scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Sudanese Propolis Extract Against Methicillin-susceptible and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Khartoum State, Sudan

2019 ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Islam Abbas ◽  
Musa Abdulla Ali
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive round shaped bacterium frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. It is resistant to various antibiotic medications. Propolis is (bee glue) a flavonoid-rich product of honey comb, derives from the Greek pro “before” and polis “city”, it exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties which indicate that it can be an extremely powerful natural antibiotic and useful when fighting off upper respiratory infections. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Soba University Hospital, Sudan. Following ethical consideration, 100 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from different clinical samples, 50 samples of MSSA and 50 samples of MRSA were enrolled. subculture were used to re-identified the Staphylococcus aureus based on colonial morphology, Gram’s stain, and other biochemical test were used for MSSA and MRSA detection. Perforated plastic plate’s technique used for propolis collection and measurement of the inhibition zone were used for detection of sensitivy or resistant reaction. Results: All of the study MSSA samples (50/50; 100%) and MRSA (50/50; 100%) samples which cultured with a different concentrations of Al-Gelly propolis extract were shown a resistant inhibition zone while (50/50; 100%) of the study MSSA samples and (50/50; 100%) of the study MRSA samples which cultured with a different concentrations of Al-Fao propolis extract were shown sensitive inhibition zone at different sensitivity levels. The sensitivity levels of both MSSA and MRSA to the Al-Fao propolis extract was significantly correlate with the concentration of the propolis extract (P value 0.000, 0.000 respectively). The greatest effect will be a product of 20% concentration.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus among Various Clinical Specimens in Khartoum state Sudan

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Safana A. A. Alhady ◽  
Musa Abdalla Ali
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Background : S. aureus is frequently associated with skin infections, pneumonia, surgery wounds, bacteraemia, osteomyelitis and endocarditis, being considered one of the most important pathogens of the human being, both at the community level and at nosocomial infections, and may become serious if caused by antimicrobial resistant strains, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which are resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents, methicillin-sensitive S.aureus (MSSA) and isolates with reduced susceptibility and resistance to vancomycin, which is the last drug for the treatment of MRSA infections. So, this study aimed to detect the existence of inducible resistance of S. aureus to Clindamycin in Khartoum-Sudan among patients attended to Suba University Hospital. Methods : The study was performed as cross-sectional one, 53 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from (34 females and 19 males) with different clinical condition among patients attended to Suba University Hospital in Khartoum-Sudan from April to August 2017. To detect inducible clindamycin resistant by using D test. In addition to that MRSA / MSSA all the isolates screened for methicillin resistant by using 1 µg oxacillin then examined for inducible clindamycin resistant by D test. In addition to that examine for antimicrobial susceptibility profile which include vancomycin, gentamycin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science, version 22, P. value <0.05 was considered statistically significant Results : out of 53 isolates, 36 S. aureus isolated resistant to Clindamycin, 26 (72.2%) were MRSA and 10 (27.8%) were MSSA by means of D test, while 17 (32.1%) of isolates were sensitive 9 (53%) MRSA and 8 (47 %) MSSA. Comparing Induced clindamycin resistance showed equally distribution among MSSA and MRSA isolates, giving no significant difference as P- value 0.167. Conclusion : This study showed that D.test to detect inducible clundamycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF JAMU INGGU AGAINTS SOME BACTERIA CAUSING UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunung Sulistyani ◽  
Ardina Nugrahani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Upper Respiratory

This study aims to examine the potential of jamu inggu as an alternative antibacterial herb that can be used against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, S. Pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is causing Upper Respiratory Infections (URI). Antibacteria activity test of jamu inggu was using the Agar diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer. To test jamu inggu antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pnuemoniae, S. Pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the diameter of the test bacteria growth inhibition zone was measured. The formation of a clear zone around the disc indicates that jamu inggu has chemical compounds that are antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus,while the Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, and S. pneumoniae bacteria cannot be inhibited by jamu inggu. It was indicated by no formation of a clear zone around the disc. Result shows that jamu inggu can be used as an alternativesource of antibiotics against the Staphylococcus aureus

