scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS FACADE FIRE-FIGHTING EAVES FOR PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRES ON FACADE STRUCTURES OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Fire Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Ya. Ballo ◽  
R. Yakovchuk ◽  
V. Nizhnyk ◽  
O. Sizikov ◽  
A. Kuzyk
Keyword(s):  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
Fire Spreading

Purpose. The research based on FDS modeling aims to identify design parameters influence of the façade firefighting eaves at fire compartment border on the prevention of fire spreading in high-rise buildings.Methods. To calculate the temperature in high-rise building model Pyrosim computer system is used which serves as the user's shell application Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). This FDS system uses numerical algorithms to solve the complete Navier-Stokes differential equation system to determine the temperature and other hazardous factors during a fire.Results. This article deals with the results of using the FDS modeling to substantiate fire-fighting eaves design parameters, which are extended beyond the facade and are located at fire compartment border along the perimeter of high-rise buildings with a conventional height of more than 73.5 m. A comparative analysis of eaves' design parameters and their effect on the temperature distribution along the building facade during a possible fire was conducted. Comparative dependences of tempera-ture distribution on building facades were constructed, as well as their heating areas were determined.Scientific novelty. According to national and foreign regulations requirement analytical research and information sources on the of high-rise buildings design, fire safety requirements to the high-rise public buildings facades with a conventional height of more than 73.5 m were scientifically substantiated in terms of the requirements formation for limiting the fire spreading, smoke and building facades exterior constructions heating.Practical value. Obtained data was analyzed as a result of FDS modeling under the same reference conditions to provide a conclusion on facade fire-fighting eaves design parameters effectiveness at fire compartment border and further improvement ways of their construction and fire spread prevention in high-rise buildings.

scholarly journals FDS MODELING OF THE FIRE-PREVENTING EAVES EFFECTIVENESS TO PREVENT THE FIRE SPREADING ON FACADE OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
R. Yakovchuk ◽  
Ya. Ballo ◽  
A. Kuzyk ◽  
O. Kagitin ◽  
V. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
High Rise

Purpose. Applying FDS modelling to detect the influence of structural parameters of facade fire eaves, the effectiveness of fire prevention by vertical building structures in high-rise buildings.Methods. To calculate the temperature in the high-rise building model used Pyrosim computer system that serves as the user's shell application Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). This FDS system uses numerical algorithms to solve the complete Navier-Stokes differential equation system to determine temperature and other hazardous factors during a fire.Results. The results of FDS modelling during substantiation of constructive parameters of fire eaves, which protrude beyond the facade and located on the border of fire compartments along the contour of high-rise buildings with a nominal height of more than 73.5 m, are presented. Premises and substantiated the criteria for the destruction of external light openings (windows) as an integral factor in the spread of fire on the external vertical building structures of high-rise ПОЖЕЖНА БЕЗПЕКА40 Вісник ЛДУБЖД, №23, 2021buildings. A study of the effectiveness of the structural parameters of cornices and their impact on the effectiveness of fire prevention by vertical building structures under the same initial conditions of fire development. Constructed comparative dependences of distribution of temperatures of heating of a facade of the house. Also defined the duration of achievement of their critical values.Scientific novelty. The analysis of the data obtained as a result of FDS modelling under the same initial conditions and conclusions on the effectiveness of design parameters of fire facade cornices on the border of fire compartments and ways to further improve their design to prevent the spread of fire in high-rise buildings. These studies are aimed at their use by design institutions during the development of design parameters of fire eaves, which protrude beyond the facade and are located on the border of fire compartments along the contour of high-rise buildings, as well as to improve the regulatory framework for fire safety.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analytical Study of Some External Finishing (Cladding) Material in Terms of Their Ability to Spread Fire in Multi-story Building Facades in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-654
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Alfakhry
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fire Spreading ◽  
Story Building ◽  
Cladding Material ◽  
Main Factor

The traditional building in Iraq characterised by the using of a certain number of finishing's in external façades like cement plastering, limestone and perforated yellow brick because the raw materials of manufacturing are available locally. Fire spread through the facades is widely recognized as one of the fastest pathways of fire spreading in the buildings, so the appropriate choose of highly performance finishing material against fire will be potentially the main factor in controlling the fire and suppressed it. This study uses computer modeling and fire simulation technology of Pyrosim, FDS and smoke view to compare the difference between the performance of some traditional finishing materials like cement plastering, limestone and perforated yellow brick with the ACPs and their speed to transfer fire from floor to floor if used in multi storey buildings. The study highlighted that traditional finishing materials are more efficient than modern cladding materials and that the performance of ACP-PE is the worst among the materials examined by this study. Moreover, the cement plastering is the worst among the traditional local finishing materials.

