scholarly journals Modification of motor gasoline with bioethanol in the cavitation field

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Motor Gasoline ◽  
Natural Gasoline ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Cavitation Field

The article presents the results of the study on the influence of bioethanol content and parameters of cavitation field on the octane number of motor natural gasoline. The effects of the parameters of cavitation field on the modification of fuel and the changes of qualitative and quantitative composition of gasoline were investigated. The influence of the content of a biocomponent on the increase in the octane number was established. It was stated that the problem of the phase separation in alcohol-gasoline mixture can be solved by means of dynamic cavitation. The paper presents the results of the study of the change of octane number as a function of the intensity of cavitation treatment for gas condensate gasoline with addition of bioethanol. The physical stability of gas condensate and bioethanol mixture after cavitation treatment is investigated. It was shown that the gas condensate gasoline modified with bioethanol and cavitation field can be used as a high-quality motor gasoline. It was stated that low-octane gas condensate gasoline can be transformed into high-quality motor fuel by means of modification with bioethanol in the cavitation field. It was established that the alcohol-gasoline cavitation treatment leads to the homogenization and provides at least 30 days' mixture stability before separation. With increasing bioethanol content in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve a constant octane number value decreases from 8 cycles for gas condensate gasoline without bioethanol to 4 cycles at the content of bioethanol of 3% and above.

Modification of motor gasoline with bioethanol in the cavitation field

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
S.V. Boichenko ◽  
◽  
A.V. Yakovlieva ◽  
O.B. Tselishchev ◽  
V.G. Lanetsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Saturated Vapor Pressure ◽  
Saturated Vapor ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cavitation Field ◽  
Blended Fuels ◽  
Petroleum Fuels

Today, the use of bioethanol as an alternative motor fuel is quite relevant. Bioethanol is generally used as an additive to traditional petroleum fuels. The addition of bioethanol has a positive effect on increasing the evaporation and detonation resistance of gasoline. However, the addition of bioethanol alone may not be sufficient to fully address these issues. This article presents the results of a study of the influence of bioethanol content and cavitation field parameters on the quality of gasoline: evaporation and octane number. To determine the effect of cavitation treatment of gasoline-ethanol mixture on the physical stability of the fuel and evaporation, the content of narrow fractions, the percentage of fractions in the fuel, and the saturated vapor pressure before and after cavitation were determined. The optimal content of the biocomponent, which increases the evaporation of gasoline, has been established. The results of the change of octane number depending on the intensity of cavitation treatment for gas condensate with the addition of bioethanol are also presented. The influence of bioethanol content on the increase of octane number during cavitation treatment was determined. It is shown that the production of blended fuels by compounding with the use of cavitation treatment allows to obtain a gasoline-reference mixture with significantly better evaporation characteristics, in particular in terms of fractional composition and saturated vapor pressure, compared to gasoline-ethanol mixtures obtained by conventional mechanical compounding. In addition, it was found that the use of cavitation treatment can increase the octane number of fuels. The introduc-tion of ethanol can further increase their octane number. Thus, the introduction of ethanol and the use of cavitation treatment has a synergistic effect on improving the anti-knock characteristics of gasoline.

scholarly journals Modification of gas condensate gasoline by single atomic alcohols with the use of cavitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6 (113)) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Sergey Kudryavtsev ◽  
Oleksii Tselishchev ◽  
Maryna Loriia ◽  
Yevhen Bura ◽  
Maryna Tselishcheva
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Cavitation Field ◽  
Monohydric Alcohols ◽  
Optimal Intensity ◽  
High Octane

The process of modification of gas condensate gasolines with monohydric alcohols with subsequent cavitation treatment of these mixtures has been investigated. The expediency of using alcohol additives in fuels and the relevance of introducing into gasoline production such chemical technologies that use cavitation processing of raw materials and selective energy supply to the reaction zone have been substantiated. The expediency of the production of high-octane gasolines on the basis of a combination of the processes of mechanical mixing of hydrocarbon gasolines with alcohols and the processes of cavitation treatment of alcohol-gasoline mixtures is also substantiated. The description of the laboratory setup and the experimental methodology is given. The influence of the intensity of cavitation treatment on the increase in the octane number is studied and it is proved that there is some optimal intensity at which a constant value of the octane number of the mixture is achieved. With an increase in the content of bioethanol in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve the steady-state value of the octane number decreases from 8 cycles of gas condensate without bioethanol to 4 cycles with a bioethanol content of 3% and more. To achieve the octane number of the mixture corresponding to gasoline A-92 and A-95, it is necessary to add 2% and 5% bioethanol, respectively. It is shown that the use of cavitation can increase the octane number up to 2.6 points in comparison with simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and gasoline. A comparison is made of the efficiency of using bioethanol and isobutanol for modifying gas condensate gasoline in a cavitation field. The effect of cavitation on the octane number was studied with a change in the concentration of alcohol in the mixture. A new way of modifying low-octane motor gasolines with bio-ethanol and other mixtures of alcohols of biochemical origin, which contain water impurities, is shown

scholarly journals Underwater Image Restoration via Non-Convex Non-Smooth Variation and Thermal Exchange Optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Qingliang Jiao ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Pengyu Li ◽  
Liquan Dong ◽  
Mei Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Restoration ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Thermal Exchange ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Smooth Variation ◽  
Underwater Image ◽  
Dark Channel

