scholarly journals Different impacts of plant proteins and animal proteins on human health through altering gut microbiotaant proteins and animal proteins on human health through altering gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baojun Xu ◽  
Sunil Christudas ◽  
Ramya Devi Devaraj
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Enormous Number

Dietary proteins exert a wide range of nutritional and biological functions. Apart from their nutritional roles as the source of amino acids for protein synthesis, they take part mainly in the regulation of food intake, blood pressure, bone metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune functions. The interaction of dietary proteins with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a chief role in determining the physiological properties of proteins. The enzymes protease and peptidase hydrolyze dietary protein to generate dipeptides, tripeptides, and amino acids in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These products digested from dietary proteins are utilized in the small intestine by microbes. Moreover, the microbes also convert the macro and micronutrients from the diet into an enormous number of compounds that may have either beneficial or adverse effects on human health. The present review discusses the various impacts caused by both dietary plant and animal protein sources on microbiota in the GI tract.Keywords: Animal protein; Plant protein; Dietary proteins; Gut microbiota; Human health.

The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3567-3583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Gabriella Garruti ◽  
Fabio Minervini ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

High animal protein diet and gut microbiota in human health

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jie Cai ◽  
Zhongxu Chen ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Qinlu Lin ◽  
Ying Liang
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
High Animal

scholarly journals Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis Between Human and Gut-Dominant Bacteroides Species Through Bacterial Assimilation of Host Mucosubstances

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Sato ◽  
Kanta Kajikawa ◽  
Tomoya Kumon ◽  
Daisuke Watanabe ◽  
Ryuichi Takase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Host

AbstractThe composition of gut microbiota is influenced by the quantity and type of nutrients in host. Even with some Bacteroides species being categorized as pathogens, Bacteroides is one of the most dominant gut bacteria. Here we indicate the physiological determinants of the species of Bacteroides for being dominant in human gut microbiota. Each of the host extracellular mucosubstances including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and mucin has grown human gut microbiota. In spite of the differences among initial microbiota profiles, Bacteroides species dominated the community when GAG (e.g., chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronan) was used as a sole carbon source. In fact, GAGs and the Bacteroides genes which are vital for the degradation of GAGs were commonly detected in human feces. Mucin has encouraged the growth of Bacteroides and several other genera. A comprehensive analysis on the degradation and assimilation of mucosubstances by the genus Bacteroides using around 30 species has shown that most species degrade and assimilate GAGs and mucin, showing that Bacteroides species can survive even in the undernutrition condition including the fasting state. In the assimilation of GAG or mucin, Bacteroides species significantly secreted essential amino acids, γ-amino butyrate (GABA), and/or short-chain fatty acids which are needed for human health. This is the first report as regards mutually beneficial interaction between human and Bacteroides species via bacterial assimilation of host mucosubstances and secretion of metabolites for host health promotion.SignificanceThe genus Bacteroides is one of the most dominant gut bacteria, although its beneficial effects on human health have not been well understood. Here, we show modes of action in human-Bacteroides interrelationship. Mucosubstances including GAGs and mucin secreted by human host are abundant in gut for microbiota to grow well. Bacteroides species are dominant in the community in the presence of GAGs, and provide human host with a considerable amount of essential amino acids, γ-amino butyrate, and short-chain fatty acids produced from mucosubstances. These results postulate mutually beneficial symbiosis system between human and Bacteroides through bacterial assimilation of host mucosubstances and secretion of metabolites for human body and mental health promotion even in the undernutrition condition including the fasting state.

Cross Talk Between Functional Foods and Gut Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 330-351
Author(s):  
Kiran Thakur ◽  
Jian Guo Zhang ◽  
Zhao-Jun Wei ◽  
Narendra Kumar ◽  
Sudhir Kumar Tomar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
The Many

The phrase “Let food be the medicine and medicine be the food,” coined by Hippocrates over 2500 years ago is receiving a lot of interest today as food scientists and consumers realize the many health benefits of certain foods. Lately, consumer's choice in food consumption has improved considerably due to the acknowledgment of the fact that foods influence the overall human health. There has been a growing interest over the years to explore beneficial gut microbiota and different interventions are devised to modulate the microbiota through the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Besides improving intestinal health, functional food ingredients also have the potential to restore the gut homeostasis during intestinal disorders conditions. The human gut has a marked effect on the nutritional and health status of the host due to the presence of diverse bacterial species, which develop important metabolic and immune functions. This makes intestinal microbiota a target for nutritional and therapeutic interventions and a factor which influence the biological activity of other food compounds .This chapter attempts to highlight how the reciprocal interactions take place between the gut microbiota and functional food components and how these interactions affect human health and manage various metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Computational genomic discovery of diverse gene clusters harboring Fe-S flavoenzymes in anaerobic gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victòria Pascal Andreu ◽  
Michael A. Fischbach ◽  
Marnix H. Medema
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Enzyme Superfamily ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACTThe gut contains an enormous diversity of simple as well as complex molecules from highly diverse food sources as well as host-secreted molecules. This presents a large metabolic opportunity for the gut microbiota, but little is known on how gut microbes are able to catabolize this large chemical diversity. Recently, Fe-S flavoenzymes were found to be key in the transformation of bile acids, catalysing the key step in the 7α-dehydroxylation pathway that allows gut bacteria to transform cholic acid (CA) into deoxycholic acid (DCA), an exclusively microbe-derived molecule with major implications for human health. While this enzyme family has also been implicated in a limited number of other catalytic transformations, little is known about the extent to which it is of more global importance in gut microbial metabolism. Here, we use large-scale computational genomic analysis to show that this enzyme superfamily has undergone a remarkable expansion in Clostridiales, and occurs throughout a diverse array of >1,000 different families of putative metabolic gene clusters. Analysis of the enzyme content of these gene clusters suggests that they encode pathways with a wide range of predicted substrate classes, including saccharides, amino acids/peptides and lipids. Altogether, these results indicate a potentially important role of this protein superfamily in the human gut, and our dataset provides significant opportunities for the discovery of novel pathways that may have significant effects on human health.