Fire Resistive Design for Preventing Upward Fire Spread

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-567
Author(s):  
Kenichi Ikeda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Structural Member ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
High Rise ◽  
High Rise Building ◽  
Intended Use

Recently the fires in which super high-rise building collapsed occurred relatively frequently in overseas countries. The following three reasons can be thought to the question why fire led to the collapses of the buildings: failure of first-aid fire fighting, lack of capabilities of structural member of fire compartment for preventing spread of fire, and lack of fire-resistive performance of building or its structural member. If all these conditions are met, building collapses. The second reason mentioned above all is regarded as an important factor for promoting spread of fire. Especially, defectiveness of the interlayer compartment causes upward fire spread, makes fire fighting activities from the floor above difficult, and constitutes a primary factor to make the fire large-scale. In the case of super high-rise building, lack of capabilities for preventing upward fire spread on typical floor constitutes a decisive factor in making fire extensive, because such building normally consists of continuous typical floors on the same plane surface. To prevent the upward fire spread, it is important to use higher spandrel for exterior wall of building and to construct it without fault. The height of spandrel varies depending on the intended use of the building and the shape of openings, but the height of about 1.2 m to 2.0 m is needed. In Japan in many cases the height of spandrel of a super high-rise building is around 90 cm. Using the spandrel of this size, delay of upward fire spread can be expected to some degree, but not enough to complete prevention. In addition, to prevent collapse of a super high-rise building by upward fire spread, it is indispensable to equip the system for first-aid fire fighting and use the structural members resistant to heating of fire.

scholarly journals A study on fire spreading model for the safety distance between the neighborhood occupancies and historical buildings in Taiwan

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-5/W7 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
C.H Chen ◽  
S.W Chien ◽  
M.C Ho
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Safety Distance ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
Fire Spreading ◽  
Fire Outbreak

Cultural heritages and historical buildings are vulnerable against severe threats from fire. Since the 1970s, ten fire-spread events involving historic buildings have occurred in Taiwan, affecting a total of 132 nearby buildings. Developed under the influence of traditional Taiwanese culture, historic buildings in Taiwan are often built using non-fire resistant brick-wood structure and located in proximity to residential occupancies. Fire outbreak in these types of neighborhood will lead to severe damage of antiquities, leaving only unrecoverable historical imagery. This study is aimed to investigate the minimal safety distance required between a historical building and its surroundings in order to reduce the risk of external fire. This study is based on literature analysis and the fire spread model using a Fire Dynamics Simulator. The selected target is Jingmei Temple in Taipei City. This study explored local geography to identify patterns behind historical buildings distribution. In the past, risk reduction engineering for cultural heritages and historical buildings focused mainly on fire equipment and the available personnel with emergency response ability, and little attention was given to external fire risks and the affected damage. Through discussions on the required safety distance, this research provides guidelines for the following items: management of neighborhoods with historical buildings and consultation between the protection of cultural heritages and disaster prevention, reducing the frequency and extent of fire damages, and preserving cultural resource.

scholarly journals HEAT RELEASE RATE AS A PARAMETER FOR FIRE SPREAD – A CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Darko N. Zigar ◽  
Dusica J. Pesic ◽  
Milan Đ. Blagojevic
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
Fire Spreading

Indoor fires very often may cause great material damage and endanger human lives. The heat produced by fire affects the heating and ignition of surrounding flammable materials, as well as the heating of the building structure, causing its damage. It is well known that fire spread mostly depends on flammability and quantity of surrounding material, but small differences in the amount of fuel can significantly affect the speed of fire spread, and consequently, rate of heat released by fire. In this paper, the influence of the heat release rate on fire spreading is shown. The Large Eddy Simulation method of Fire Dynamics Simulator software package has been used to investigate the prediction of fire dynamics in a compartment. Numerical results show that the fire dynamics in the compartment is largely dependent on the quantity of fire load mass and the heat release rate during the fire.

