scholarly journals GERMAN INFINITIVE IN THE SYSTEM OF PARTS OF SPEECH

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
S. KOROL ◽  
Keyword(s):  
German Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Action Process ◽  
Sentence Subject ◽  
Syntactic Context ◽  
Object Attribute

The article deals with the main features of the infinitive, the specifics of its grammatical and syntactic functions in modern German language. It is found out that the infinitive has partial properties of both the verb and the noun. Therefore, the infinitive is considered a morpho-syntactically hybrid phenomenon, which is between the noun and the verb in the classification of parts of speech. The author proves that although infinitive and differs from a verb that it has no personal forms and the form of number, however as well as a verb expresses an action, process or state, has grammatical categories of time and state. The concept of infinitive time is special, because it does not express absolute time, but only the temporal ratio of actions. This time value is expressed in two forms Infinitive Present / Infinitive I and Infinitive Perfect / Infinitive II. The use of Infinitive I is responsible for the simultaneity or continuity of action, and Infinitive II for premature action. The grammatical category of the state of the German infinitive has six different forms: Infinitive I Active, Infinitive II Active, Infinitive I Passive, Infinitive II Passive, Infinitive I Stative, Infinitive II Stative. The affinity of the infinitive to the verb can be traced in the possibility of the formation of analytical verb forms (Future I, Future II, Conditional I, Conditional II), as well as in the function of the predicate in the sentence. As a result of the research it has been found that as well as a noun, the infinitive can express an action, process or state without specifying the person, number, method and time, it is easily substantivized and performs the appropriate syntactic functions. The analysis allows us to assert the powerful potential of the infinitive in the syntactic context, because it can perform the functions of both the main members of the sentence (subject, predicate) and secondary (object, attribute, adverbial modefier). This syntactic polyfunctionality of the infinitive distinguishes it from verb finite forms, which act only as a predicate.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

Lexicographer’s Lacunas or How to Deal with Missing Representative Dictionary Forms on the Example of Czech

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kováříková ◽  
Michal Škrabal ◽  
Václav Cvrček ◽  
Lucie Lukešová ◽  
Jiří Milička
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Frequency Threshold

Abstract When compiling a list of headwords, every lexicographer comes across words with an unattested representative dictionary form in the data. This study focuses on how to distinguish between the cases when this form is missing due to a lack of data and when there are some systemic or linguistic reasons. We have formulated lexicographic recommendations for different types of such ‘lacunas’ based on our research carried out on Czech written corpora. As a prerequisite, we calculated a frequency threshold to find words that should have the representative form attested in the data. Based on a manual analysis of 2,700 nouns, adjectives and verbs that do not, we drew up a classification of lacunas. The reasons for a missing dictionary form are often associated with limited collocability and non-preference for the representative grammatical category. Findings on unattested word forms also have significant implications for language potentiality.

scholarly journals Achievements of the academic grammar school

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodensʹka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Functional Syntax ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Formation System

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.

scholarly journals Political Narratives on Crimea in German Language Media

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Ulrike REISNER
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
German Language ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Fractal Description

Political narratives on Crimea in German Language Media have been subjected to discourse analysis using the method of fractal description developed by the author. The analysis of 720 headlines in five leading media of Germany, Switzerland and Austria (2014 and 2019) has revealed that Crimea-related reporting was inconsistent and showed remarkably little substance in the facts. A long list of important questions in connection with the 2014 events have not been even asked by German-language media. A classification of the events in Crimea into large subject areas of contemporary historical, political and geostrategic nature is still almost completely lacking.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

scholarly journals Some issiues of prepositional problems (on modern German language material

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliso Koridze
Keyword(s):  
Closed System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
German Language ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Independent Member ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Object Attribute

The class of modern German prepositions is not a closed system. In it the old linguistic units are constantly disappearing and new ones are emerging. The preposition in the row of speech parts is presented next to orher, auxiliary and unchangable word classes. Unlike them, the preposition has the abilikty to manage. The pokisemy of prepositions determaines the siversity of their meaning and functioning. This issue es especially interesting at the syntax level. The proposal is not an independent member, but is always part of any member of the proposal. It can appear with object, attribute and adverbial modifier. But in thid case the decisive role is playes by the factor belongigng to the pre-existing old, new named unit. The management of the prepositions is conditioned not onle by the turnover but by the preposition itself, which id directly related to the distribution. In this case it is related to both autosemnatic and synesemantic words, but the actualization of the preposition is mainly influenced by the full-meaning word – verb.

scholarly journals On the interaction of Linguistic Typology and Functional Grammar

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rijkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
Sampling Methodology ◽  
Layered Model ◽  
Distinct Word