The quality of underwater images is an important problem for resource detection. However, the light scattering and plankton in water can impact the quality of underwater images. In this paper, a novel underwater image restoration based on non-convex, non-smooth variation and thermal exchange optimization is proposed. Firstly, the underwater dark channel prior is used to estimate the rough transmission map. Secondly, the rough transmission map is refined by the proposed adaptive non-convex non-smooth variation. Then, Thermal Exchange Optimization is applied to compensate for the red channel of underwater images. Finally, the restored image can be estimated via the image formation model. The results show that the proposed algorithm can output high-quality images, according to qualitative and quantitative analysis.

scholarly journals Anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities of Hieracium pilosella L. extracts

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Stanojevic ◽  
Mihajlo Stankovic ◽  
Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Ljubisa Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Scavenging Effect ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
Radical Scavenging Effect

The anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities of different extracts from Hieracium pilosella L. (Asteraceae) whole plant were investigated. The total dry extracts were determined for all the investigated solvents: methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane: methanol (9:1). It was found that the highest yield was obtained by extraction with methanol (12.9 g/100 g of dry plant material). Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed by the HPLC method, using external standards. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and umbelliferone were detected in the highest quantity in the extracts. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the extracts depends on the solvent used. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically. The highest radical scavenging effect was observed in the methanolic extract, both with and without incubation, EC50 = 0.012 and EC50 = 0.015 mg ml-1, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts towards the bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and the fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) were determined by the disc diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for all the investigated extracts against all the mentioned microorganisms.

scholarly journals Chemistry and Biology of Essential Oils of GenusBoswellia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidayat Hussain ◽  
Ahmed Al-Harrasi ◽  
Ahmed Al-Rawahi ◽  
Javid Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Explicit Consideration

The properties ofBoswelliaplants have been exploited for millennia in the traditional medicines of Africa, China, and especially in the Indian Ayurveda. In Western countries, the advent of synthetic drugs has obscured the pharmaceutical use ofBoswellia, until it was reported that an ethanolic extract exerts anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects. Frankincense was commonly used for medicinal purposes. This paper aims to provide an overview of current knowledge of the volatile constituents of frankincense, with explicit consideration concerning the diverseBoswelliaspecies. Altogether, more than 340 volatiles inBoswelliahave been reported in the literature. In particular, a broad diversity has been found in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatiles with respect to different varieties ofBoswellia. A detailed discussion of the various biological activities ofBoswelliafrankincense is also presented.

The control of the qualitative and quantitative composi-tion of vitamins and tocopherols of various types of vegetable oils

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Александр Николаевич Остриков ◽  
Наталья Леонидовна Клейменова ◽  
Инэсса Николаевна Болгова ◽  
Максим Васильевич Копылов ◽  
Екатерина Юрьевна Желтоухова
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cold Pressed ◽  
Vitamin Activity

Использование растительных масел в рационе человека необходимо для удовлетворения энергетической потребности организма и регулирования биологических процессов. В настоящей работе представлен качественный и количественный состав витаминов и токоферолов различных видов растительных масел, полученных холодным отжимом из выращенных в нашей стране расторопши, горчицы, подсолнечника, рыжика, рапса. Проведен сравнительный анализ литературных источников о наличии витаминов и токоферолов в различных растительных маслах. Количественный и качественный витаминный состав для одного и того же вида масла, по данным разных авторов, варьируется в достаточно широком диапазоне. В ходе исследования изучен витаминный состав пяти растительных масел. Результаты свидетельствуют, что наибольшей витаминной активностью обладают масла рыжиковое, расторопши и горчичное. Установлено наличие витамина А в маслах: рыжиковом (27,15±0,002 мкг%), расторопши (19,07±0,02 мкг%), горчичном (24,77±0,02 мкг%). Витамины В и В присутствуют в маслах горчичном, рыжиковом и расторопши; витамин В определен в горчичном и рыжиковом, В - в рыжиковом и расторопши. В маслах горчичном и расторопши присутствует витамин В. Наиболее богаты витамином Е масла рыжиковое (52,8±0,02 мг%), подсолнечное (48,3±0,02 мг%), расторопши (47,12±0,02 мг%). Витамин К и токоферолы определены во всех растительных маслах. Присутствие b-каротина обнаружено в рыжиковом (1,237±0,004 мг%), расторопши (0,812±0,002 мг%), подсолнечном (0,22±0,02 мг%) и горчичном (0,148±0,002 мг%) маслах. Анализируемые масла холодного отжима можно рассматривать как ценный источник при проектировании новых многоцелевых продуктов или побочных продуктов для промышленного, косметического и фармацевтического использования. The use of vegetable oils in the human diet is necessary to meet the energy needs of the body and regulate biological processes. This work presents the qualitative and quantitative composition of vitamins and tocopherols of various types of vegetable oils obtained by cold pressing from silybum marianum, mustard, sunflower, camelina, rapeseed grown in our country. A comparative analysis of the literature on the presence of vitamins and tocopherols in various vegetable oils has been carried out. The quantitative and qualitative vitamin composition for the same type of oil, according to different authors, varies in a wide range. During the study, the vitamin composition of five vegetable oils was studied. The results indicate that the following oils have the highest vitamin activity: camelina, silybum marianum and mustard. The presence of vitamin A was found in oils: camelina (27.15±0.002 μg%), silybum marianum (19.07±0.02 μg%), mustard (24.77±0.02 μg%). Vitamins B and B are present in mustard, camelina and silybum marianum oils; vitamin B is found in mustard and camelina; B in camelina and silybum marianum. Mustard and silybum marianum oils contain vitamin B. The richest in vitamin E are camelina (52.8±0.02 mg%), sunflower (48.3±0.02 mg%), silybum marianum (47.12±0.02 mg%). Vitamin K and tocopherols are found in all vegetable oils. The presence of b-carotene was found in camelina (1.237±0.004 mg%), silybum marianum (0.812±0.002 mg%), sunflower (0.22±0.02 mg%) and mustard (0.148±0.002 mg%) oils. The analyzed cold-pressed oils can be considered as a valuable resource when designing new multipurpose products or by-products for industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

