scholarly journals Composition of Fatty Acid and Identification of Lauric Acid Position in Coconut and Palm Kernel Oils

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jansen Silalahi ◽  
Lida Karo Karo ◽  
Siti Morin Sinaga ◽  
Yosy Cinthya Eriwaty Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

The nutritional value and biochemical properties of oil are measured by the fatty acids composition  in oil and the position of fatty acids (sn-1,2,3) in the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecule. The purpose of this study was to measure the nutritional value based on the fatty acids composition of  virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), and the position of lauric acid in sn-2. The VCO used was VCO obtained from one of the Pharmacies store in Medan, and PKO from the Oil Processing Plant. The total fatty acid composition was measured by Gas Chromatography. The nutritional value of fat was evaluated by the percentage deviation from 33.33% (ratio: 1: 1: 1) of each group of fatty acid (saturated fatty acids; SFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; MUFA:polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The distribution of lauric acid in TAG was conducted through hydrolysis by using specific lipase enzymes active at sn-1,3 positions, so that free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol were produced from one TAG molecule. Then free fatty acids were determined by Gas Chromatography. The distribution of lauric acid at sn-2 position was the difference between total lauric acid on TAG before hydrolysis and free lauric acid from sn-1.3 position after hydrolysis. The results showed that PKO nutritional value was better because of the smaller deviation (95.29%) compared with nutritional value of VCO with a greater deviation (118.55%). Lauric acid in sn-2 from VCO and PKO showed that the distribution of lauric acid in sn-2 position was not different,48.33and 48.59%. Keywords: virgin coconut oil, palm kernel oil, composition of fatty acids, sn-2 position, lauric acids

scholarly journals Physico-chemical Characterization of Palm Kernel Oil Extracted from the Seeds of Two Varieties of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) for Possible Use in Feed or Food

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
Yapi Amin Paulin ◽  
Kouadio Ahou Irène
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Codex Alimentarius ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This study was carried out in order to assess the quality of the type of palm kernel oil suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed or food. To reach this objective, oil D and oil T extracted respectively from the seeds of the varieties Dura and Tenera of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by the Soxhlet method using hexane as a solvent were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results obtained show that the values for the physical parameters (Oil yield, density and percentage of impurities) of both oils were similar and fell in those of the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015. However, for the chemical parameters (Acid value, percentage of free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and ester value), the values obtained for oil D were the highest, but for both oils, the values were above those recommended by the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015, excepted the Saponification values and the Ester values which were below these standards. The determination of fatty acids composition by Gas Chromatography showed that these oils were not significantly different. Indeed, the totals saturated fatty acids were in amounts of 87.92% ± 0.17 and 87.53% ± 0.24, while the totals unsaturated fatty acids were in amounts of 12.08% ± 0.02 and 12.47% ± 0.02 respectively for oil D and oil T. The predominant fatty acid was lauric acid in amounts of 36.87% and 37.84% respectively for oil D and oil T. Thus, these palm kernel oils could be used as ingredients and preservatives in feed due to their content in lauric acid which is known to possess antimicrobial properties and also to their content in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) which are an indicator of oil quality. However, oil T seems to be more suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed due to its percentage of free fatty acid which is less than that of oil D.

In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 2223-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam Verma ◽  
Sanjukta Naik ◽  
Pranati Nanda ◽  
Silvi Banerjee ◽  
Satyanarayan Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Anticancer Efficacy ◽  
Oral Cancer Cells

Background: Coconut oil is an edible oil obtained from fresh, mature coconut kernels. Few studies have reported the anticancer role of coconut oil. The fatty acid component of coconut oil directly targets the liver by portal circulation and as chylomicron via lymph. However, the anti-cancer activity of coconut oil against liver cancer cells and oral cancer cells is yet to be tested. The active component of coconut oil, that is responsible for the anticancer activity is not well understood. In this study, three different coconut oils, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO), were used. Objective: Based on previous studies, it can be hypothesized that fatty acids in coconut oil may have anticancer potential and may trigger cell death in cancer cell lines. Methods: Each cell line was treated with different concentrations of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO). The treated cells were assayed by MTT after 72 hr of incubation. The fatty acid composition of different coconut oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. Result: Different concentrations of coconut oils were used to treat the cells. Interestingly, the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO was not uniform, rather the efficacy varied from cell line to cell line. Only 20% VCO showed significant anticancer activity in HepG2 cells in comparison to 80% PCO against the KB cell line. Remarkably, 20% of PCO and 5% of FCO showed potential growth inhibition in the KB cell line as compared to 80% PCO in HepG2 cells. Moreover, there was a difference in the efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO, which might be due to their fatty acid composition. Comparing the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO in this study helped to predict which class of fatty acids and which fatty acid might be associated with the anticancer activity of VCO. Conclusion: This study shows that VCO, PCO and FCO have anticancer efficacy and may be used for the treatment of cancer, especially liver and oral cancer.

