scholarly journals Years of creative growth of O.V. Dobrzhanskyi

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Vasyl Botushanskyi
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Important Place ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

The life course and major milestones of the scientific activity of the famous Ukrainian historian, doctor of historical sciences, professor, dean of the faculty of history, political science and international relations of the Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University – Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Dobrzhanskyi are revealed in the article.  It is emphasized that under the influence of his father, Oleksandr chose to be a historian. Having a desire for historical and local lore, interest in historical studies, he entered postgraduate study (correspondence form of study), and since 1982 he went to work at Chernivtsi University as an assistant at the then Department of History of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of History Faculty. In 1986 he defended his PhD thesis (on the history of economic cooperation of the Soviet Ukraine with the Baltic republics), since 1990 – an associate professor, since 1993 – at the Department of History of Ukraine (created in 1990). Since 1999 – professor.  In 1999, O.V. Dobrzhanskyi published a monograph entitled “The National Movement of Bukovyna Ukrainians in the Second Half of the XIXth – Beginning of the XXth Century”, in which he thoroughly revealed the socio-economic, political, legal, national and religious status of Bukovyna Ukrainians, their cultural and educational level.  Important place in the historical studies of O.V. Dobrzanskyi is occupied by the problem of the struggle of Ukrainians of Bukovyna, as well as of Galicia and Transcarpathia, and of the strengthening of their own state in the conditions of the First World War and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The article analyzes the scientific achievements of O.V. Dobrzhanskyi, which has over 240 published scientific articles and 9 monographs on current issues of Ukrainian history. And it is also noted that O.V. Dobrzhanskyi is a well-known organizer of historical science in the western region of Ukraine. Keywords: Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Dobrzhanskyi, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, scientific publication

FROM THE PLEYADA OF ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR I. LVIV’S STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Anna Ostapenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
National Society ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Pedagogical Institute ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of

The article briefly analyzed the biography of the students of I.P.Lviv, the associate professor of the Chernihiv Pedagogical Institute. The purpose of our article was to show the biography of the students of the lecturer I.P.Lvov, who was known all the world. Our graduates were born and grew up in the Chernihiv region. We briefly wrote about the graduates of I.P.Lvov, and there are P. Tychyna, H. Verevka, F. Los and V. Dyadychenko. All of them grew up and lived in difficult times, when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. I. P. Lvov’s students made an outstanding contribution to science, culture of pedagogy in Ukraine. P. Tychyna was a famous Ukrainian poet, interpreter, public activist, academician, and statesman of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. He was born in a big family. His father was a village deacon and a teacher in the local grammar school. In 1900, he became a member of an archiary chorus in the Troitsky monastery near Chernihiv. Simultaneously P. Tychyna studied in the Chernihiv theological school. In 1907−1913 P. Tychyna continued his education in the Chernihiv Theological Seminary. In 1913−1917, he was studying at the Economics department of the Kiev Commercial Institute. At the same time, he worked on the editorial boards of the Kiev newspaper Rada and the magazine Svitlo. In the summer, he worked for the Chernihiv statistical bureau. In 1923, he moved to Kharkiv, entering the vibrant world of early post-Revolution Ukrainian literary organizations. Later he started to study Georgian, and Turkic language, and became the activist of the Association of Eastern Studies in Kyiv. P. Tychnya printed many works, but we viewed only Major works Clarinets of the Sun, The Plow, Instead of Sonnets or Octaves, The Wind from Ukraine, Chernihiv and We Are Going into Battle, Funeral of a Friend, To Grow and Act. H. Veryovka was a Ukrainian composer, choir director, and teacher. He is best known for founding a folk choir, and he was director it for many years, gaining international recognition and winning multiple awards. Veryovka was also a professor of conducting at the Kyiv Conservatory, where he worked alongside faculty including B. Yavorsky, M. Leontovych. H. Veryovka was born in town of Berezna. In 1916, he graduated from the Chernihiv Theological Seminary. In 1918−21 H. Veryovka studied at the Lysenko music school studying a musical composition by B. Yavorsky. In 1933, he received an external degree from the institute. Since 1923 Veryovka continued to work at the Lysenko institute and later Kiev Conservatory. In 1943 in Kharkiv, H. Veryovka organized his well-known choir and until his death was its art director and a main conductor. In 1948-52 he headed the National society of composers of Ukraine. F. Los was born in the village of Pivnivchyna. He studied at the Chernihiv Institute of Social Education. He taught at the secondary school of Volochysk then at the Gorodiansky Pedagogical College of the Chernihiv Region. In 1935, he was a post-graduate student to the Institute of History of the All-Ukrainian Association of Marxist-Leninist Institutes. He researched on the rural community of the early twentieth century. F. Los worked in institutes at such departments: the head of the Department of History of the USSR and Ukraine of the Kiev Pedagogical Institute, the lecturer of the Higher Party School by the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, and the professor of the History Department. He published over 200 scientific papers, such as: 15 textbooks on the history of Ukraine co-authored about 20 collective monographs, collections of articles, collections of materials and documents. He buried in Kiev. V. Dyadychenko was a researcher, lecturer and methodologist. He was born in Chernihiv in a family of statistician. He graduated from the Chernihiv Institute of Public Education. Having received a diploma of higher education, he taught at the Mykolaiv Pedagogical Institute. Later V. Dyadychenko moved to Kiev and worked at the Institute of History of Ukraine Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv V. Dyadychenko worked at such chairs: the Department of History of the USSR, the history of the Middle Ages and the ancient history, archeology and museology. Professor V. Dyadychenko collaborate in the writing of school-books on the history of Ukraine for students in grade 7-8. V. Dyadychenko was social and political active worker. In 1973, he died.

