Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
Ricardo Torres-Jardón ◽  
Maricela Franco-Lira ◽  
Randy Kulesza ◽  
Angélica González-Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Brain Involvement ◽  
Health Support

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.

scholarly journals Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-503
Author(s):  
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
Ricardo Torres-Jardón ◽  
Maricela Franco-Lira ◽  
Randy Kulesza ◽  
Angélica González-Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Brain Involvement ◽  
Health Support

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.

Temporal trends in living kidney donation in France between 2007 and 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Gaillard ◽  
Lola Jacquemont ◽  
Veena Roberts ◽  
Laetitia Albano ◽  
Julien Allard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
National Registry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kidney Donation ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Living Kidney Donation ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Living Kidney Donors ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Long-term studies have demonstrated a slight increased risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for living kidney donors (LKD). In France, living kidney donation doubled within the past 10 years. We investigated the change in characteristics of LKD between 2007 and 2017 and the adequacy of follow-up. Methods Data were obtained from the national registry for LKD. We compared characteristics of LKD between two study periods: 2007–11 and 2012–17, and stratified donors by age and relation to recipient. We aggregated four characteristics associated with higher ESRD risk [young age, first-degree relation to recipient, obesity, low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for age] in a single risk indicator ranging from 0 to 4. Results We included 3483 donors. The proportion of unrelated donors >56 years of age increased significantly. The proportion of related donors <56 years of age decreased significantly. The body mass index and proportion of obese donors did not change significantly. The proportion of donors with low estimated GFR for age decreased significantly from 5% to 2.2% (P < 0.001). The proportion of donors with adequate follow-up after donation increased from 19.6% to 42.5% (P < 0.001). No donor had a risk indicator equal to 4, and the proportion of donors with a risk indicator equal to 0 increased significantly from 19.2% to 24.9% (P < 0.001). Conclusions An increase in living kidney donation in France does not seem to be associated with the selection of donors at higher risk of ESRD and the proportion of donors with adequate annual follow-up significantly increased.

scholarly journals Challenges and results of a school-based intervention to manage excess weight among school children in Tunisia 2012–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihen Maatoug ◽  
Sihem Ben Fredj ◽  
Zeineb Msakni ◽  
Emna Dendana ◽  
Jihene Sahli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
The Body ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
School Based ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Obesity is a serious health issue and predisposes individuals to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence in children has increased worldwide. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of a school-based management program based on healthy lifestyle promotion for obese and overweight adolescents in Sousse, Tunisia. Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study among overweight and obese school children enrolled in 7th and 8th grades in Sousse, Tunisia with two groups, intervention and control. The 1-year intervention was based on promoting healthy eating and physical activity through a collective intervention for all recruited children and an individual intervention only for obese children who require intensive managing. Data collection was done before, at the end and at a 4-month follow up of the intervention, both in intervention and control groups. Results: The body mass index Z score decreased significantly from pre-intervention to post-intervention (1.89±0.57 to 1.76±0.63, p<0.001) and from post-intervention to the follow-up (1.76±0.63 to 1.55±0.68, p<0.001) in the intervention group. In the control group, it decreased significantly from pre-intervention to post-intervention but not significantly from post-intervention to follow-up assessment. Calorie intake decreased significantly both in intervention and control groups. Conclusion: This project began with introducing a new culture of health management in schools on one side and with increasing awareness of the importance of obesity prevention and treatment. The support of authorities for this type of action is very important to guarantee its sustainability.

scholarly journals Air pollution exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion in the Nurses’ Health Study II

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1809-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey J Gaskins ◽  
Jaime E Hart ◽  
Jorge E Chavarro ◽  
Stacey A Missmer ◽  
Janet W Rich-Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Crossover Analysis

