scholarly journals The Mass and Volume Parameters and the Linear Dimensions of the Platform of Tractor Trailers

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Limont ◽  
◽  
Zlata Limont ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Binary Relations ◽  
Internal Length ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Marginal Increase ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Plat Form

The paper is armed at determining the mass and volume parameters of tractor trailers and looking far the qualitative and quantitative relations between the linear dimensions of the platform of transport vehicles and their mass and volume parameters. The mass and nominal loading capacity of trailers, as well as the volume of their plat form according to the main ramps were taken as the above parameters. The linear dimensions of the platform determine their internal length and width and the height by the mass ramps. The investigated statistical binary relations are assessed by the coefficients correlation which augured additional values within the limits of 0.319–0.891, as well as by the correlation relations between the resultative indices according to factorial values from 0.530 to 0.868. The qualitative chandes in the resultative indices depending on the factorial indices with the use of standard computer prodrams are described by the regression equations. In accordance with R2-coefficient by means of equalizing the experimental values of the investigated resultative indices by a set of approximizing functions the character of the corresponding changes is determined. Depending on the mass and nominal loading capacity of the trailer and the volume of the platform according to the main ramps its internal length is changed according to rectilinear dependences with additional angular coefficients its width – by gradually increasing hyperbolas, and the height of the platform according to the main ramps gradually increases according to the degree functions. With respect to the changes in the height of the platform depending on the investigated factorial indices by the equations of gradually increasing hyperbolas as to their asymptotes the authors have determined the marginal increase in the height of the main ramps of the platform. Along with the change in the mass and nominal loading capacity of the trailers from 0.735 to 7.10 t and from 2.0 to 24.0 t respectively per ton, the increase in the mass and loading capacity of the trailer the length of the platform increases with the same consequence by 424 and 152 mm. Along with the change of the platform volume per from 2.0 to 15.2 m3, its increase per m3 is accompanied by the increase in the length of the platform by 330 mm. Along with the increase of mass and loading capacity of the trailer in more than 4 and 10 t respectively, as well as the increase of the platform volume in more than 8 m3, the intensity of the increase of its width slows down gradually. The marginal increase in the height of the main ramps of the platform along with the change in its volume, mass and loading capacity of the trailer amounts to 713, 714 and 775 mm respectively. The research results can be used for prognosticating the dimensions of the trailers under their calculation and design, as well as under the organization of the transporting support of the mechanized production of agricultural produce.

Correlation of Barreling Effect with Boundary Friction Coefficient during Upsetting of Various Materials Workpieces under Processing Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 751-756
Author(s):  
Volodymyr V. Kukhar ◽  
Eduard S. Klimov ◽  
S.M. Chernenko ◽  
E.Yu. Balalayeva
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Closed Die Forging ◽  
Structural Carbon ◽  
Structural Carbon Steel

The necessity of taking into account the barreling effect at the design of die cavities, and open die and closed die forging processes on the basis of pre-forming of billets by upsetting is shown. The division of ideas about the indices of “bulk” and “linear” barreling (barrel shape), which is determined by the ratio of the bulk and linear dimensions of the workpiece after upsetting by flat dies, was made. The functional relation (correlation) between these indices and the friction coefficient on the boundary surface between flat dies and the upsetted workpiece has been determined. The qualitative and quantitative effect of workpiece dimensions (diameter-to-height ratio), strain range, temperature (conditions of cold and hot processing) and type of forming material (structural carbon steel, some of Cu-grades and Al-grades) on the barreling effect and friction coefficient during upsetting was found. The developed method makes it possible to predict a change in the friction coefficient during the upsetting of various material workpiece under given conditions of forming and to monitor their effect to the final shape.