PARTICIPATION OF UZBEK SOLDIERS IN THE LIBERATION OF THE BALTIC STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Ilkhomjon M. Saidov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The article is devoted to the participation of natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the Baltic operation of 1944. The author states that Soviet historiography did not sufficiently address the problem of participation of individual peoples of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War, and therefore their feat remained undervalued for a long time. More specifically, according to the author, 40–42% of the working age population of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Such figure was typical only for a limited number of countries participating in the anti-fascist coalition. Analyzing the participation of Soviet Uzbekistan citizens in the battles for the Baltic States, the author shows that the 51st and 71st guards rifle divisions, which included many natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, were particularly distinguished. Their heroic deeds were noted by the soviet leadership – a number of Uzbek guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Uzbekistanis fought as part of partisan detachments – both in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Western regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Moldova. Many Uzbek partisans were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War” of I and II degrees.

scholarly journals «KAZAN MUSEUM HERALD» ON MUSEUM WORK IN TATARSTAN IN THE 1920S

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Kamilla B. Sabitova
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Unique Source

The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of formation and analysis of the content of one of the first specialised museological periodicals – Kazan Museum Herald, published in 1920-1924. The sources of the research were both the materials of the publication itself and the works of museologists who actively participated in the creation and activities of the journal. The application of methods of source study analysis allowed to consider the main range of problems that worried the museum community in the early 1920s, the directions of museum work that should have been covered in the pages of the publication and, for one reason or another, were not developed, to analyse the subject of publications and reflected in materials of the publication of museum work in different regions of the country. The conclusions of the work emphasise the importance of the publication for the development of museum work in the territory of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the early years of Soviet power, an important place occupied in the journal by materials on the problems of the exposition, research and educational activities of the Central Museum of the TASSR. However, the specifics of the publication was the way the topic went beyond solving exclusively local problems, considering the state of provincial museums in the country, issues of theory and practice of museum work, and problems of protecting monuments. The broad scientific approach of the publication to these problems, attracting to work and publications not only local scientists, museologists, but also art historians and pedagogues made Kazan Museum Herald a unique source on the history of the formation of Soviet museum work.

scholarly journals Polska we współczesnej polityce historycznej Białorusi

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Piotr Kościński
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eastern European Countries

In Eastern European countries, history plays an important role for social and political reasons. In Belarus, it is used instrumentally, and recent attempts to demonstrate the negative impact of Poland and Poles on the country’s history may, although not necessarily, be used in current political activities. The government and President Alexander Lukashenko treat the historical picture of the history of their country in relations with Poland as a derivative of the basic assumption: the first Belarusian state was the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), which they assess positively, just like (with various reservations) the entire Soviet Union. The positive assessment of the USSR and the Belarusian SSR creates an ideological basis for strengthening their power inside the country and building positive assessments of today’s Russia and cooperation with Russia.

scholarly journals Public-educational organizations of Wolina the 20's - 30's of the XX century

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
О.С. Каденюк
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses