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Abeokuta, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O. A. Osinupebi ◽  
J. A. Osiyemi ◽  
A. M. Deji-Agboola ◽  
P. A. Akinduti ◽  
O. Ejilude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
P Value ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Study Sites

This study examined the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria using standard recommended procedures. A total of 338 clinical specimens of Pus, Aspirate, Ear and Wound swabs were collected from three major health facilities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Each sample was cultured for bacteria isolates and examined for colonial and cellular morphology while biochemical identification was performed. Of the clinical samples collected, 50.3% were collected from male and highest rate of 37.9% was from age group 0-9 years and least rate of 7.6% was from age 10-19 and 40-49years. Only 32.9% samples were ear swabs, wound swabs (29.2%) and lowest rate of 16.8% for aspirate. Of the 161 Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%) isolated; there was no significant disparity found in relation to the study sites (c2=7.145, p-value = 0.308). The present study indicated a high prevalence rate of MRSA that require empirical and urgent intervention to prevent staphylococcal infection among the hospital patients and its outbreak.

Rate and Mechanism of Erythromycin Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Beni-Suef University Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Tohamy ◽  
Mona A. Abdelmeseeh ◽  
Dina S. Abdelfatah ◽  
Mohamed A. Abdel Tawab ◽  
Mostafa S. Sheemy
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Group A streptococci (GAS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Erythromycin is an effective macrolide antibiotic for treating GAS infections. However, GAS macrolide resistance has been increased due to either an efflux mechanism (M phenotype), encoded by mef A gene, or by methylation of the ribosomal target resulting in resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics. Methylase can be expressed either constitutively (cMLS phenotype) or inducibly (iMLS phenotype). Objectives: The present study aimed to find out frequency of S. pyogenes isolated from patients with upper respiratory tract infections at Beni-Suef University Hospital, determine rate and mechanism of macrolide resistance. Methodology: The present study was conducted on patients with upper respiratory tract infections attended to otorhinolaryngology clinic, Beni-Suef University Hospital, Egypt, in the period from February to December 2015. Detailed history taking was carried and clinical findings were obtained. Throat or ear swabs were taken and processed by conventional bacteriological methods. S. pyogenes isolates were further tested to determine erythromycin resistance phenotype by D- test, MIC of Erythromycin by tube broth dilution method and for mef A gene by PCR. Results: Forty two S. pyogenes isolates were identified from (100) swabs taken from either ear or throat specimens (42%), isolates resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was 83.3% (35) and 31% (13) respectively. The pattern of macrolide resistance was 31% (13/ 42) cMLS phenotype, 52.3% (22/42) M phenotype and no isolate was iMLSB phenotype. Most strains with M phenotype expressed low-level macrolide resistance (MIC 1-4μg/ml), while cMLSB isolates showed a high level of erythromycin resistance (MIC ≥64 μg/ml) (highly significant: p-value 0.0001). The results confirmed a strong correlation between the M phenotype and the mef A gene in GAS (highly significant: p-value =0.001). Conclusion: Incidence of erythromycin resistance was evident among the isolates. To preserve the necessary efficacy, limited use of erythromycin is recommended.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a Causative Agent of Bronchopulmonary Infection: Relation to Colonization in the Upper Respiratory Tract

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 3867-3869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Watanabe ◽  
Hironori Masaki ◽  
Norichika Asoh ◽  
Kiwao Watanabe ◽  
Kazunori Oishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Using five diagnostic markers, we compared the types of 72 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated simultaneously from the nasal cavity, pharynx, and sputum from 24 patients. Almost identical MRSA types had colonized the nasal cavity and sputum from the same patient for 21 (88%) of the patients. We speculate that most MRSA organisms isolated in sputum are derived from the nasal cavity, while a few are derived from the pharynx.

scholarly journals Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Prevalence and Antibiogram in Various Clinical Specimens at Alka Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushal Shahi ◽  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Maximum Percentage

