Effiziente Erfassung der Kronendichte mit Hilfe fotografischer Senkrechtaufnahmen | Efficient data assessment of canopy density with the help of vertical photographic exposures

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Coch ◽  
René Bertiller ◽  
Beat Trachsler
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Ecological Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Automatic Evaluation ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Data Assessment ◽  
Efficient Data

From the point of view of silvicultural and nature protection the canopies of forests represent an important characteristic value. However, conventional forestry methods do not allow for a differentiated ecological assessment of the changed situation of radiation following light tending interventions. The method presented here enables the collection of exact and reproducible values on the actual density of the canopy from the ground, which calls for no specialist demands on workers or equipment. The paper describes the technology of vertical exposures for both analogue and digital photographic technology. In addition, we present a specially developed programme,which allows the automatic evaluation of the digital canopy exposures. We give two examples for areas of application of the method (finely structured map of trees along a water course and documentation of forestry intervention for the resumption of traditional middle forest management). The presented methodology enables an objective assessment of measures to manage the conditions of light in forests (e.g., special forest reserves), which is significantly superior to a visual assessment with regard to accuracy and reproducibility.

scholarly journals Assessment of direct and indirect effects of building developments on the environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Hanna Szafranko
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The One

AbstractAny building construction undertaking is inseparable from the environment in which it will be executed. Among all buildings, the most difficult ones from the point of view of nature protection are those which have been classified as having a considerable impact on the environment. Roads and road infrastructure are a particular case. Construction of roads or railroads and their subsequent long-term use lead to many changes in the environment. When planning such building projects, it is recommended to develop variant solutions in order to choose the one that would be least harmful to the environment, and then to submit them to an objective assessment. To facilitate the selection of an optimal solution, assessment indicators are developed. However, it needs to be remembered that a factor perceived as a negative one in the immediate assessment might generate positive consequences on a broader scale and vice versa. Hence, an assessment of the impacts on the environment caused by building projects should be viewed in the context of indirect (global) and direct (local) effects. This article will present a model analysis of the impacts caused by a fragment of a road, including local and global effects measured by the indicator method. This method has been developed by the author of this article, who believes that it enables the user to make a complex analysis, while the graphic presentation it involves, discussed in the conclusions to this paper, helps to decide easily which factors are decisive in the final assessment of the analysed project.

Evaluation Of The Functional Of Space-Planning Arrangement Of A Building

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Cost

The article focuses on the problem of the lack of objective evaluation of space-planning arrangement of buildings as a creative approach of the architect to the performing of functional tasks by the object. It is proposed to create a methodology for assessing the functional of space-planning solutions of buildings on the basis of numerical simulation of functional processes using the theory of human flows. There is a description of the prospects of using this method, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of compactness, materials and works saving, more efficient use of space, reduce the cost of the life cycle of the building, save human forces and time to implement the functional of the building. The necessary initial data for modeling on the example of shopping and shopping-entertainment centers are considered. There are three main tasks for algorithmization of the functional of shopping centers. The conclusion is made about necessity of development of a method for objective assessment of buildings from the point of view of ergonomics of space-planning decisions based on the study of human behavior in buildings of different purposes.

Mehr Mut zur Wildnis (Essay) | A more courageous attitude to wilderness (essay)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (8) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Adrian Borgula
Keyword(s):  
Forest Area ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Total Forest Area

Where nature protection is concerned, the expert assessment of an environment poses questions about its natural and cultural heritage and its potential, about how representative it may be, about biodiversity in all its facets and about its development or potential threats to its existence. Although the forest was the dominant habitat in the original natural European landscape, for a long time nature protection has devoted too little attention to it. There are diverse threats and deficiencies. However, in the Swiss forests positive developments are discernible. Thus nature protection is one of the basic functions of the forest, nature reserves are being created, the area of the forest is increasing, as are reserves of deadwood, and greater importance is being given to regeneration suited to the site. Nevertheless much remains to be done to really achieve the goal of biodiversity and sus-tainability. For this purpose segregative and integrative measures are required. Since diversity needs surface area, in the first place it must be possible to set aside as forest reserves a quarter of the total forest area, spread over the whole country and preferably as natural forest reserves, in order to start the process of a long-term restoration to the natural state. Here the conservation of natural self-regulating processes supersedes classical nature protection. With a series of further integrative measures, biodiversity must also be promoted over the whole remaining forest area and in the areas of transition to other habitats. An abundance of varied structures is the key to diversity of species. A more courageous attitude to wilderness and “untidiness” when dealing with the forest is to be recommended. Nature experiences in wilderness areas give the population the possibility of discovering diversity and natural processes and encourage respect for the innumerable other species and habitats.