A novel powder diagrams indexing, using classical geometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
M.L. Ettorche ◽  
M. Sebais ◽  
Z. Hammoudi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Geometrical Approach ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Classical Geometry ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Direct Use

Based only on a geometrical approach, we present a technique to index powder diffraction diagrams. This would allow us to find the cell parameters from the experimental data. It is well known that methods proposed in the literature make a direct use of the experimental data to build the cell, whereas our approach exploits them to calculate theoretical values, which could be multiples of two of the three vectors' lengths of the unit cell, and then uses them along with the experimental values. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, several examples, requiring only minor limitations in linear dimensions (<35 Å) and volume (<4500 Å3), are treated. For all considered cases, except the triclinic symmetry that is time consuming, the corresponding FORTRAN routine is executed in a reasonable time (<3 min with a 3 GHz processor).

scholarly journals Investigation of Grain Movement Parameters in the Liquid of the Device for Removing Ergot

2019 ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
Vasily A Sysuev ◽  
Viktor Е. Saitov ◽  
Vyacheslav G. Farafonov ◽  
Aleksey V. Saitov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Movement Parameters ◽  
Experimental Values

Introduction.When harvesting grain crops, various trash and harmful impurities come to the combine bunker together with grains. These harmful impurities include egot sclerotia, which are poisonous. Various modern grain cleaning machines do not provide for complete separation of ergot sclerotia from grains, because of the closeness of their linear dimensions (width, thickness and length) and speed of soaring. Cleaning seeds from ergot sclerotia having the density less than density of grain, is possible in an aqueous solution of salt. For the mechanization of the allocation of sclerotium ergot from rye seeds by a wet method, the urgent issue is the development of a device for cleaning grain material. Materials and Methods.The immersion of separately taken rye grains in water (ρzh = 1,0 ∙ 103 kg/m3) and aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) with density ρzh = 1,09 ∙ 103 kg/m3 and 1,15 ∙ 103 kg/m3. The ellipsoid is taken as the geometric model of the grains. Theoretical studies were performed for the grain density ρz from 1,2 ∙ 103 kg/m3 to 1,5 ∙ 103 kg/m3, lengths lz from 5,0 ∙ 10–3 m to 10,0 ∙ 10–3 m, width b from 1,4 ∙ 10–3 m to 3,6 ∙ 10–3 m, and thickness δ from 1,2 ∙ 10–3 m to 3,5 ∙ 10–3 m based on the methods of mathematical modelling using the laws of hydrodynamics. For practical experiments, there was chosen the gains of the winter rye variety Falenskaya 4 having the gain density ρz from 1,1 ∙ 103 kg/m3 to 1,3 ∙ 103 kg/m3, length lz from 5,0 ∙ 10–3 m to 8,0 ∙ 10–3 m, width b from 1,4 ∙ 10–3 m to 3,6 ∙ 10–3 m, and thickness δ from 1,2 ∙ 10–3 m to 3,5 ∙ 10–3 m. Results. The speed ʋz and duration tп of grain immersion in liquids are main parameters taken into account when developing a machine for cleaning the grain material from ergot sclerotia with a wet method. The values of these quantities determine the structural and technological parameters of the machine under developing. To determine these parameters, it is necessary to take into account the geometric shapes of the grains, which have a large variety. An ellipsoid with a small 2cz = δ, an average 2bz = b and a large 2az = lz axes is proposed as the closest to the shape of the grain. From the basic law of the dynamics of the grain movement in liquids of various densities ρzh a formula was obtained for determining its velocity, the calculated values for which are consistent with the experimental data obtained. Discussion and Conclusion. It is established that the calculated values of the speed of grain immersion in liquids of different density are comparable with the experimental values of the same order. They are close and differ by no more than 10 %. This approach to determining the speed of grain immersion in a liquid can be used in developing a machine for cleaning a grain material with the wet method to substantiate its structural and technological parameters.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Accuracy of Semi-empirical PM3, PDDG and PM6 methods in Predicting Heats of Formation for Organic Compounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-Yang Wu ◽  
Feng-Qi Zhao ◽  
Xue-Hai Ju
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Heats Of Formation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Chemical Calculation ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Isomerization Energy ◽  
Semi Empirical

