the Community. Concern over the possible impact of such structural changes on affected employees prompted the introduction of the Acquired Rights Directive, which, according to its preamble, had the primary purpose of providing ‘for the protection of employees in the event of a change of employer, in particular to ensure that their rights are safeguarded’. In the event that a transfer of an undertaking results in a change of employer, the directive provides for the automatic transfer of the employment relationship from the old employer (the transferor) to the new employer (the transferee).

Шумпетерова теорија економска раста: Предузетништво као одговор на економску стагнацију // Schumpeterian growth theory: Entrepreneurship - a response to the economic downturn

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Јово Атељевић
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Perfect Model ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Schumpeterian Growth Theory

Резиме: Игнорисање и неразумијевање Шумпетеровог писања су главни разлози зашто је британско-америчка школа, као доминантна у контексту неокласичне економије, била и још увијек јесте одвојена од њемачке историјске школе. Међутим, Шумпетерове поставке су и данас релевантне будући да систем опште економске равнотеже нема праву теорију ендогеног или структуралног развоја коју је предложио Шумпетер. Његова теорија економског развоја може послужити као кохерентни одговор на марксистичку теорију. За Шумпетера, унутаркапиталистичка конкуренција у потпуности објашњава структурне промјене у економији. Он тврди да је конкуренција динамички процес разлика и борбе међу компанијама, а не статична конкуренција Валрасовог система. У Шумпетеровој властитој визији економског система, теорија економских циклуса и теорија раста су нераздвојне. Циљ овог рада је да кроз синтезу теоретских анализа потврди релевантност Шумпетерове теорије у контексту дигиталне економије.Summary: Ignorance and misunderstanding of Schumpeter’s writing are the main reasons why the Anglo-American School, as dominant in the context of neoclassical economics, was and still is separate from the German Historical School. However, Schumpeter’s arguments are relevant today because the system of general economic equilibrium has no adequate theory able to explain neither endogenous nor structural development proposed by Schumpeter. His theory of economic development can serve as a coherent response to Marxist theory. For Schumpeter, the intra-capitalist competition fully explains the structural changes in the economy. He argues that competition is a dynamic process of differences and struggles between companies, and not static competition as proposed by the Walrasian mathematical perfect model. Schumpeter argues that the theory of economic cycles and the growth theory are inseparable. The overarching aim of this paper is to through synthesize of theoretical analysis confirms the relevance of Schumpeter’s theory in the context of the digital economy.

EVALUATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE BA(ZRXTI1-X)O3 PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
M. Hajfathalian ◽  
Z. A. Nemati ◽  
H. R. Madaah Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ferroelectric Properties ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Transition Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
High K ◽  
Different Temperatures

BaTiO 3-based solid solutions involve high piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. One of the most favorable systems of this material is Ba ( Zr x Ti 1- x ) O 3. While nano structured ceramics of which have a great potential for using them in capacitors, actuators, transducers and dielectrics to reach high K values. In this study, nano crystalline Ba ( Zr x Ti 1- x ) O 3( x =0.1-0.8) which is called BZT composite has been prepared by mechanical alloying. The parameters affecting the process and properties were evaluated. The starting powders that are used here were nano sized high pure ZrO 2; submicron sized high pure TiO 2 and BaCO 3. The prepared powder was calcined, compacted and sintered at different temperatures and in various times. The structural changes and phase developments during mechanical alloying were studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that by using mechanical alloying method, high dense nano crystalline BZT ceramics were obtained successfully at very low sintering temperature. The dielectric constant of BZT was much great, because of using nano materials in this method at the temperatures of 1250-1400°C. The effect of high energy milling in micro structural development of nano crystalline BZT has been discussed as well as dielectric properties.

SHM System Based on Modal Filtration

2012 ◽  
Vol 518 ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Mendrok ◽  
Tadeusz Uhl ◽  
Wojciech Maj ◽  
Paweł Paćko
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Health Monitoring System ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Changes Detection

The modal filter has various applications, among the others for damage detection. It was shown, that a structural modification (e.g. drop of stiffness due to a crack) causes an appearance of peaks on the output of the modal filter. This peaks result from not perfect modal filtration due to system local structural changes. That makes it a great indicator for damage detection, which has fallowing advantages: low computational afford due to the data reduction, the structural health monitoring system based on it, is easy to automate. Furthermore the system is theoretically insensitive to environmental changes as temperature or humidity variation (global structural changes do not cause a drop of modal filtration accuracy). In the paper the practical implementation of the presented technique is shown. The developed structural health monitoring (SHM) system is described as well as results of its extensive simulation and laboratory testing. Finally the application of the system for the structural changes detection on the airplane parts is presented..

scholarly journals The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: Implementation Within the European UnionMember States and Recommendations for Harmonization

Refuge ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Carol Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
European Union Member States

This article provides an assessment of the implementation of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons as of 2003 within the fifteen European Union Member States. The study provides a brief overview of the history, object, and purpose of the 1954 Convention, analyzing the definition of statelessness and methods for practical implementation. Approaches taken by EU Member States to the identification and recognition of stateless persons on their respective territories are assessed, and recommendations aimed at furthering harmonization of approaches as between States are outlined.

scholarly journals New Industrialization: Phases, Dominants and Patterns

2020 ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Yuliya V. Razvadovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
New Industrialization

The article attempts to identify the key parameters of new industrialization, scientifically substantiate the place of such components as digitalization, cooperation, and the role of the public sector in economic transformation. An attempt is made to formulate the main theses of the concept of phase, which makes it possible to establish not only the divisibility of the process of new industrialization, but also to identify the main economic characteristics in the form of dominants, determinants and patterns for each phase of neoindustrial transformations. It is noted that, in most of the existing studies, new industrialization itself acts as one of the phases of economic development, along with such phases as industrialization, deindustrialization and reindustrialization. Each of these phases has a corresponding time interval and corresponding key parameters that allow identifying the main processes and results of passing the phase. Moreover, each of these phases also obeys the laws of phase behavior and, accordingly, can be divided into certain phases. The article considers new industrialization as a fourphase process. In view of the fact that new industrialization is a process that includes both the goals of modernization and the goals of innovative development, and thus assumes that there is a lag behind the basic technological development of the potential of the industry, the first phase of the process is the initiation of new industrialization, which implies a control effect on the process. Increasing the productivity of capital and labor in the system of new industrialization presupposes the active use of new technologies and knowledge, the increasing of efficiency through the widespread involvement of technological innovations in the economic circulation, as well as structural changes and the use of new combinations of resources. Digitalization at the initial stage of new industrialization can be viewed as a digital transformation, which leads to the formation of a new technological basis for production. At the stage of the full deployment of new industrialization, digitalization is a determinant that ensures the effective development of neoindustrial transformations. At the initial stage of new industrialization, the form of ownership of industrial resources is considered as a key dominant. The author concludes that key parameters such as digitalization, cooperation and the form of ownership at various phases of new industrialization can act as both determining and influencing factors, and under certain conditions become process patterns.

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