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is there an association between air pollution exposures and the risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB)? SUMMARY ANSWER Higher exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution above and beyond a woman’s average exposure may be associated with greater risk of SAB, particularly among women experiencing at least one SAB during follow-up. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is sufficient biologic plausibility to suggest that air pollution adversely affects early pregnancy outcomes, particularly pregnancy loss; however, the evidence is limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Our prospective cohort study included 19 309 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II who contributed a total of 35 025 pregnancies between 1990 and 2008. We also conducted a case-crossover analysis among 3585 women (11 212 pregnancies) with at least one SAB and one live birth during follow-up. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Proximity to major roadways and exposure to PM <10 microns (PM10), 2.5–10 microns (PM2.5–10) and <2.5 microns (PM2.5) were determined for residential addresses between 1989 and 2007. Pregnancy outcomes were self-reported biannually throughout follow-up and comprehensively in 2009. Multivariable log-binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the risk ratios and 95% CIs of SAB. Conditional logistic regression was used for the case-crossover analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During the 19 years of follow-up, 6599 SABs (18.8% of pregnancies) were reported. In the main analysis, living closer to a major roadway and average exposure to PM10, PM10–2.5 or PM2.5 in the 1 or 2 years prior to pregnancy were not associated with an increased risk of SAB. However, small positive associations between PM exposures and SAB were observed when restricting the analysis to women experiencing at least one SAB during follow-up. In the case-crossover analysis, an increase in PM10 (per 3.9 μg/m3), PM2.5–10 (per 2.3 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (per 2.0 μg/m3) in the year prior to pregnancy was associated with 1.12 (95% CI 1.06, 1.19), 1.09 (95% CI 1.03, 1.14) and 1.10 (95% CI 1.04, 1.17) higher odds of SAB, respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We did not have information on the month or day of SAB, which precluded our ability to examine specific windows of susceptibility or acute exposures. We also used ambient air pollution exposures as a proxy for personal exposure, potentially leading to exposure misclassification. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In our case-crossover analysis (but not in the entire cohort) we observed positive associations between exposure to all size fractions of PM exposure and risk of SAB. This may suggest that changes in PM exposure confer greater risk of SAB or that women with a history of SAB are a particularly vulnerable subgroup. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The authors are supported by the following NIH grants UM1CA176726, R00ES026648 and P30ES000002. The authors have no actual or potential competing financial interests to disclose.

scholarly journals How do reminder systems in follow-up screening for women with previous gestational diabetes work? - a realist review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hyldgaard Nielsen ◽  
G. J. Melendez-Torres ◽  
Torill Alise Rotevatn ◽  
Kimberly Peven ◽  
Kirsten Fonager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Realist Review ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Previous Gestational Diabetes

Abstract Background Women with previous gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Recommendations therefore urge these women to participate in follow-up screening, 4–12 weeks postpartum and every 1–3 years thereafter. We sought to theorize how reminder interventions to support early detection of diabetes work, for whom, and in what circumstances. Methods We used a method informed by realist review and synthesis. A systematic, iterative search in six electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE Ovid, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE) had a primary focus on experimental intervention studies and included additional information in relation to identified intervention studies. Analysis inductively identified context-mechanism-outcome configurations present in the evidence. Results We located 16 articles eligible for inclusion. A cross-case comparison identified seven grouped context-mechanism-outcome configurations leading to intervention mechanisms relating to changes in women’s reasoning and behavior. Configurations were thematically ordered in relation to Systems Resources, Women’s Circumstances, and Continuity of Care. These were mapped onto a socio-ecological model and discussed according to identified middle-range theories. Conclusion Our findings adds to the body of evidence, that reminders have the potential to be effective in increasing participation in the recommended follow-up screening. Our study may assist researchers and policy and decision makers to analyze and judge if reminders are feasible and/or likely to succeed in their specific context. Further research into the perspective of socially disadvantaged and overweight women is needed to avoid unintended consequences such as social inequality in service use and stigmatization in future programs.

Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma in two large prospective cohorts.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 677-677
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Graff ◽  
Eunyoung Cho ◽  
Mark A Preston ◽  
Alejandro Sanchez ◽  
Lorelei A. Mucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dietary Acrylamide ◽  
Prospective Cohorts ◽  
Incident Cases

677 Background: Acrylamide, which has been classified as a probable human carcinogen, is formed during the processing and cooking of many commonly consumed, carbohydrate-rich foods. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary intake of acrylamide intake is not associated with the risk of most cancers in humans. A meta-analysis of five epidemiological studies, however, found a suggestion of an increased risk of kidney cancer with higher acrylamide intakes. We investigated this association in two large, prospective cohorts. Methods: Acrylamide intake was calculated from food frequency questionnaires completed every four years in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1980-2014; n = 88,770) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 1986-2014; n = 47,802). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), adjusting for known and suspected risk factors. Results: We documented 569 incident cases of RCC during follow-up, 337 in women and 232 in men. There was no association between cumulative average acrylamide intake and risk of RCC risk in women (HR for top versus bottom quartile of intake: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.62-1.18; p-value for linear trend across quartiles: 0.42) or men (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.77-1.55; p-trend: 0.96). Baseline acrylamide intake was also unassociated with RCC risk. Acrylamide intake was not associated with risk of fatal RCC, risk among never-smokers, or risk of clear cell RCC. Intake of foods and food groups that are the major contributors to acrylamide intake – breads, baked goods, breakfast cereal, potatoes, and coffee – were likewise not associated with risk of total or fatal RCC in women or in men. Conclusions: Dietary acrylamide was not associated with the risk of RCC in two long-term, prospective cohorts of women and men with updated measures of dietary intakes. This analysis of renal cell carcinoma adds to the body of evidence that dietary acrylamide is not an important risk factor for cancer in humans.