scholarly journals In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Virgin Coconut oil and White Palm Kernel Oil on Candida Species-Experimental Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hortense Gonsu Kamga ◽  
Sarah Riwom Essama ◽  
Yves Le Grand Napa Tchuedji ◽  
Maurice Boda ◽  
Stève Henri Voundi Olugu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Candida Parapsilosis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of virgin coconut oil and the white palm kernel oil on the growth of six species of the genus Candida. Study Design: This study is an experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology of the University of Yaoundé I. Laboratory of Bacteriology, Yaoundé University teaching Hospital between April to September 2017. Methodology: We included six species of Candida. The method of diffusion discs in agar medium was used for Sensitivity tests and macro-dilution in liquid medium was used for dilution. Results: Majority of the species tested were resistant to conventional antifungals used. Candida hoemulonii was the most sensitive species to virgin coconut oil with percentages of inhibitions higher than 50 % when the concentration of oil was only 3.125 mg/mL and a maximum inhibition percentage of 90.10 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL. Candida albicans, was the least susceptible species to virgin coconut oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 59.85 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL.  Candida lipolytica was the most sensitive specie to white palm kernel oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 90,26 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL and Candida parapsilosis was the least susceptible species to white palm kernel oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 52,69 % at the same concentration. In addition, the white palm kernel oil which was more active (P˂0.05) than virgin coconut oil was introduced in the Sabouraud broth and the MIC and MFC obtained with Fluconazole was lower on Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis compared to activity of Fluconazole without palm kernel oil in the medium. Nystatin showed also lower MIC and MFC values on Candida parapsilosis when palm kernel oil was present in the culture medium. Conclusion: These results prove that these oils can be used to develop antifungals drugs.

scholarly journals Profil Asam Lemak Jenuh pada Produk Makanan Turunan Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gazali Sofwan Sinaga ◽  
Donald Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Nutrient Reference Values ◽  
Serving Size

Asam lemak jenuh dapat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kadar kolesterol darah yang berakibat pada penyakit jantung koroner. Minyak nabati seperti kelapa sawit mengandung asam lemak jenuh dan asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal yang tinggi. Minyak tersebut banyak digunakan dalam proses pembuatan makanan seperti biskuit, makanan ringan, dan cokelat yang beredar di pasar.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan asam lemak jenuh pada beberapa produk makanan yang mengandung turunan minyak kelapa sawit. Sebanyak 56 produk makanan terdiri dari biskuit, makanan ringan, produk cokelat, minyak goreng, margarin dan shortening diperoleh dari pasar di Indonesia. Lemak atau minyak yang terdapat pada produk diekstrak dengan heksan menggunakan sokhlet dan dianalisis menggunakan gas kromatografi. Hasil menunjukkan seluruh sampel mengandung turunan minyak kelapa sawit, berdasarkan profil komposisi asam lemak. Seluruh sampel biskuit, makanan ringan, mi instan dan produk cokelat memiliki kandungan asam lemak jenuh rendah (0,468 - 9,715g/takaran saji), karena kemungkinan tidak menggunakan campuran fraksi minyak sawit stearin. Satu dari 12 minyak goreng mengandung campuran minyak kelapa, namun menunjukkan kandungan asam lemak jenuh yang rendah (2,137 - 6,488 g/takaran saji). Enam dari 8 sampel margarin mengandung asam lemak jenuh tinggi (5,763 - 17,166 g/takaran saji), kemungkinan dalam proses pembuatan menggunakan campuran minyak kelapa dan minyak inti sawit. Seluruh sampel shortening memiliki kandungan asam lemak jenuh tinggi (13,651 - 14,963 g/takaran saji), karena menggunakan campuran minyak sawit dan minyak inti sawit. Secara umum, seluruh sampel mengandung asam lemak jenuh rendah dibawah 20 g/takaran saji berdasarkan Nutrient Reference Values(NRVs). Saturated fat acid can be related with the increase of blood cholesterol which responsible for coronary heart disease. Vegetable oil such as palm oil contains high saturated fat acid and unsaturated fat acid. The oil commonly used in food production processes such as biscuits, snacks, and chocolate which commonly found in the market. This research aimed to determine the saturated fat acid in some food products which contain palm oil. 56 food products were obtained in Indonesian market such as biscuits, snacks, chocolate products, cooking oil, margarine, and shortening. Fat or oil in the products was extracted with hexane using soxhlet and analyzed using gaschromatography. The result indicated that all samples contained palm oil based on the fatty acid profile composition. All biscuit samples, snacks, instant noodle, and chocolate products contained low saturated fatty acid (0.468-9.715 g/serving size) it might be due to thestearin of palm oil fraction mixture was notused. One of 12 cooking oil contained coconut oil but it indicated low saturated fat acid (2.137-6.488 g/serving size) since it might use the mixture of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. All shortening samples had high fatty acid (13.651-14.963 g/serving size) since it mixed palm oil with palm kernel oil. Generally, all samples contained low saturated fat acid less than 20 g/serving size based on Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs).