The article, on the example of Volyn, analyzes the activities of public organizations in the Ukrainian ethnic lands that became part of Poland and the Soviet Union after the signing of the Riga peace treaty. These lands were the reflection of the most tragic pages in the history of Ukraine. More than once, they have played an extraordinary role in the history of the entire Ukrainian people, which has been reflected in his fate. The defeat of national liberation competitions in 1917 - 1921 and the tragic consequences of these events for the Ukrainian statehood turned Volyn into a specific socio-political and geopolitical region. The events in these territories, as well as the policies of the governments of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the USSR and the Second Commonwealth, were decisive for the Ukrainian population living on ethnic Ukrainian lands and those who found themselves in other countries. Our research suggests that the socio-economic processes in Volyn during the interwar period were an interesting social phenomenon when Ukrainians were immigrants in their ethnic lands among Ukrainians. The line of the Soviet-Polish border, which was the frontier of the opposition, attracted the most active participants in the national liberation struggle, who continued it under new conditions of statelessness, political and ideological pressure, persecution and repression by the smelling regimes. Work and activity in the interwar period of prominent political figures of the UNR era, religious, cultural and educational figures in the territory of Western Volyn, was of great importance not only for the population of the region, but also for the Ukrainian people.In the Volyn lands, the Orthodox Church had a huge influence on the people, Christian morality in the interwar period acted as the dominant ideology. No political party or NGO has had such an impact on the masses as the church. Understanding this, the Ukrainian clergy not only defended the Orthodox faith on both sides of the borders that divided Volhynia, but also nurtured national consciousness, language, and culture.

scholarly journals Prasa radziecka wydawana w latach 30. XX w. w Republice Niemców Powołża. Wprowadzenie do zagadnienia i uwagi o języku

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 219-243
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mędelska
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
German Language ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
German Republic ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Focus

The soviet press in the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1930s. Introduction to the topic and remarks regarding languageThe author presents in brief the most significant facts from the history of Germans in Russia (from the Manifesto of Catherine II through the formation of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), outlining on this background the activities of the German language press in the Russia and in the early Soviet Union, with a primary focus on the so-called new ethnicities policy and its consequences for the German minority.In the 1920s and 1930s in the VG ASSR, publication of books, textbooks, brochures, documents and reports in German began on a massive scale, especially press and propaganda materials. The new ethnicities policy of the Soviet authorities naturally boiled down to the rapid and proper indoctrination of ethnic minorities, "educating" them in the spirit of communist ideology. For the Bolshevik party newspapers were instruments of comprehensive propaganda and agitation.Until the mid-1920s, over 70 periodicals were published in German in the entire USSR. In the Volga German Republic, 21 newspapers were published in German, including the specialized Wolgadeutsches Schulblatt, Sei Bereit, Rote Jugend, but mainly press for the canton, the kolkhoz or sovkhoz level, and even papers for machinists (Tempo. Bolschewistisches Alltägl. Bulletin, Lenins Weg). Frequently the periodicals were published in Russian alongside a German-language version, e.g. Трудовая правда and Arbeiterwahrheit, as well as publications in Russian only, including Вперед к победе.The journalists' qualifications were very low. Periodicals frequently contained reports by "rabkors" (worker correspondents) and "selkors" (village correspondents), people for whom only very recently had been quite far removed from pouring out their thoughts on paper. The pages of the papers reflected the degradation of the German language used in the USSR, its mixing with Russianisms, especially Sovietisms, including peculiar acronyms (e.g. Ambar, Arbuse, Batrake, Otlitschnik, Partorg, Smytschka, Rote Tafel, Schwarze Tafel, KK der AP(B)SU, KVA der ASSR der WD, MTS). Prasa radziecka wydawana w latach 30. XX w. w Republice Niemców Powołża. Wprowadzenie do zagadnienia i uwagi o językuAutorka przedstawiła pokrótce najważniejsze fakty z historii Niemców rosyjskich (od Manifestu Katarzyny II po powołanie Autonomicznej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej Niemców Powołża), zarysowując na tym tle dzieje prasy niemieckojęzycznej w Rosji i wczesnym ZSRR. Skupiła się głównie na tzw. nowej leninowskiej polityce narodowościowej i jej konsekwencjach dla mniejszości niemieckiej.W latach 20. i 30. XX w. w ASRR NP zaczęto masowo drukować po niemiecku książki, podręczniki, broszury, dokumenty, sprawozdania, zwłaszcza zaś materiały propagandowe i prasę. Nowa polityka narodowościowa władz radzieckich sprowadzała się oczywiście do szybkiego i sprawnego indoktrynowania mniejszości narodowych, „wychowywania” ich w duchu ideologii komunistycznej. Dla partii bolszewickiej gazety były zbiorowym propagandystą i agitatorem. Do połowy lat 20. XX w. drukowano w całym ZSRR ponad 70 periodyków niemieckojęzycznych. W Republice Niemców Powołża wydawano 21 gazet w języku niemieckim, m.in. specjalistyczne „Wolgadeutsches Schulblatt”, „Sei bereit”, „Rote Jugend”, głównie jednak prasę kantonową, kołchozową, sowchozową, a nawet gazety ośrodków maszynowych („Lenins Weg”, „Tempo. Bolschewistisches Alltägl. Bulletin”). Często wydawano gazety w języku rosyjskim i ich wersje niemieckojęzyczne, np. „Трудовая правда” i „Arbeiterwahrheit”. Wychodziła też prasa w języku rosyjskim, m.in. „Вперед к победе”. Kwalifikacje dziennikarzy były niskie. Gazety nagminnie zamieszczały relacje tzw. „rabkorów” (korespondentów robotniczych) i „sielkorów” (korespondentów wiejskich), ludzi do niedawna bardzo dalekich od przelewania myśli na papier. Na łamach prasy odzwierciedliła się degradacja języka niemieckiego w ZSRR, jego zaśmiecenie rusycyzmami, zwłaszcza sowietyzmami, w tym osobliwymi skrótowcami (np. Ambar, Arbuse, Batrake, Otlitschnik, Partorg, Smytschka, Rote Tafel, Schwarze Tafel, KK der AP(B)SU, KVA der ASSR der WD, MTS).