Visual assessment of CPR quality during pediatric cardiac arrest: Does point of view matter?

Resuscitation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Jones ◽  
Yiqun Lin ◽  
Alberto Nettel-Aguirre ◽  
Elaine Gilfoyle ◽  
Adam Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cpr Quality

scholarly journals Effect of alcohol on bards agrochemical soil properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Glovyn
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Cattle Breeders

The influence of distillery stillage doses on the yield of wheatgrass hay on agrochemical properties of soils in general is considered in the article. The most effective dose of distillery stillage under existing conditions is revealed. Nitrogen is the decisive factor for the yield of the crops. Widespread deficiency of nitrogen represents scientific and practical interest for the agro-chemistry studying transformation of nitrogen in soil-fertilizer-plant system for the purpose of increase in efficiency of crops quality in the biological relation. Increase in the main production of distilleries and conse-quently in waste products of the spirit industry, low demand from cattle breeders on the distillery stillage (feeding of cattle with distillery stillage is precisely connected with seasons, i.e. it is fed, mainly, during the stall period) has led to the fact that nearly 50% of it could not be sold. Development and deployment of new waste-free technologies of production of alcohol will demand a lot of time and expenses, and the unused stil-lage comes to ponds stores daily which are gradually overflowed that endangers the ecological condition of croplands and open reservoirs, adjacent to distilleries. Moreover, long storage in ponds leads it to spoiling, stratification and formation of a ground deposit. Therefore the problem of stillage utilization is very actual now and demands an integrated approach to its consideration as it has to be considered in the economic point of view, and from compliance to requirements of the nature protection legislation. One of the solutions of the problem stillage utilization is its application in agriculture as fertilizer. In Ukraine, the grain bards resources are quite significant, given the volume of alcohol SE Ukrspirt. The volume pislyaspyrtovoyi bards on modern technology is per 1 dm3 alcohol 11 ... 13 dm3 bards. However, it can be stored quickly sour, costly transportation to the consumer. Reset distillery bards in the river leads to significant environmental degradation. It solids accumulate in water pipes and riverbeds, decompose and pollute the environment. To build bards were repositories (filtration fields), which naturally occurs mechanical, chemical and biological treatment of waste. In bioshari formed in a layer of filtration load, the sewage draining into the ground, organic matter biodegradable. This mechanism is similar to the process of composting cut vegetation, household food waste and so on.

scholarly journals Performance Method for Innovative Activity on the Achieved Level of the Country‘s Socioeconomic Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3678-3686
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Environment ◽  
World Ranking

The purpose of this study is to make an attempt to assess the innovation activity on the achieved result , expressed in indicators that determine the socioeconomic level of country development, as it is the purpose of innovation In the applied method of calculating the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovation (Data environment Analysis) these indicators were the results, while the indicators of innovation were considered as a "resource". Rental indicators, Gini index and others , reflecting (directly or indirectly) the result of innovations was also taken into account. The results showed values that were less inconsistent with the estimates for other related indexes and indicators , while the evaluation with existing methods gave more inaccurate results. This suggests that the proposed method gives a more objective assessment of the innovation level in the country and more accurately determines the country 's place in the world ranking. The main source of the world economy development today is the innovation, an integrated assessment of which on a national scale can itself act as an indicator of the level of economic and — in a broader sense — the socio-economic level of the country development . From this point of view, an objective assessment of the innovation development level, as well as the development and proposal of methods for its evaluation are still relevant. Up-to-date assessment methods mainly assess the potential of countries to develop innovations, while their achieved level should be assessed, since, with significant differences in the development of countries , these potential opportunities can be realized to varying degrees.

Methodological Approach to Assessing the Economic Efficiency of Digital Projects Applying Internet of Things Platforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Yu. Mishin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Iot Platforms

One of the key ones and most cost-effective technology from an economic point of view for the real sector is the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which is usually provided in the form of Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, still does not have its own framework for assessing its economic efficiency. The author proposes a methodological approach based on a combination of classical methods of investment analysis and an architectural approach. From the information point of view the scientific work is based on cost-effectiveness studies of IoT projects, domestic and foreign scientific publications, IT cases and research on taxonomy of IoT platforms. The proposed approach may serve as the basis both for preparation of financial business cases and for facilitating the development of tools for objective assessment of the project initiatives attractiveness as part of implementation of the state digital development programs in Russia.

scholarly journals Sind Naturwaldreservate naturnäher als der Schweizer Wald?