scholarly journals Early life exposure to air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 1900913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa To ◽  
Jingqin Zhu ◽  
Dave Stieb ◽  
Natasha Gray ◽  
Ivy Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk

RationaleThere is growing evidence that air pollution may contribute to the development of childhood asthma and other allergic diseases. In this follow-up of the Toronto Child Health Evaluation Questionnaire (T-CHEQ) study, we examined associations between early life exposures to air pollution and incidence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema from birth through adolescence.Methods1286 T-CHEQ participants were followed from birth until outcome (March 31, 2016) or loss to follow-up, with a mean of 17 years of follow-up. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2012 were assigned to participants based on their postal codes at birth using ground observations, chemical/meteorological models, remote sensing and land-use regression models. Study outcomes included incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios per interquartile range of exposures and outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsHazard ratios of 1.17 (95% CI 1.05–1.31) for asthma and 1.07 (95% CI 0.99–1.15) for eczema were observed for total oxidants (O3 and NO2) at birth. No significant increase in risk was found for PM2.5.ConclusionsExposures to oxidant air pollutants (O3 and NO2) but not PM2.5 were associated with an increased risk of incident asthma and eczema in children. This suggests that improving air quality may contribute to the prevention of asthma and other allergic disease in childhood and adolescence.

mySmartCheck, a Digital Intervention to Promote Skin Self-examination Among Individuals Diagnosed With or at Risk for Melanoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L Manne ◽  
Michael A Marchetti ◽  
Deborah A Kashy ◽  
Carolyn J Heckman ◽  
Lee M Ritterband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background Regular skin self-examination (SSE) reduces melanoma mortality but is not often conducted. Purpose To promote SSE performance in individuals at increased risk for melanoma. Methods One hundred sixteen individuals at heightened risk for development of melanoma (i.e., personal/family history of melanoma, high-risk mole phenotype) who did not conduct a thorough SSE during in the prior 3 months were randomly assigned to receive either an automated internet-based intervention (mySmartCheck) or usual care (UC). One hundred sixteen participants completed surveys before random assignment and 99 completed the follow-up survey 13-weeks afterward. The primary outcome was participant self-reported examination (SSE) of all 15 parts of the body in the last 3 months. Secondary outcomes were SSE of any part of the body in the last 3 months and number of body parts examined during the last SSE. Results More mySmartCheck participants examined all 15 body parts (32.6% vs. 7.1%, p = .001). More individuals in mySmartCheck reported conducting SSE on any body part than those in UC (81.4% vs. 62.5%, p = .04). Effect sizes were large (d = 1.19 all 15 body parts) to moderate (d = 0.55 for any body part). mySmartCheck participants examined more body areas than UC participants (12.7 vs. 10.3, p = 0.003) during the last SSE. Participants in mySmartCheck reported higher levels of knowledge of suspicious lesions, SSE benefits, SSE self-efficacy, and planning for SSE, and lower SSE barriers, than those assigned to UC. Conclusions mySmartCheck had a significant positive impact on SSE performance and behaviors. Additional research with a larger sample size, a longer follow-up, and more varied clinical settings is needed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration # NCT03725449 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03725449).

scholarly journals Individual risks to adolescent health, caused by contaminating the air, and their relationship with the levels of specific autoantibodies

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 738-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila B. Masnavieva ◽  
N. V. Efimova ◽  
I. V. Kudaeva
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The high levels of the air pollution create prerequisites for the development of the pathology of target organs exposed to chemical agents. Big enterprises of oil refining and chemical industry of the Irkutsk region are located in the cities of Angarsk and Sayansk. The average level of the air pollution for several years in these cities is assessed as high and moderate, respectively. The use of the personalized approach may allow to more correctly evaluate the risk for the damage to health and the body’s response to external impacts. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk offormation ofpathological processes in the body of adolescents in the conditions of inhalation exposure to chemicals, taking into account the individual load and study of the level of specific autoantibodies. The study included 373 adolescents from the city with high levels of air pollution and 188 schoolchildren from the city with a moderate level pollution. There was made an evaluation of the individual chemical hazard load on adolescents ’ body due to the air pollution, physiologicalfeatures and the organization of educational process and leisure. There were studied the levels of specific autoantibodies, reflecting the state of the organs - targets for the impact ofpollutants. The calculation of the individual chemical load allows to calculate indices of the hazard for the health problems of each individual and to identify individuals at increased risk of developing diseases of organs and systems, which are targets for exposure to pollutants. The increase in the hazard index of developing respiratory diseases was found to be accompanied by an increase of the relative content of autoantibodies against membrane antigens of the lung tissue. There was revealed the elevation in autoantibodies levels to the proteins of vascular endothelial with increasing hazard index of disturbances in the cardiovascular system in adolescents living in city with high levels of air pollution.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

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