EVALUATION OF A NEW TRUCK-MOUNTED ULV SPRAYING MACHINE WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS AGAINST LARVAL CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

A field study about the effectiveness of a new truck-mounted ultra-low-volume (ULV) machine against larval Culex quinquefasciatus Say was conducted at Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, St. Augustine, FL, during the summer of 2017. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were treated using a ground application at different concentrations of Bti using a new truck-mounted ULV sprayer with a horizontal nozzle. Mortality of larvae was recorded after 24 h, and droplet sizes were measured. Overall, Bti sprayed by the new truck-mounted ULV spraying machine at a concentration of 2.625 mg/L resulted in the highest mortality of mosquito larvae. The results indicate that the Bti concentrations of 0.875 mg/L and 0.065 mg/L resulted in a significant difference in mean larval mortality between each distance from the spray line (P < 0.05), while the mortality by the other 3 concentrations (0.477 mg/L, 2.625 mg/L, and 5.25 mg/L) tested did not. The LC50 and LC90 of Bti against larvae were 0.261 mg/L (0.239~0.286) and 1.687 mg/L (1.481~1.922), respectively. The coverage (swath) of the spray by the new ULV machine showed that the Bti could be sprayed at least 33 meters away with a 20 meter width. Therefore, the new truck-mounted ULV spraying machine with liquid Bti could be used to treat a large area effectively and efficiently and as an additional tool for the control of mosquito larvae.

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Larvicidal Effectiveness of Azolla pinnata against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with Its Effects on Larval Morphology and Visualization of Behavioural Response

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/1383186 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nor Shaida Husna Zulkrnin ◽

Nurul Nadiah Rozhan ◽

Nur Amanina Zulkfili ◽

Nik Raihan Nik Yusoff ◽

Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Control Program ◽

Test Method ◽

World Health ◽

Azolla Pinnata ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Aquatic Fern ◽

Significant Difference

Dengue is vector-borne diseases with 390 million infections per year extending over 120 countries of the world. Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a primary vector for dengue viral infections for humans. Current focus on application of natural product against mosquito vectors has been the main priority for research due to its eco-safety. The extensive use of chemical insecticides has led to severe health problems, environmental pollution, toxic hazards to human and nontarget species, and development of insecticide resistance on mosquitoes. Azolla pinnata is an aquatic fern and predominantly used as feed in poultry industry and as fertilizer in agricultural field for enhancing the fertility of rice paddy soil. The present study was conducted to explore the larvicidal efficacy of A. pinnata using fresh and powdered form against late third-stage larvae (6 days, 5 mm in larvae body length) of Ae. aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The larvicidal bioassays were performed using World Health Organization standard larval susceptibility test method for different concentration for powdered and fresh A. pinnata. Powdered A. pinnata concentration used during larvicidal bioassay ranges from 500ppm to 2000ppm; meanwhile, fresh A. pinnata ranges from 500ppm to 9,000,000 ppm. The highest mortality was at 1853 ppm for powdered A. pinnata compared with fresh A. pinnata at 2,521,535 ppm, while the LC50 for both powdered and fresh A. pinnata recorded at 1262 ppm and 1853 ppm, respectively. Finally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference on Ae. aegypti larval mortality (F=30.439, df=1, p≤0.001) and concentration (F=20.002, df=1, p≤0.001) compared to powdered and fresh A. pinnata at 24-hour bioassay test. In conclusion, the powdered A. pinnata serves as a good larvicidal agent against Ae. aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and this study provided information on the lethal concentration that may have potential for a more eco-friendly Aedes mosquito control program.

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The Toxicity of Srikaya Seed Granules (Annona squamosa L.) with Different Heating Temperatures Against the Larva of Aedes aegypti L.

BIOEDUKASI ◽

10.19184/bioedu.v18i1.15683 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Rima Gloria Purwanto ◽

Dwi Wahyuni ◽

Joko Waluyo

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Annona Squamosa ◽

Forest Region ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lower Temperature

Abstract: Aedes aegypti L. is a mosquito carrying dengue virus that causes dengue fever, especially in Southeast Asia which is a tropical rain forest region which is a habitat for mosquito growth. Aedes aegypti L. mosquito control is carried out by chemical means of fogging and using abate but this control actually causes Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes to become resistant or immune to chemical drugs so that a new breakthrough is created by making bioinsecticides biologically to eradicate the Aedes aegypti L. mosquito. with characteristics that are environmentally friendly and do not kill non-target animals and cause the Aedes aegypti L. mosquito not to become resistant. To be able to realize this desire so that the sugar cane granules extract of Annona squamosa L. containing active compounds in the form of annonain and squamosin so that they are toxic to Aedes aegypti L. mosquito larvae. Further research is to test the heating temperature level of the granules of Annona squamosa L. extract temperature of 40 ° C and 60 ° C which is more deadly of Aedes aegypti L. mosquito larvae. This research method uses a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The temperature of 60 ° C uses concentrations of 1 ppm, 6 ppm, 12 ppm, 18 ppm, 24 ppm and 30 ppm. As for the temperature of 40 ° C using concentrations of 1 ppm, 7 ppm, 14 ppm, 21 ppm, 28 ppm, and 35 ppm, each temperature compared with aquadest and abate. Data analyzed using probit analysis to determine the LC50, then followed by a statistical test paired sample T-test with SPSS to find out a significant difference between heating temperatures of 40 ° C to 60 ° C. These results then show that a higher temperature of 60 ° C has a higher level of toxicity compared to a lower temperature of 40 ° C.