<p>Gas phase heats of formation (HOF) of 18 kinds of 390 organic compounds were calculated by quantum chemical calculation using semi-empirical PM3, PDDG and PM6 methods. The calculated HOFs were compared with the experimental data to illustrate the accuracy for different kinds of organics. Furthermore, the calculated values were linearly fitted with experimental values using the least square method, and were afterward substituted into the fitted regression equations to obtain the calibrated ones. The results show that, for 10 kinds of the selected organics, PM6 is more accurate, and PDDG is more accurate for 7 kinds of organics, while PM3 is only good for amino acid. As a whole, PM6 predicts the HOFs more accurately, with its weighted total mean average deviation (WTMAD) being 0.4 kJ/mol and 2.4 kJ/mol smaller than those of PM3 and PDDG, respectively. On the other hand, our results show that PDDG is the best to differentiate the isomers, with its mean average deviation (MAD) for isomerization energy being 7.8 kJ/mol and 11.0 kJ/mol smaller than PM6 and PM3, respectively. After the calibration, the values of MADs from the PM3, PDDG and PM6 results for most organics are reduced by 0.1 to 18.2 kJ/mol, with exceptions of the PM3 for amines, PDDG for carboxylic acids, and PM6 for ethers.</p>

scholarly journals REGRESSION MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL CEPHALOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN UKRAINIAN YOUNG MEN AND YOUNG WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT FACIAL PROFILES ACCORDING TO SCHWARZ A.M., WHICH CAN BE ADJUSTED DURING SURGERY DEPENDING ON THE PARAMETERS THAT USUALLY DO NOT CHANGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
O.S. Prokopenko
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Normal Occlusion

For Ukrainian young men and young women with different facial profiles according to Schwarz A. M. with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion and a harmonious face, regression models of teleroentgenographic parameters, which can be corrected during surgery (2 group of indicators) depending on the parameters that usually do not change (1 group of indicators) were constructed and analyzed. In young men, 10 of 27 possible reliable regression models with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.6 (R2 = from 0,642 to 0,995) were constructed, and in young women – 13 models from 27 possible (R2 = from 0,619 to 0,956). Both for young men and young women, the most models of indicators of the second group are built for linear dimensions – both young men and young women have 7 models from 9 possible each. The constructed regression equations of teleroentgenographic indicators included into the second group according to the Schwarz A. M. method the most often comprise the following indicators of the first group: in young men – ar-Go distances according to Burstone C. J., N-CC according to Ricketts R. M., N-Se according to Schwarz A. M. and indicator N-S:S-Ar' according to Bjork A.; in young women – indicator S-ar:ar-Go according to Jarabak J. R., distances N-S according to Jarabak J. R. and ar-Go according to Burstone C. J. and angle POr-NBa according to Ricketts R. M.

Longitudinal mechanical properties of cell wall of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) as related to moisture content: A nanoindentation study

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yu ◽  
Benhua Fei ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Genlin Tian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Pinus Massoniana Lamb ◽  
Experimental Values

Abstract The in situ imaging nanoindentation technique was used to investigate how the moisture content (MC) affects the longitudinal mechanical properties of Masson pine cell wall. Furthermore, nanoindentation tests in liquid water were performed. The results indicate that elastic modulus, hardness, and compression yield stress of wood wall are all linearly correlated to the selected MC region in the range from 4.5% to 13.1%. Remarkable differences were found between the experimental values measured in water and the extrapolated values based on regression equations below fiber saturation point.

Separation of CO2 by Using Aqueous Mixtures of AMP and [B3MPYR][BF4] at High Pressure

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamila Nordin ◽  
Ruzitah Mohd Salleh ◽  
Norhuda Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Aqueous Mixtures ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Separation Of Co2 ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Good Agreement

In this study, CO2 absorption capacity in aqueous mixtures of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, (AMP) and N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, [B3MPYR][BF4] was measured at pressures from 200 kPa up to 5000 kPa and temperatures of 303.15 K - 333.15 K. The AMP concentration was maintained at 1 M while the [B3MPYR][BF4] concentration ranges from 0.05 M to 0.3 M. It was observed that CO2 loading capacity increases when the pressure increased. However, increasing of temperature will decrease the CO2 loading. From the experimental results, a simple correlation, as suggested by Jou and Mather was used to predict the CO2 loading in the aqueous AMP-[B3MPYR][BF4] mixtures. The model were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results where only 1.66% of the predicted values deviate more than 20% compared to the experimental values.