Research conducted within the wider theoretical framework of Dik’s Functional Grammar has resulted in important contributions to linguistic typology, and, vice versa, empirical facts from a wide variety of languages have significantly improved the theory of Functional Grammar, especially regarding its typological adequacy. This article discusses the following contributions to Linguistic Typology: the development of a sound sampling methodology, classification of noun categories (Seinsarten), an account of (so-called) number discord, the introduction of the new grammatical category of ‘nominal aspect’, a new typology of classifiers, and a universal concerning the occurrence of adjectives as a distinct word class. Conversely it will be shown that facts from many different languages have played an important role in the development of a layered model of the noun phrase in Functional Grammar and how currently these facts are used to test hypotheses concerning parallels between NPs and clauses.

scholarly journals The origin of the Northern Subject Rule: subject positions and verbal morphosyntax in older English

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
NYNKE DE HAAS ◽  
ANS VAN KEMENADE
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Subject Positions ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Early English ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Syntactic Context

This article presents new evidence for the early history of the Northern Subject Rule in the form of an exhaustive corpus study of plural present-tense indicative verb forms in Northern and Northern Midlands early Middle English, analysed in relation to their syntactic context, including subject type and subject–verb adjacency. We show that variation between -∅/e/n and -s endings was conditioned by both subject type and adjacency in a core area around Yorkshire, whereas in more peripheral areas, the adjacency condition was weaker and often absent.We present an analysis of these facts in relation to the presence of multiple subject positions in early English, which we show contra earlier literature to be relevant for Northern English as well, We view -∅/e/n endings as ‘true’ agreement, which in the relevant dialects is limited to contexts with pronominal subjects in a high subject position, Spec,AgrSP; other forms of agreement (-s or -th) represent default inflection occurring elsewhere. This analysis supports the hypothesis that the NSR arose when the extant morphological variation in Northern Old English was reanalysed as an effect of pre-existing multiple subject positions.

Arte de hablar y pragmática

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-121
Author(s):  
Joaquín Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Grammatical Theories

Summary This paper deals with the work of the Spanish polygraph Eduardo Benot (1822–1907) and aims at an explanation of some the basic concepts of his grammatical theories. In particular, Benot’s choice of concepts (system, sign, and illocutionary function) is discussed from a modern functional and pragmatic perspective without, however, erasing the linguistic tradition of philosophical and ideological thought that informed his argument. Benot perceives ‘system’ as relational, the opposite of a mere composite of elements. His focus on relationships remains salient throughout his works; for instance, the concept of case, his classification of parts of speech, the fact that the clause is understood as the nuclear grammatical unit are evidence of his approach. Moreover, his particular view of sign and illocutionary function are evidence of his understanding of language as a socially interactive device. Indeed, it is argued that ‘intention’ is at the bottom of his analysis of the linguistic sign: two human minds are required for the linguistic sign to be fully realized. Whereas the first one exhibits and expresses communicative and informative intention, the second understands it. The author finds an astonishing similarity between Benot’s theories and those of modern-day language philosophers like H. P. Grice and others and their concepts of ‘illocutionary function’ and ‘illocutive force’. This similarity, the author holds, is not merely one of terminology, but of the notions of truth conditions and illocutive force within a proposition which were were handled quite similarly by Benot several generations earlier.

DIALOG ACT CLASSIFICATION USING ACOUSTIC AND DISCOURSE INFORMATION OF MAPTASK DATA

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATEMA N. JULIA ◽  
KHAN M. IFTEKHARUDDIN ◽  
ATIQ U. ISLAM
Keyword(s):  
Classifier Fusion ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Better Than

Dialog act (DA) classification is useful to understand the intentions of a human speaker. An effective classification of DA can be exploited for realistic implementation of expert systems. In this work, we investigate DA classification using both acoustic and discourse information for HCRC MapTask data. We extract several different acoustic features and exploit these features using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) network to classify acoustic information. For discourse feature extraction, we propose a novel parts-of-speech (POS) tagging technique that effectively reduces the dimensionality of discourse features. To classify discourse information, we exploit two classifiers such as a HMM and Support Vector Machine (SVM). We further obtain classifier fusion between HMM and SVM to improve discourse classification. Finally, we perform an efficient decision-level classifier fusion for both acoustic and discourse information to classify 12 different DAs in MapTask data. We obtain 65.2% and 55.4% DA classification rates using acoustic and discourse information, respectively. Furthermore, we obtain combined accuracy of 68.6% for DA classification using both acoustic and discourse information. These accuracy rates of DA classification are either comparable or better than previously reported results for the same data set. For average precision and recall, we obtain accuracy rates of 74.89% and 69.83%, respectively. Therefore, we obtain much better precision and recall rates for most of the classified DAs when compared to existing works on the same HCRC MapTask data set.

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