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RNAi-Mediated Screening of Selected Target Genes Against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjab114 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sayed M S Khalil ◽

Kashif Munawar ◽

Azzam M Alahmed ◽

Ahmed M A Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Target Genes ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Lethal Effect ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lethal Genes

Abstract Culex quinquefasciatus, a member of the Culex pipiens complex, is widespread in Saudi Arabia and other parts of the world. It is a vector for lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley fever, and West Nile virus. Studies have shown the deleterious effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of various lethal genes in model and agricultural pest insects. RNAi was proposed as a tool for mosquito control with a focus on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. In this study, we examined the effect of RNAi of selected target genes on both larval mortality and adult emergence of Cx. quinquefasciatus through two delivery methods: soaking and nanoparticles. Ten candidate genes were selected for RNAi based on their known lethal effect in other insects. Disruption of three genes, chitin synthase-1, inhibitor of apoptosis 1, and vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase, resulted in the highest mortality among the selected genes using the two treatment methods. Silencing the other seven genes resulted in a medium to low mortality in both assays. These three genes are also active against a wide range of insects and could be used for RNAi-based mosquito control in the future.

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Larvicidal Activity of Two Cymbopogon Species Leaf Extracts and Essential Oils against Anopheles gambiae Gilles (Diptera: Culicidae)

Journal of Applied Life Sciences International ◽

10.9734/jalsi/2019/v21i130096 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Aurore Christelle Sengue Batti ◽

Lame Younoussa ◽

Elias Nchiwan Nukenine ◽

Mallam Kary Oumarou ◽

Abraham Fomena

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Methanol Extracts

Aims: The present investigation aimed to assess the toxic effect of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus against 3rd and 4th instar of Anopheles gambiae larvae under laboratory conditions. Place and Duration of Study: Plant products were extracted from November 2017 to February 2018 in the Chemistry laboratory, while the larvicidal tests were conducted from April to June 2018 in the laboratory of Applied Zoology of the Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon. Methodology: Twenty five (25) 3rd and 4th instars of An. gambiae were subjected to methanol, acetone and methanol plant extracts of the two plants at doses of 1000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/L each while their essential oils were tested at concentrations of 200, 100, 50 and 25 mg/L. Dichlovos tested at the recommended dose of 1000 mg/L was performed as positive control while 1mL of tween-80 in 99 mL of natural breeding site water was used as negative control. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 h post treatment for plant extracts and after 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h post-exposure for plant essential oils. Results: At the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L, C. citratus extract caused 100% mortality of mosquito larvae while 84, 81 and 88% mortality of larvae were recorded with hexane, acetone and methanol leaf extract of C. giganteus, respectively. C. citratus (LC50=58.32 mg/L) and C. giganteus (LC50=372.36 mg/L) hexane extracts were more potent than acetone and methanol extracts of the plants. C. citratus extracts were the most effective against larvae compared to C. giganteus extracts. Essential oil of C. citratus (LC50=27.98 mg/L after 1h) was also the most toxic on mosquito larvae compared to C. giganteus (LC50=180.07 mg/L after 1h) essential oil. Conclusion: C. citratus plant and specially its hexane extract and essential oil could be taken into consideration as a new source of botanical insecticide and may be used in the mosquito control programs for An. gambiae larvae elimination in their breeding sites.

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EFEK LARVISIDAL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimumsanctum Linn) TERHADAP LARVA INSTAR III Culexquinquefasciatus

Biomedika ◽

10.23917/biomedika.v6i2.275 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Wijayani LA ◽

Isti’anah S

Keyword(s):

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Control Group ◽

Larvicidal Effect ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lc50 And Lc90 ◽