Relationships between Structural Parameters and Chemical Composition of Micas

Clay Minerals ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Smoliar-Zviagin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Octahedral Cation ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Atomic Coordinates

AbstractRegression analysis of high-precision structural and chemical data on trioctahedral and dioctahedral micas yielded interrelationships between unit-cell parameters, chemical composition and structural details. Regression equations relating b and csinβ parameters of micas to composition were used for estimating composition from cell data in order to analyse P-T conditions of rock formation. Algorithms for computing atomic coordinates for 2M1 37' and 1M dioctahedral micas having either centrosymmetric or non-centrosymmetric layers and 1M trioctahedral micas are presented. Deviations of computed atomic coordinates from experimental values are, on average, 0·002 Å for octahedral cations and 0·005-0·010 Å for other atoms. Discrepancies between calculated and experimental individual interatomic distances seldom exceed 0·01 Å. Computed atomic coordinates were used to calculate X-ray diffraction patterns for glauconite and illite. Results indicate a close fit between the calculated and experimental patterns. The local structure around an octahedral cation of interest can be determined.

scholarly journals Enzymatically hydrolysed molasses and sodium citrate as new potentials for the improvement of canthaxanthin batch synthesis by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1: A statistical media optimisation 

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M.T. Gharibzahedi ◽  
S.H. Razavi ◽  
M. Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Media Formulation ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
The Media ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Central Composite

Response surface methodology-central composite rotatable design (RSM-CCRD) was applied to explore the optimum media formulation for maximising canthaxanthin (CTX) biosynthesis by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. The effects of three variables of enzymatically hydrolysed molasses (EHM) (16.6&ndash;33.4 g/l), sodium (Na)-citrate (21.64&ndash;28.36mM), and yeast extract (6.32&ndash;9.68 g/l) concentrations on the production of CTX, total carotenoid (TCT), and biomass dry weight (BDW) were appraised. The results showed that the quadratic effects of EHM, yeast extract, and Na-citrate contents in terms of second-order polynomial regression equations (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.968&ndash;0.986), respectively, had the most significant effects on the produced TCT and CTX. The predicted maximum accumulation of BDW (8.88 g/l), TCT (7.24 mg/l), and CTX (6.40 mg/l) under the optimum concentrations of the media variables (26.16 g/l EHM, 8.29 g/l yeast extract, and 25.86mM Na-citrate) was very close to the experimental values determined in batch experiments. The high BDW content suggested EHM and Na-citrate as very promising feedstocks for CTX bioproduction by the bacterium studied.

scholarly journals EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SOLAR DRYER WITH A BACKUP INCINERATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Barki. E ◽  
Ukwenya J ◽  
Idoko F
Keyword(s):  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Solar Radiation Intensity ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Drying Chamber

Solar dryer with backup incinerator was fabricated with the aim of improving the efficiency of the drying rate of selected agricultural products. The dryer consist of three main parts, the collector, the drying chamber and the incinerator. 1000g of chill pepper was sun dried and 1000g was charged into the dryer for the experiment. Drying using solar drying process was carried out during clear weather while incinerator drying process was carried out during cloudy weather and at nights The collector, dryer and incinerator energy efficiencies were determined and reported elsewhere. Exergy analysis of the dryer was carried out for both solar drying and incinerator drying using the experimental values. The average exergy inflow and outflow during solar drying was found to be 266.97 KJ/Kg and 20.85 KJ/Kg respectively. The average exergy loss at airflow velocity of 2.7 m/s was found to be 269.3 KJ/Kg for incinerator drying. The exergy efficiency of the incinerator fluctuates as it starts from 7.9, 11.1, 5.2, 13.5, 8.0 and 3.6 % for 8.00, 10.00, 12.00, 14.00, 16.00, 18.00 hrs respectively. The result also shows exergy efficiency of 83.1, 85.9, 91.7, 92.4, 89.0 and 73.4 % for 8.00, 10.00, 12.00, 14.00, 16.00, 18.00 hrs respectively during solar drying. The experimental and analytical temperatures values were observed to be solar radiation intensity dependants and are directly proportional with it. Although the heat losses are high for both drying processes, the dryer is suitable for drying agricultural produce during clear, cloudy weather and at nights.

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