Cultural, morphological, and physiological characteristics of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th)

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1842-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Thermomonospora Fusca ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Wide Range

The cultural, morphological, and physiological properties of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th) are described. Its physiological properties show that this species is primarily a carbohydrate-degrading actinomycete which can use a wide range of plant sugars and polymeric carbohydrates as sources of carbon and energy. The culture does not use proteins or amino acids for carbon and energy, or as a nitrogen source. A few organic acids are utilized. Ammonia is the preferred nitrogen source. The culture has trace nutrient requirements which include biotin and an undetermined number of amino acids. These and other physiological characteristics are discussed in relation to the roles that T. fusca carries out as a saprophytic bacterium in nature. Its cultural and morphological properties are discussed in relation to the taxonomic status of this species in the literature.

Synthesis of Elaborate Benzofuran-2-Carboxamide Derivatives Through a Combination of 8-Aminoquinoline Directed C–H Arylations and Transamidations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oschmann ◽  
Linus Johansson Holm ◽  
Oscar Verho
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Small Molecule Screening ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Directing Group ◽  
Synthetic Sequence

Benzofurans are everywhere in nature and they have been extensively studied by medicinal chemists over the years because of their chemotherapeutic and physiological properties. Herein, we describe a strategy that can be used to access elaborate benzo-2-carboxamide derivatives, which involves a synthetic sequence of 8-aminoquinoline directed C–H arylations followed by transamidations. For the directed C–H arylations, Pd catalysis was used to install a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl substituents at the C3 position of the benzofuran scaffold in high efficiency. Directing group cleavage and further diversification of the C3-arylated benzofuran products were then achieved in a single synthetic operation through the utilization of a two-step transamidation protocol. By bocylating the 8-aminoquinoline amide moiety of these products, it proved possible to activate them towards aminolysis with different amine nucleophiles. Interestingly, this aminolysis reaction was found to proceed efficiently without the need of any additional catalyst or additive. Given the high efficiency and modularity of this synthetic strategy, it constitute a very attractive approach for generating structurally-diverse collections of benzofuran derivatives for small molecule screening.

Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsong Gu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Branched chain amino acids are the essential nutrients for humans and many animals. As functional amino acids, they play important roles in physiological functions, including immune functions. Isoleucine, as one of the branched chain amino acids, is also critical in physiological functions of the whole body, such as growth, immunity, protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and glucose transportation. Isoleucine can improve the immune system, including immune organs, cells and reactive substances. Recent studies have also shown that isoleucine may induce the expression of host defense peptides (i.e., β-defensins) that can regulate host innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, isoleucine administration can restore the effect of some pathogens on the health of humans and animals via increasing the expression of β-defensins. Therefore, the present review will emphatically discuss the effect of isoleucine on immunity while summarizing the relationship between branched chain amino acids and immune functions.

Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedin Abdallah ◽  
Evera Elemba ◽  
Qingzhen Zhong ◽  
Zewei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

10 THE ROLE OF DIETARY L-SERINE IN THE REGULATION OF INTESTINAL MUCUS BARRIER DURING INFLAMMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S42-S42
Author(s):  
Kohei Sugihara ◽  
Nobuhiko Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice ◽  
Mucus Barrier

Abstract Background Recent accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids have crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), amino acid metabolism is changed in both host and the gut microbiota. Among amino acids, L-serine plays a central role in several metabolic processes that are essential for the growth and survival of both mammalian and bacterial cells. However, the role of L-serine in intestinal homeostasis and IBD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-serine on intestinal inflammation in a murine model of colitis. Methods Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed either a control diet (amino acid-based diet) or an L-serine-deficient diet (SDD). Colitis was induced by the treatment of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The gut microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. We also evaluate the effect of dietary L-serine in germ-free mice and gnotobiotic mice that were colonized by a consortium of non-mucolytic bacterial strains or the consortium plus mucolytic bacterial strains. Results We found that the SDD exacerbated experimental colitis in SPF mice. However, the severity of colitis in SDD-fed mice was comparable to control diet-fed mice in germ-free condition, suggesting that the gut microbiota is required for exacerbation of colitis caused by the restriction of dietary L-serine. The gut microbiome analysis revealed that dietary L-serine restriction fosters the blooms of a mucus-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in the inflamed gut. Consistent with the expansion of mucolytic bacteria, SDD-fed mice showed a loss of the intestinal mucus layer. Dysfunction of the mucus barrier resulted in increased intestinal permeability, thereby leading to bacterial translocation to the intestinal mucosa, which subsequently increased the severity of colitis. The increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation were observed in SDD-fed gnotobiotic mice that colonized by mucolytic bacteria. In contrast, dietary L-serine restriction did not alter intestinal barrier integrity in gnotobiotic mice that colonized only by non-mucolytic bacteria. Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary L-serine regulates the integrity of the intestinal mucus barrier during inflammation by limiting the expansion of mucus degrading bacteria.

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