scholarly journals The Emergence and Restoration of the State: Latvia in 1918 and 1990

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Andrejs Gusachenko ◽  
Vineta Kleinberga
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of

Abstract On 18 November 1918, the independent Republic of Latvia was declared in an extremely complicated international and domestic environment—the First World War was still going on, empires were collapsing, and ethnically and ideologically diverse military troops were fighting within the boundaries of Latvian territory. Despite the historical context of a previously tense relationship between Latvians and other ethnic groups, representatives of all minorities fought next to Latvians against the enemies of the Latvian state. Up until 11 August 1920, when the Peace Treaty with the Soviet Russia was signed, the prospects of de jure recognition of the newly established state were blurred; yet, the defeat of the White forces in the Russian Civil War opened the long awaited “window of opportunity”, as a result of which Latvia managed to achieve its international recognition on 26 January 1921. More than seventy years later, on 4 May 1990, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), the international and domestic situation was no less complicated. Latvia was forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 and became part of it, yet the economic and political deterioration of the Soviet Union, the national awakening in the Baltic States and other Soviet republics alongside the fall of the Berlin Wall gave momentum for the regime to change. On 21 August 1991, after the barricades and bloody clashes with the Soviet Special Purpose Police Units (OMON) in Riga on January and the failed coup d’état in Moscow in August, Latvia’s independence once again became a reality. In the events of the 1990s, the memories of 1918 and Latvia’s independence in the period between the two world wars were crucial. It is manifested by the fact that Latvian statehood in 1991 was not established anew but restored. Acknowledging the importance of history on contemporary identification and policy-making, this article aims to provide an insight into the history of 1917–1922 and its resonance in the contemporary situation. Using the methodology of literature analysis and historical process-tracing it will reveal the complicated process of the state’s formation and recognition in the period of 1917–1922, paying particular attention to the role of the minorities and diplomatic efforts. It will also uncover the resonance of the events of 1918–1922 in the 1990s, when Latvia’s independence from the Soviet Union was declared, focusing in particular on aspects defining the statehood of Latvia and its citizenship. In this part, it will be argued that the history of 1917–1922 was brought back when the statehood of Latvia was concerned, while overshadowed by fifty years of the Soviet occupation, when the citizenship issue was on the agenda. Indeed, not only ethnic Latvians but also minorities living in Latvia played a decisive role in the efforts of restoring Latvia’s independence. However, as a result of the Citizenship Law,1 adopted in 1994, more than one-fourth of the population—in most cases, representatives of the Russian-speaking community—were denied citizenship. This practice contrasts the Act that had been adopted in the interwar period, when Latvian citizenship was granted to all ethnic groups who were living within the borders of the then agreed Latvian territory, notwithstanding their diverse ideological background. Given this fact, the article provides future research opportunities related to perceptions of history in contemporary policy-making.