scholarly journals Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Slender Walls Subjected to Coupled Axial Tension–Flexure

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Cheng ◽  
Haoyou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Lateral Loading ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Ultimate Deformation ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Plastic Hinge Length

AbstractUnder strong earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) walls in high-rise buildings, particularly in wall piers that form part of a coupled or core wall system, may experience coupled axial tension–flexure loading. In this study, a detailed finite element model was developed in VecTor2 to provide an effective tool for the further investigation of the seismic behaviour of RC walls subjected to axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. The model was verified using experimental data from recent RC wall tests under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading, and results showed that the model can accurately capture the overall response of RC walls. Additional analyses were conducted using the developed model to investigate the effect of key design parameters on the peak strength, ultimate deformation capacity and plastic hinge length of RC walls under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. On the basis of the analysis results, useful information were provided when designing or assessing the seismic behaviour of RC slender walls under coupled axial tension–flexure loading.

Fire spreading experiments on heterogeneous fuel beds. Applications of percolation theory

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1318-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Nahmias ◽  
Hervé Téphany ◽  
José Duarte ◽  
Sophie Letaconnoux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Percolation Theory ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Directed Percolation ◽  
Final State ◽  
Critical Thresholds ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fire Spreading

In the experimental work presented here, fire spread was studied through various laboratory and full-scale models containing different types of combustible and noncombustible materials. We have examined the dynamic behaviour of the flame front and the final state (after extinction) on randomly created heterogeneous zones, both with and without wind. The principal conclusion is that critical thresholds exist, for the ratio between combustible and noncombustible parts, at the transition between nonpropagation and propagation of the fire. This result is common to all types of spreading (with or without wind). The values of the critical thresholds in the nonwind-driven experiments are those of the percolation theory. The critical exponent, obtained for wind-driven experiments, is in accordance with current values suggested by the directed percolation approach.

Fine-Scale Fire Spread in Pine Straw

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Daryn Sagel ◽  
Kevin Speer ◽  
Scott Pokswinski ◽  
Bryan Quaife
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Visible Images

Most wildland and prescribed fire spread occurs through ground fuels, and the rate of spread (RoS) in such environments is often summarized with empirical models that assume uniform environmental conditions and produce a unique RoS. On the other hand, representing the effects of local, small-scale variations of fuel and wind experienced in the field is challenging and, for landscape-scale models, impractical. Moreover, the level of uncertainty associated with characterizing RoS and flame dynamics in the presence of turbulent flow demonstrates the need for further understanding of fire dynamics at small scales in realistic settings. This work describes adapted computer vision techniques used to form fine-scale measurements of the spatially and temporally varying RoS in a natural setting. These algorithms are applied to infrared and visible images of a small-scale prescribed burn of a quasi-homogeneous pine needle bed under stationary wind conditions. A large number of distinct fire front displacements are then used statistically to analyze the fire spread. We find that the fine-scale forward RoS is characterized by an exponential distribution, suggesting a model for fire spread as a random process at this scale.

scholarly journals Numerical Investigations on the Propagation of Fire in a Railway Carriage

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4999
Author(s):  
Matthew Craig ◽  
Taimoor Asim
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Ignition Energy ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Smoke Layer ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Safety Guidelines

In this study, advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based numerical simulations have been performed in order to analyse fire propagation in a standard railway compartment. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) has been employed to mimic real world scenarios associated with fire propagation within railway carriages in order to develop safety guidelines for railway passengers. Comprehensive parametric investigations on the effects of ignition location, intensity and cabin upholstery have been carried out. It has been observed that a fire occurring near the exits of the carriage results in a lower smoke layer height, due to the local carriage geometry, than an identical fire igniting at the center of the carriage. This in turn causes the smoke density along the aisleway to vary by around 30%. Reducing the ignition energy by half has been found to restrict combustion, thus reducing smoke density and carbon exhaust gases, reducing the average temperature from 170 °C to 110 °C. Changing the material lining of the seating has been found to cause the most significant change in output parameters, despite its relative insignificance in bulk mass. A polyester sample produces a peak carbon monoxide concentration of 7500 ppm, which is 27× greater compared with nylon. This difference has been found to be due to the fire spread and propagation between fuels, signifying the polyester’s unsuitability for use in railway carriages.

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