scholarly journals Penentuan Acid Value pada Fatty Acid dengan Metode Titrasi Alkalimetri dan Kromatografi Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Syafrinal Syafrinal ◽  
Renastio Renastio
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Alcohol ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

PT X processes crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) into products such as glycerin, fatty acid, and fatty alcohol. The purpose of this study was to determine the acid value of fatty acid using alkalimetry titration methods and gas chromatography and compare the values obtained with the PT X standard. The results showed that the AV 105 E21 and 105 E22 were following the PT X standard, with ranges respectively 355-365 mg KOH/gr and 268-275 mg KOH /gr. This indicates that the fatty acid samples produced can be sold to consumers.

scholarly journals The Effect of Giving Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) to Changes in Lauric Acid Levels in Breast Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Ismul Sadly Putra ◽  
Joserizal Serudji
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Nutritional Components ◽  
Anti Fungal

Breastmilk (ASI) is the best food produced by the breast glands, containing all the nutritional elements needed by infants aged 0-6 months. Apart from nutrients, breast milk also has other non-nutritional components that act as immune factors for babies. Babies who are not exclusively breastfed will be more susceptible to chronic diseases, such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes as adults and can suffer from malnutrition and obesity. Dietary intake significantly affects milk production. The mother's diet can affect the composition of her milk through several metabolic pathways, especially the concentration of fatty acids and vitamins that are soluble in fat and water, including vitamins A, C, B6, and B12. Lauric acid contained in breast milk can help your minor fight infection and increase immunity to protect from various diseases. Not only for the baby, but virgin coconut oil is also starting to be commonly used by dieters. Virgin coconut oil contains lauric acid CH3 (CH2) 10COOH 50% and caprylic acid CH3 (CH2) 6COOH 7%. Both of these acids are medium-chain saturated fatty acids that are quickly metabolized and have anti-microbial properties. The benefits of virgin coconut oil (VCO) are that it is beneficial for the health of the body, including being antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, and natural anti-protozoa; helps relieve symptoms and reduces health risks associated with diabetes, helps protect against osteoporosis, helps prevent high blood pressure, helps prevent liver disease, keeps the heart and blood vessels healthy, helps prevent cancer, helps you lose weight, maintain stamina, maintain healthy skin and hair.Keywords: Breastmilk, Lauric Acid, VCO

scholarly journals Analysis of Fatty Acids in Virgin Coconut Oil Frying at Various Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Dewa Ayu Ika Pramitha ◽  
I Wayan Karta
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Cooking Oil

Fatty acid content from virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) group. MCT is stable at very low and high temperatures, and the color does not turn black due to the addition of heat so that it can be developed into beneficial cooking oil for health. Therefore, a study was conducted on the content of fatty acids in VCO after being heated at temperatures of 150, 200, and 250°C for 60 minutes. Analysis of fatty acid content in control VCO(T0), VCO with heating temperatures of 150oC(T1), 200oC(T2), and 250oC(T3) was performed with GCMS QP-2010 Ultra.The results showed that there were differences in levels and types of fatty acids in VCO by treating T0, T1, T2, and T3. At these three temperatures still produce medium-chain saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids are not produced, so that VCO can be utilized as cooking oil that has better stability and benefits for health.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of African Elemi Fruit Pulp Oil Compared with Palm Kernel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Kiin-Kabari ◽  
P. S. Umunna ◽  
S. Y. Giami
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Kernel Oil