Third Instar Larvae

Filariasis carried by mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Filariasis cause elephantiasis sequelae that often lower the sufferers productivity . Eradication of the disease is difficult, then , an attempt to do is to control the vector. The other way is to use insecticide vector control plant. Basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn) which contain fiavonoids, saponins, and eugenol has been shown in the laboratory have larvicidal effect. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal effects from Ethanol extract 96% of basilleaf (Ocimum sanctum Linn) against third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. This is an laboratory experimental methods with Post test only control group design. The Ethanol extract of basil leaf (Ocimum sanctum Linn) diluted to a concentration of 5000 ppm, 4500 ppm, 4000 ppm, 3500 ppm, 3000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1000 ppm. The experiments were repeated three times. Each experiment included a control ie Tween 20 of 0.25% in distilled water. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Walls test and probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90. In the analysis result of Kruskal Walls (CI: 95%) it obtained the results that each test group had a significant difference (p=0,005) in mortality of third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.The results of probit analysis showed that the ethanol extract of basil leaf give the concentration LC50 and LC90 2281.931 ppm and 5016.314 ppm. Ethanol extract 96% of basilleaf (Ocimum sanctum Linn) has an larvicidal effect on third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.Keywords: Culex quinquefasciatus - larvicidal - ethanol extract - Basilleaf (Ocimum sanctum Linn).

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Biological Control of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae

Journal of Biological Control ◽

10.18311/jbc/2016/6455 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Lavkush Kumar Brahman ◽

Ramesh Chandra

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Prey Density ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Habitat Conditions ◽

Mean Values ◽

Larvivorous Fish ◽

Minimum Value ◽

Significant Difference

Local larvivorous fish Aphanius dispar has potential for regulating vector mosquitoes. The consumption of larvae of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) by Rasbora daniconius, Puntius ticto and Puntius conchonius was evaluated in the presence of different prey densities under simple habitat conditions. The number of mosquito larvae consumed in fresh and ditch water at three seasons was observed. Only third and fourth instars of Culex larvae were used on a particular prey density of 1 to 10 (increase 100). The maximum and minimum value of larvae eating per day in ditch and fresh water were observed to 267 to 876 and 277 to 880 respectively. The comparisons for the pair using Tukey-Kramer HSD indicated the fact that there was non-significant difference. The respective mean values in fresh and ditch water were observed 525 and 493 respectively. The analysis of water (ditch and fresh) was nonsignificant (F = 1.0116). Rasbora daniconius species of fish played a dominating role in eating the Culex larvae in ditch and fresh water.

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Potensi Larvasida dari Ekstrak Daun Jeruk Bali Citrus maxima terhadap dan Aedes aegypti dan Culex quinquefasciatus

Jurnal Vektor Penyakit ◽

10.22435/vektorp.v12i1.280 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Hebert Ardianto ◽

Arif Nur Muhammad Anshori ◽

Hamidah Hamidah

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Lethal Concentration ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Citrus Maxima ◽

The Dead

Abstract The used of chemical insecticides for mosquito control has caused resistance in themosquito populations. The aims of this study are to find out Lethal Concentration of non-polarextract from pomelo (Citrus maxima) leaf against mosquito larvae after 24 hoursexposure. Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were tested in the study A.Larvicidal assay was using 20 larvae for each concentration in 100 ml solution with 5replications. The non-polar extract was tested at concentrations of 0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1375ppm, 2250 ppm, 3125 ppm, and 4000 ppm. The number of larvae mortality wasdetermined after 24 hours exposure. The dead larvae were counted and the data wasanalyzed using probit analyze. The results showed that non-polar extract from Citrusmaxima Leaf has potential larvicidal, LC90 = 880 ppm for mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae, LC90 = 408 ppm for mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, the non-polar extract is more toxic against Culex quinquefasciatus than Aedes aegypti larvae. The non-polar extract from pomelo (Citrus maxima) leaf has the potential of being developed aslarvicides for mosquito control. Abstrak Penggunaan insektisida kimia untuk mengontrol nyamuk dapat menyebabkanresistensi pada populasi nyamuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukannilai Konsentrasi Letal (LC90 ) ekstrak non polar daun jeruk bali (Citrus maxima) terhadap nyamuk setelah 24 jam. Larva yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalahlarva Aedes aegypti dan Culex quinquefasciatus. Kematian larva dihitung setelah 24 dan 48 jam.Uji larvasida menggunakan 20 ekor larva untuk setiap konsentrasi di dalam 100ml larutan ekstrak dengan lima replikasi. Ekstrak non polar diuji dengan konsentrasi 0ppm, 500 ppm, 1.375 ppm, 2.250 ppm, 3.125 ppm, dan 4.000 ppm. Angka kematianlarva dihitung setelah 24 jam paparan. Data dihitung dan dianalisa dengan analisisprobit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak non polar daun Citrus maximaberpotensi sebagai larvasida, Nilai LC90 = 880 ppm untuk kematian larva nyamuk Aedesaegypti, Nilai LC90 = 408 ppm untuk kematian larva nyamuk Culex quinquefasciatus, Ekstrak non polar lebih toksik terhadap larva Culex quinquefasciatus daripada larva Aedes aegypti. Ekstrak non polar dari daun Citrus maxima memiliki potensi untukdikembangkan sebagai larvasida untuk pengendalian nyamuk.