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Heiri ◽  
Urs-Beat Brändli ◽  
Harald Bugmann ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Long Run

Do strict forest reserves feature more naturalness than the Swiss forest? In natural forest reserves (NFR), forests develop in the absence of direct human interference, primarily management. This increases their naturalness and should – in the long run – allow forests to regain primeval attributes. Based on stand structural data from the third National Forest Inventory (NFI) and 25 NFR in Switzerland, we investigate 1) whether NFR feature more naturalness than managed forests, 2) whether the naturalness of Swiss forests increases with the time elapsed since the cessation of management, and 3) to what extent NFR differ from Swiss forests that have not been managed during several decades. Thereby, we focus on the four main forest types beech, silver fir-beech, silver fir-Norway spruce and Norway spruce forests, and furthermore group the data according to the time since the last intervention (0–20, 21–50 and > 50 years.). The structural features investigated differ only slightly between NFR and managed forest (0–20 years). NFR feature a higher abundance of “giant” trees (dbh ≥ 80 cm), higher stem numbers and greater basal area, and thus a higher growing stock. The abundance of snags, however, is indistinguishable between the two types of forests. Naturalness in Swiss forests increases only slightly with time since the last intervention, indicated by a higher abundance of small snags and a slightly higher number of giant trees. By contrast, clear differences can be seen between NFR in which no intervention has taken place for at least 50 years, and other forests abandoned for a similarly long time, with NFR showing lower stem numbers, greater basal area and higher numbers of giant trees. Many of the investigated reserves are still affected by former management and are – from the point of view of primeval forest dynamics – still quite “young”. According to their naturalness, the NFR range between managed and primeval forests, although to date they are still closer to the former. Nevertheless, the differences found in our study indicate a steady development of the NFR towards stand structures that are characteristic of primeval forests.

scholarly journals Typological Safety of the Russian Language as the Necessary Condition of Cultural and Intellectual Self-Identification of the Russian Society

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-428
Author(s):  
Olga Valentinova ◽  
Michail Rybakov ◽  
Alicja Pstyga
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
False Result ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Modern Russian

Phenomena characteristic for speech works of all functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, which are traditionally considered from the normative-didactic point of view: violation of case coordination, the appearance of the plural in abstract nouns, the non-identification of voice, the lack of correlation between the subject of the participial construction and the subject of the sentence etc. - are discussed by the authors of the article from the standpoint of modern systemic linguistics. The method of the systemic typology of languages used by researchers makes it possible to reveal a tendency to isolation that is firmly established in modern Russian speech. The deformation of the flectionality of the Russian language, caused by the growth of the cultural heterogeneity of the language collective, while preserving such parameters of the external determinant, which determines the inflectional grammatical type, as the size of the language collective and the communication mode, not only hampers the expression of complex meanings, but also makes them ultimately unclaimed in society, reducing the continuity in the transfer of socially significant experience. If the structures of relations between signs cease to be socially unified, the language collective loses the ability to reproduce and recognize the signs of the speech flow and associate them with certain components of the extra-linguistic thinking content. The external preservation of flexion and grammatical coordination in the event of a violation of the forecast function in the designation of cause-effect relationships of the developing event, does not indicate flexiveness, and therefore statistical methods for determining the degree of flexiveness will give a false result. An objective assessment of the language and socio-cultural situation in society and scientifically grounded adjustment of the language policy could be possible only on the base of research of the measure and nature of the discrepancy between the external determinant and the grammatical type of language.

scholarly journals Mapping Sensitive Vegetation Communities in Mining Eco-space using UAV-LiDAR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikram Banerjee ◽  
Simit Raval
Keyword(s):  
Longwall Mining ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Efficient Data

Near earth sensing from unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs has emerged as a potential approach for fine-scale environmental monitoring. These systems provide a cost-effective and repeatable means to acquire remotely sensed images in unprecedented spatial detail and high signal-to-noise ratio. It is becoming increasingly possible to obtain both physiochemical and structural insights of the environment using state-of-art light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors integrated onto UAVs. Monitoring of sensitive environments, such as swamp vegetation in longwall mining areas is important, yet challenging due to their inherent complexities. Current practices for monitoring these remote and difficult environments are primarily ground-based. This is partly due to an absent framework and challenges of using UAV-based sensor systems in monitoring such sensitive environments. This research addresses the related challenges in the development of a LiDAR system including a workflow for mapping and potentially monitoring highly heterogeneous and complex environments. This involves the amalgamation of several design components, which include hardware integration, calibration of sensors, mission planning, and designing of a processing chain to generate usable datasets. It also includes the creation of new methodologies and processing routines to establish a pipeline for efficient data retrieval and generation of usable products. The designed systems and methods were applied on a peat swamp environment to obtain accurate geo-spatialised LiDAR point cloud. Performance of the LiDAR data was tested against ground-based measurements on various aspects including visual assessment for generation LiDAR metrices maps, canopy height model, and fine-scale mapping.

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