African elemi (Canarium schweinfurthii) fruit pulp oil was extracted and refined which yielded 39.5% oil. It was characterized for its physical, chemical, phytochemical properties and fatty acid profile in comparison with palm kernel oil (PKO). The result for physical properties revealed that there was no significant difference in the density, refractive index, and flash point of the oils. African elemi fruit pulp oil (AEO) had significantly (p>0.05) higher slip melting point and viscosity while significantly (p<0.05) lower smoke point and fire point. Chemical properties of the oils such as iodine, acid value, unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acids were significantly (p>0.05) higher in AEO with the values of 76.79 g/100 g, 0.94 mg KOH/g, 1.32 and 0.58%, respectively and significantly (p<0.05) lower in saponification and peroxide values, 155.47 mg KOH/g and 1.06 meq/kg, respectively compared to the values obtained for the PKO. Saturated fatty acid profile of AEO had the values of 9.44, 32.24 and 2.63% for myristic (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) while PKO had the values of 48.00, 16.20, 2.50 and 8.40% for lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0), respectively. The monounsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1) 30.24% for AEO and 15.0% for PKO making oleic acid the highest occurring monounsaturated fatty acids present in AEO. Thus, lauric acid (C12:0) and linoleic (C18:2) was not dictated in AEO while gadoleic (C20:1) was not dictated in PKO. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytates and alkaloids had the values of 0.29, 0.33, 0.13, 0.13 and 0.74% for AEO and 0.32, 0.12, 0.24, 0.11 and 0.07% for PKO, respectively and all were within the acceptable limit of 3% for food products with respect to the phytochemical properties of the oils. The result for solid fat content - temperature profile revealed that PKO and AEO completely melted at 35 °C and 45 °C, respectively.

scholarly journals ANALISA ASAM LEMAK DALAM MINYAK KELAPA MURNI (VCO) DENGAN DUA PERALATAN KROMATOGRAFI GAS

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Pontoh ◽  
Nancy T.N Buyung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Base Line

ANALISA ASAM LEMAK DALAM MINYAK KELAPA MURNI (VCO) DENGAN DUA PERALATAN KROMATOGRAFI GAS Julius Pontoh1) dan Nancy T.N. Buyung2); e-mail:[email protected] 1)Program Studi Kimia FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115 2)Alumni Program Studi Kimia FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95119 ABSTRAK Komposisi asam asam lemak dalam minyak kelapa sangat penting untuk menilai kualitas dari minyak tersebut.  Untuk minyak kelapa, komposisi dari asam lemak rantai menengah seperti kaprilik, kaprat dan laurat menjadi asam asam lemak penting.  Di Indonesia ada dua laboratorium yang banyak digunakan untuk menganalisa asam asam lemak dalam minyak kelapa murni.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kedua laboratorium tersebut dalam menganalisa asam asam lemak.  Kromatogram dari Laboratorium pertama menunjukan garis dasar yang ebih baik, tetapi tidak dapat mendeteksi asam stearat.  Waktu retensi asam asam lemak dalam kedua komatogram sangat berbeda.  Demikian juga dengan luas puncak dari asam asam lemak berbeda dalam kedua kromatogram.  Namun demikian, persentasi luas pencak dari masing masing asam lemak dalam kedua kromatogram hampir sama. Kata kunci: kromatogarafi gas, waktu retensi   FATTY ACID ANALYSIS IN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) WITH TWO TYPES GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ABSTRACT Fatty acid composition in coconut oil is very important to evaluate the quality of the oil. For coconut oil, the composition of medium length of fatty acids such as caprylic, capric and lauric acids are the interest of the oil. To date, this fatty acid composition is the best to be analyzed by gas chromatography.  In Indonesia, there are two laboratories used to analyze the fatty acids.  The purpose of this study is to compare the two laboratories in the analysis the compounds.  Samples of commercial coconut oils were treated with acid and base to converted into Fatty acid methyl ester.  The derivatives were extracted with hexane and ready to be send to the laboratories.  The results show the chromatogram of the two laboratories is totally difference. The chromatograph from Laboratory 1 showed very good base line but there was no stearic fatty acid peak shown  The retention time for the same fatty acids is different. Peak areas among the same fatty acids are totally different between the two laboratories, but the percentage for each fatty acid is almost the same. Keywords: gas chromatography, retention time

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