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Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Evaluation of Phyto-synthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Palmyra Palm Sprout Extract

Biogenesis Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi ◽

10.24252/bio.v8i2.17581 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Wilson Lamayi Danbature ◽

Zaccheus Shehu ◽

Muhammad Mustapha Adam ◽

Ahmed Mohammed Bello

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Reduction Potential ◽

Reducing Agents ◽

Reducing Agent ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Borassus Aethiopum ◽

Lc50 And Lc90

One of the objectives of nanotechnology is to synthesize effective nanoinsecticides in a bid to reduce the prevalence of the numerous diseases caused by mosquitoes. This synthesis is even more vital in cases where phytochemicals from plants extracts are used as reducing agents. In this study, phytochemical screening of aqueous sprout extract of Palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopum) was performed, in accordance with some established methods and the results confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, glycosides, tannins, phenols as well as quinines, however, sterols, steroids and terpenoids were not detected. Subsequently, the sprout extract was used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Characterization with Fourier transform infrared and Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry was then carried out to confirm the synthesis. In addition, the AgNPs were further analyzed for larvicidal potency against 1st, 2nd 3rd and 4th instars Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae, at interval concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 ppm. The LC50 and LC90 values discovered to be 9.103 ppm and 134.463 ppm with a correlation of 0.815, as well as 10.316 ppm and 118.810 ppm with a correlation of 0.801, for the 1st and 2nd instars, respectively. Meanwhile, the 3rd and 4th instars had LC50 and LC90 values of 17.585 ppm and 179.052 ppm, respectively, with a correlation of 0.807. This study provides a basis for extracting and analyzing the reduction potential of the phytochemicals present in the sprout extract, as well as the application of AgNPs, in controlling mosquito larvae population.

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Larvicidal potentiality, longevity and fecundity inhibitory activities of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV) on vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus

Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research ◽

10.4081/jear.2012.e15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 15 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arjunan Nareshkumar ◽

Kadarkarai Murugan ◽

Indra Baruah ◽

Pari Madhiyazhagan ◽

Thiyagarajan Nataraj

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Bacillus Sphaericus ◽

Control Agent ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Vector Population ◽

Intervention Measures ◽

Vector Borne

Intervention measures to control the transmission of vector-borne diseases include control of the vector population. In mosquito control, synthetic insecticides used against both the larvae (larvicides) and adults (adulticides) create numerous problems, such as environmental pollution, insecticide resistance and toxic hazards to humans. In the present study, a bacterial pesticide, Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV), was used to control the dengue and filarial vectors, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV) was very effective against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, showing significant larval mortality. Evaluated lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were age-dependent, with early instars requiring a lower concentration compared with later stages of mosquitoes. Culex quinquefasciatus was more susceptible to Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV) than was Aedes aegypti. Fecundity rate was highly reduced after treatment with different concentrations of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV). Larval and pupal longevity both decreased after treatment with Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV), total number of days was lower in the B. sphaericus treatments compared with the control. Our results show the bacterial pesticide Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV) to be an effective mosquito control agent that can be used for more integrated pest management programs.

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Insecticidal Activities of Leaf Methanol Extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2021/v42i1630523 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

F. B. Adewoyin ◽

A. B. Odaibo ◽

C. A. Elusiyan ◽

J. M. Agbedahunsi

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Control Programme ◽

Filter Papers ◽

Insecticidal Activities

Aim: In a view to determining the capacity of Clerodendrum polycephalum to control mosquitoes, the methanol extract of the leaf was investigated for insecticidal activities using three species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methodology: The leaves of C. polycephalum were collected, dried and extracted with methanol. Mosquito larvae were exposed to different concentrations for 24/48h. and sublethal concentrations (L25, 50, 75) of the extract to determine larvicidal activity and monitor growth and development respectively. Twenty (20) blood-fed female Aedes aegyti mosquitoes were allowed to lay eggs on treated filter papers for antioviposition bioassay. The crude extract was separated into N-hexane, Dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol fractions using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography to determine the active fraction. Results: Results showed that larval mortalities were in the order C. quiquefasciatus>A. gambiae>A. aegypti with effective concentration ranging from 250 – 8000 ppm. Mortalities at 48hr were significantly different (p<0.05) from mortalities at 24h. Of the four fractions obtained, ethanol fraction gave the highest larval mortality of 100% at 2000 ppm. Larval duration for all the three species of mosquitoes exposed to the crude extract varied between 2.25±0.5 and 3.25±0.5 days. As Antioviposition Index increased from 46.4 - 89.9, percent hatching of mosquito eggs deceased from 87.25 – 67.5% with increasing concentration. Conclusion: The extract of C. polycephalum was found to contain insecticidal compounds which are soluble in polar solvent. The plant could be exploited in mosquito control programme.

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