scholarly journals The history of the university in the language of documents (by the 100th anniversary of Dmitry Ushakov’s birth)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
Life Path ◽  
The University ◽  
Central Scientific

The compilation of documents was prepared for the 100th anniversary of the Associate Professor of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, director of the Central Scientific Library of the University, hero of the Soviet Union - Dmitry Andriyovych Ushakov. A legendary man, an iconic personality who left a bright page in the 215-year history of the University. The material includes memories about Dmitry`s Andriyovych colleagues, students, friends by Astakhova Valentyna Ilarionivna, a honorary citizen of Kharkiv, Ph.D of History, a professor, Advisor to the rector of Kharkiv Humanitarian University "People's Ukrainian Academy", by Karpov Olexandr Mykolayovych, the Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor, Ukranian People's Deputy of the second/third/forth convocations of the Verkhovna Rada, by Ruban Valery Volodymyrovych, Associate Professor, political technologist. The paper describes the challenging life path of D. A. Ushakov, his participation in the battles at the Kursk Bulge, his commanding of the sapper unit during the forced crossing of the Dnieper River, teaching at the University and the atmosphere in the society of the era of stagnation. The memoirs tell about the conversations of Dmitry Andriyovych with colleagues about the history of the war, the events in the country, the policy of the CPSU, these conversations were absolutely frank, even critically revealing by nature. But, from the other side, holidays joyfully celebrated together, joint rest, everyday meetings with friends and colleagues were also mentioned. From pages of the memoirs all the greatness and at the same time all the modesty of this heroic person appears, it becomes clear for what colleagues respected him so much and highly appreciated the acquaintance with such an extraordinary person as Dmitry Andriyovych Ushakov. The collection also includes personal front-line letters of D. A. Ushakov to his future wife, Ella Vasyliyivna Goncharova.

Century of Ukraine's diplomatic service

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Yuriy Makar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Committee ◽  
The West ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National University ◽  
Central Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth

On December 22, 2017 the Ukrainian Diplomatic Service marked the 100thanniversary of its establishment and development. In dedication to such a momentous event, the Department of International Relations of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University has published a book of IR Dept’s ardent activity since its establishment. It includes information both in Ukrainian and English on the backbone of the collective and their versatile activities, achievements and prospects for the future. The author delves into retracing the course of the history of Ukrainian Diplomacy formation and development. The author highlights the roots of its formation, reconsidering a long way of its development that coincided with the formation of basic elements of Ukrainian statehood that came into existence as a result of the war of national liberation – the Ukrainian Central Rada (the Central Council of Ukraine). Later, the Ukrainian or so-called State the Hetmanate was under study. The Directorat (Directory) of Ukraine, being a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was given a thorough study. Of particular interest for the research are diplomatic activities of the West Ukrainian People`s Republic. Noteworthy, the author emphasizes on the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic’s foreign policy, forced by the Bolshevist Russia. A further important implication is both the challenges of the Ukrainian statehood establishing and Ukraine’s functioning as a state, first and foremost, stemmed from the immaturity and conscience-unawareness of the Ukrainian society, that, ultimately, has led to the fact, that throughout the twentieth century Ukraine as a statehood, being incorporated into the Soviet Union, could hardly be recognized as a sovereign state. Our research suggests that since the beginning of the Ukrainian Diplomacy establishment and its further evolution, it used to be unprecedentedly fabricated and forged. On a wider level, the research is devoted to centennial fight of Ukraine against Russian violence and aggression since the WWI, when in 1917 the Russian Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, started real Russian war against Ukraine. Apropos, in the about-a-year-negotiation run, Ukraine, eventually, failed to become sovereign. Remarkably, Ukraine finally gained its independence just in late twentieth century. Nowadays, Russia still regards Ukraine as a part of its own strategic orbit,waging out a carrot-and-stick battle. Keywords: The Ukrainian People’s Republic, the State of Ukraine, the Hetmanate, the Direcorat (Directory) of Ukraine, the West Ukrainian People`s Republic, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Ukraine, the Bolshevist Russia, the Russian Federation, Ukrainian diplomacy

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