Objectives: This study aimed to study the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from clinical specimen. Methods: During the study period (April-September, 2013), 754 various clinical samples collected from patients visiting at Alka Hospital were cultured for isolation of S. aureus. The isolates were characterized as S. aureus by their morphology on Gram staining, growth characteristics and coagulase production. Screening of methicillinresistant S. aureus was determined using cefoxitin disk as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and interpretation was done in accordance with the CLSI guidelines. An isolate was considered to be a MRSA strain if cefoxitin inhibition zone diameter was < 22 mm. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion methods. Results: Total 109 (14.46%) isolates were confirmed as S. aureus and 36 (33.02%) S. aureus isolates of them were screened as methicillin resistant S. aureus. Maximum percentage (63.9%) of methicillin resistant S. aureus strains were comprised of pus specimens. Highest percentage (47.6%) of MRSA was isolated from the age group of above 60 years. Maximum percentage of MRSA strain was detected in admitted patients which accounts for 63.9% of total MRSA. Majority of MRSA isolates were observed to be multidrug resistant. All 36 isolates of MRSA showed that vancomycin, a reserved drug for the multidrug resistant MRSA found to be 100% sensitive. Beside vancomycin, ceftriaxone (83.3%) found to be most sensitive drug for the MRSA isolates. Conclusion: The emergence of drug resistance and its dissemination in MRSA is worrisome. So we need to develop newer agents as well as slow down the spread of resistant strains by various control measures.

scholarly journals Methicillin and Inducible Clindamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Samples in Abia State

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. C. Ifediora ◽  
R. N. Nwabueze ◽  
E. S. Amadi ◽  
C. I. Chikwendu
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
P Value ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance

Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen that causes different community and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus resistant to methicillin has become a big and expanding problem of concern in many developing countries. Clindamycin has also been discovered to be a preferred therapeutic alternative for the treatment of both methicillin susceptible and resistant staphylococcal infections. This study examined the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients in Abia state, Nigeria using standard recommended procedures. A total of 750 clinical specimens of blood and urine samples, wound, ear, nasal, high vaginal and ear swabs were collected from three major health facilities in Abia state, Nigeria. Each sample was cultured for bacterial isolates and examined for colonial and cellular morphology while biochemical identification was performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) by disc diffusion method and MRSA screening was done using cefoxitin disc.  A total of 265 (35.3%) S. aureus isolates were recovered, out of which 126(47.5%) were from males and 139(52.5%) were from females, however there was no association between the prevalence and gender (p-value = 0.05) and also prevalence and age (p-value = 0.52). Of the 265 S. aureus isolates recovered, 164(61.9%) were MRSA. All 100% of the MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin, 120(73.2%) to clindamycin, 92(56.1%) to gentamycin. All 100% were resistant to ceftazidine, 157(95.7%) to cloxacillin, 146(89.0%) to augmentin, 136(82.9%) to ceftriaxone and 103(61.6%) to erythromycin. The MRSA strains showed much higher resistance rate than their MSSA counterparts to all tested antibiotic except clindamycin. 64(39.0%) of the MRSA were resistant to 4 classes of antibiotics indicating multi drug resistance (MDR). The overall prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among methicillin resistant isolates was 29(17.7%). This implies that 17.7% could have been misidentified as clindamycin susceptible by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. In conclusion prevalence of MRSA was high and it is important to routinely carry out the D-test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance if clindamycin is considered as a treatment option.

scholarly journals Mutation-Based Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Tanveer Ali ◽  
Abdul Basit ◽  
Asad Mustafa Karim ◽  
Jung-Hun Lee ◽  
Jeong-Ho Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Ligand Docking ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Allosteric Site ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