scholarly journals Prediction of octane numbers of substituted alkanes according to the topological characteristics of the molecules

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Oleg S. Koledin ◽  
◽  
Ella A. Kovaleva ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Dolomatov ◽  
Svetlana A. Arslanbekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Octane Rating ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Topological Characteristics ◽  
Substituted Alkanes

There may occur a special mode of combustion of the fuel-air mixture called detonation, when using motor fuel with a low octane rating. Methods of mathematical modeling are currently used to quickly determine octane numbers without using of expensive equipment. A nonlinear multidimensional QSPR regression model is proposed to predict the octane number of normal and substituted alkanes-gasoline components. The model associates octane numbers with a set of descriptors (topological characteristics of molecular graphs): the Randic index, the Wiener index, and the functions of the eigenvalues of the topological matrix of the molecule, reflecting the main structural and chemical factors, such as branching, the length of the carbon structure and the energy parameters of the molecules, for example perturbation of Hückel spectrum of molecules, as well as affecting octane numbers. The substituted alkanes were used as research objects. A studied sample included 36 hydrocarbons from the homolologus serious of substituted alkanes. The proposed model adequately describes the octane number of alkanes. The coefficient of determination of the model is 0.972. The model was tested on 19 substances which were not included in the base series. The average, absolute and relative error for the test sample of octane numbers were 1.5 units and 2.7% respectively. The model is applicable for engineering and scientific forecasts of octane numbers of various alkanes in motor fuel.

scholarly journals FLAVONOIDS OF IRIS SIBIRICA L. GROWN IN VITRO CULTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
Olesya Nikolayevna Mazko ◽  
Lyudmila Ivanovna Tikhomirova ◽  
Lyudmila Vladimirovna Shcherbakova ◽  
Natal'ya Grigor'yevna Bazarnova ◽  
Dmitriy Alekseyevich Karpitsky
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Clonal Micropropagation ◽  
Intact Plants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) separately and in interaction with auxins on the change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the raw materials of regenerating plants Iris sibirica L. Cambridge grade in comparison with aeroponic and intact raw materials using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. Raw materials of I. sibirica Cambridge variety obtained in vitro culture had a richer qualitative composition of flavonoids than intact plants. The dependence of the accumulation of flavonoids on the concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine in nutrient media was noted. The presence of 13 compounds was observed in extracts of 70% ethyl alcohol from regenerating plants grown at the lowest concentration of BAP (1.0 µM) within the experiment. In quantitative terms, the flavonoid apigenin was maximally determined on a medium with BAP 1 µM, and kaempferol - on media with BAP 5.0 µM, supplemented with auxins. For a medium with 7.5 µM BAP, the lowest variety of compounds was observed (9) and the lowest kaempferol content. Auxins influenced the synthesis of flavonoids. The amount of flavonoids in all variants of the experiment increased by an average of 13% in the presence of auxins. The stages of the technological process of obtaining raw materials I. sibirica Cambridge variety on the basis of clonal micropropagation and cultivation in aeroponics conditions allowed to obtain raw materials that do not contain heavy and toxic metals, are not infected with pathogens and pests. With 1 m2 of useful area of aeroponics for 1 year, it is possible to collect 5 times more raw materials than with field cultivation. According to the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds, aeroponic raw materials are identical to intact plants.

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