β-Lactam antibiotics target penicillin-binding proteins and inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a crucial step in cell wall biosynthesis. Staphylococcus aureus acquires resistance against β-lactam antibiotics by producing a penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), encoded by the mecA gene. PBP2a participates in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and exhibits a poor affinity towards β-lactam antibiotics. The current study was performed to determine the diversity and the role of missense mutations of PBP2a in the antibiotic resistance mechanism. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical samples were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. The highest frequency (60%, 18 out of 30) of MRSA was observed in wound specimens. Sequence variation analysis of the mecA gene showed four amino acid substitutions (i.e., E239K, E239R, G246E, and E447K). The E239R mutation was found to be novel. The protein-ligand docking results showed that the E239R mutation in the allosteric site of PBP2a induces conformational changes in the active site and, thus, hinders its interaction with cefoxitin. Therefore, the present report indicates that mutation in the allosteric site of PBP2a provides a more closed active site conformation than wide-type PBP2a and then causes the high-level resistance to cefoxitin.

scholarly journals Dissemination of Two Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones Exhibiting Negative Staphylase Reactions in Intensive Care Units

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Ren Hsueh ◽  
Lee-Jene Teng ◽  
Pan-Chyr Yang ◽  
Hui-Ju Pan ◽  
Yu-Chi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Routine Identification ◽  
Arbitrarily Primed Pcr

From December 1997 to March 1998, 25 methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates exhibiting negative Staphylase (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, England) reactions were identified from various clinical specimens from 13 patients in six intensive care units (ICUs) or in wards following a stay in an ICU at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The characteristics of these isolates have not been previously noted in other MRSA isolates from this hospital. Colonies of all these isolates were grown on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood and were nonhemolytic and unpigmented. Seven isolates, initially reported as Staphylococcus haemolyticus (5 isolates) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates) by the routine identification scheme and with the Vitek GPI system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), were subsequently identified as S. aureus by positive tube coagulase tests, standard biochemical reactions, and characteristic cellular fatty acid chromatograms. The antibiotypes obtained by the E test, coagulase types, restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the staphylococcal coagulase gene, and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns generated by arbitrarily primed PCR of the isolates disclosed that two major clones disseminated in the ICUs. Clone 1 (16 isolates) was resistant to clindamycin and was susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and was coagulase type II. Clone 2 (eight isolates) was resistant to clindamycin and TMP-SMZ and was coagulase type IV. These two epidemic clones from ICUs are unique and underline the need for caution in identifying MRSA strains with colonial morphologies not of the typical type and with negative Staphylase reactions.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Nosocomial Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (175) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidya Shrestha ◽  
B M Pokhrel ◽  
T M Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Test Method ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most common cause ofnosocomial infection has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. They arenormally resistant to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice. This study has been carried outto fi nd out the resistance pattern among S. aureus.Methods: During November 2007 to June 2008, clinical samples from patients with nosocomialinfection were processed for culture and sensitivity following standard methodology in microbiologylaboratory, Tribhuvan University teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.Results: Among 149 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highest resistance was observed against Penicillin(91.94%) followed by Fluoroquinolone (61.74%), Erythromycin (52.94%), Gentamicin (46.98%),Cotrimoxazole (42.95%), Tetracycline (40.94%) and others, whereas susceptibility was observedmaximum against Chloramphenicol (94.85%) followed by Rifampicin (92.61%), Tetracycline(59.06%), Cotrimoxazole (57.04%), and others. None of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycinand Teicoplanin. Of these isolates 44.96 % of the isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Resistance to Penicillin, Fluoroquinolone, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Co-trimoxazole and Tetracyclinewere associated signifi cantly with MRSA isolates (X2= 8.779, p<0.05, X2= 74.233, p<0.05, X2= 84.2842,p<0.05, X2= 108.2032, p<0.05, X2= 88.1512, p<0.05 and X2= 79.1876, p<0.05 respectively). Althoughmost of the Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were susceptible to both Rifampicinand Chloramphenicol, only Rifampicin susceptibility was signifi cantly associated with them (X2=10.1299, p<0.05). Among three Biochemical tests for the detection of β lactamase detection namelychromogenic, iodometric and acidimetric test, chromogenic test method had highest sensitivity andspecifi city.Conclusions: Since MRSA comprised a greater part of S. aureus isolates and were multi-resistant,patients infected by such strains should be identifi ed and kept in isolation for hospital infectioncontrol and treated with second line of drug like vancomycin.Key Words: β lactamase, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, resistance pattern

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